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新人教选择性必修第二册
Discovering Useful Structures
Unit 3 Food and Culture
Learning Objectives
Master the basic structure and passive voice of the Past Perfect Tense.
Understand the core usage scenarios and time adverbials of the tense.
Apply the Past Perfect Tense correctly in sentences and conversations.
Lead-in：
1. We had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
2. My only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.
过去完成时 The Past Perfect Tense
过去完成时的被动态 The Past Perfect Passive Voice
What tense/voice is used Why
过去完成时（The Past Perfect Tense）表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作或存在的状态，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件
Past
Future
had done
Present
“过去的过去”
The Past Perfect Tense
过去完成时的基本结构和语态
主动语态 被动语态
肯定形式 had done had been done
否定形式 had not done had not been done
一般疑问句 had＋主语＋done had＋主语＋been done
特殊疑问句 疑问词＋had＋主语＋done 疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done
1. By nine o’clock last night, we had received 200 pictures from the spaceship.
截至昨晚9点，我们已收到200张飞船图片
2. The train had left by the time I arrived at the station.
我到车站时，火车已开走
3.When I got to school, I realized I had left my backpack at home.
当我到达学校的时候，我意识到我把背包落在家里了。
（1）表示过去的过去。表示过去某时或某动作之前就已经完成或结束的动作。
一. 基本用法
(1) 表示在过去某一时间或动作以前完成了的动作, 即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示。
before(连词/介词) + 过去的时间点 “在...之前”
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 在上星期三之前，他们已经种了六百棵树。
by +过去的时间点 “到...为止”
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. 昨晚九点我已看完这本小说了。
by the end of +过去的时间点 “到...为止”
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. 到上学期末我们已经学了二千多个英语单词。
by the time +(一般过去时) “到...为止”
1. Kevin had been a newspaper reporter for two years before he became a businessman.
2. He said he ____________ (work) in that factory since 1949.
3. He had worked in the factory for 30 years before retiring.
退休前，他已在该工厂工作30年
（2）延续性动作或状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，有时可能继续下去，常与for，since等引导的时间状语连用。
had worked
(2) 表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been my friend for decades.（史密斯先生昨天去世，他曾是我几十年的朋友.
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。
（3）追述或补充过去事件。在叙述过去事件后，补充更早发生的动作。
1.She said she had seen the film before.（她说她之前看过这部电影）
2.He said that he had known her well.他说,他很了解她。
3.I thought I had sent the letter a week before我以为前一周我寄了那封信的。
（4）宾语从句中的使用。主句为过去时，且从句动作先于主句动作时，从句用过去完成时。
1. We had hoped to visit you, but the flight was canceled.
我们本希望拜访你，但航班取消了
2. We had hoped to be able to come and see you我们希望能被允许来看你。
3. They ____________ (plan) to see us off at the airport.
（5）未实现的愿望或计划。与hope、plan、intend等动词连用，表示过去未实现的意图。
had planned
（5）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't. 我们本希望你来，但你没有来。
I had thought that you would become a doctor. 我本以为你会成为医生。
1. After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到英国后,他努力提高他的英语水平。
2. When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.当我醒来时,雨已经停了。
（6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，“发生在过去的过去”，用过去完成时；发生在后，用 一般过去时。
1. Scarcely had the votes been counted, when the telephone rang.
2.. Hardly had he started speaking when the audience interrupted.（他刚开始说话就被观众打断）
What are the meanings and features of the following sentences
（1）常用固定句型：（刚……就……）
Hardly / Scarcely ... when ；No sooner ... than否定词置于句首，需要部分倒装。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
二. 特殊句型与标志词
hardly(scarcely/barely)..(had done)..when..(从句用did)
no sooner..(had done)..than...(从句用did)
注：
主句用”had done”,从句用“did”
主句翻译为“一...”,从句翻译为“就...”
若hardly/scarcely/barely/no sooner(否定词) 位于句首，则主句部分, 用部分倒装，即: had+主语+done…
(1) 一...就
总结
一听到这个滑稽的故事，我们就哈哈大笑。
We had hardly/scarcely heard the funny story when we burst into laughter.
We had no sooner heard the funny story than we burst into laughter.
当hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句首时，主句应用部分倒装
升级为部分倒装
Hardly/Scarely had sb done sth when sb did
No sooner had sb done sth than +sb did
1. It was the first time she _________ (leave) her motherland.
2. It is the first time (that) I _____________ (speak) in public.
3. This _____ (be) the first time I had seen Dad so furious (狂怒的).
4. It is time for us ________ (pack) up and leave.
had left
have spoken
was
（2）It / This / That was the first / second ... time (+ that) …
这是 / 那是某人第一 / 第二次 / 第……次做……
此句型中，若主语中的be动词为was, 从句中的谓语则用过去完成时；若主句中的be动词为is, 从句中的谓语则用现在完成时。
to pack
1.与一般过去时
过去完成时强调动作的先后顺序，一般过去时仅描述过去动作。
例：They had left by 10 a.m.（过去完成时，强调在10点前完成） vs. They left at 10 a.m.（一般过去时，仅说明离开时间）
2.与现在完成时
现在完成时以现在为参照，过去完成时以过去为参照。
例：I have read the book（现在完成时，强调对现在的影响）
I had read the book before the exam（过去完成时，强调考试前完成）
三. 与其他时态的区别
1.紧接动作的简化：若两个过去动作紧密相连（如after、before引导的从句），可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
例：After he finished homework, he went to bed.（完成作业后，他睡觉了）
2.被动语态：结构为had been + 过去分词。
例：The letter had been sent before I called.（我打电话前信已寄出）
通过以上用法，过去完成时能清晰表达动作的时间层次，尤其在复合句或叙述中体现事件发生的先后逻辑。
四。注意事项
It is high / about time that we ______________ (do) something to stop pollution.
did / should do
It is high / about time that sb did / should do sth
是该做……的时候了 (should 不可省略)
Practice and Apply：
By the time we arrived at the cinema, the movie had already started.我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。
2.She had never seen a real panda before visiting the zoo.在参观动物园之前，她从未见过真正的大熊猫。
3.The train had left when we got to the station.我们到达车站时火车已经开走了。
4. He realized he had left his wallet at home after ordering the meal.点完餐后他才发现把钱包忘在家里了。
5. The children had finished their homework before their parentscame back.孩子们在父母回来前就完成了作业。
6.I had just fallen asleep when the phone rang.我刚睡着电话就响了。
7.By 2020,she had published three novels.到2020年，她已经出版了三本小说。
8. They had been married for ten years when they moved to Canada.他们移居加拿大时已经结婚十年了。
9.The patient had died before the ambulance arrived.救护车到达前病人就已经去世了。
10 . We didn't go to the party because we hadn't received the invitation. 我们没去参加聚会，因为没收到邀请。
Practice and Apply：
Attention：
1. Tom has eaten his supper.
2. Tom had eaten his supper in the canteen before he went
back home.
1. The family have not finished breakfast.
2. The family were still at table, but they had finished
breakfast.
现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响；
过去完成时强调动作或状态开始于过去，也结束于过去。
Discovering Useful Structures
新人教选择性必修二
Thank You !

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