资源简介

(共26张PPT)
UNIT 4
NATURAL DISASTERS
Discovering Useful Structures
Presentation
核心概念
在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词, 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词有两种:
关系代词（who, whom ,whose, that, which, as）和 关系副词（when, where, why）。
关系词的作用：
1. 指代先行词；
2. 连接主句和从句；
3. 在从句中充当成分（主语、宾语、状语等）。
例句：This is the book that I bought yesterday.
定语从句（一）
关系词
先行词
定语从句
I bought the book yesterday.
宾语
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和
非限制性定语从句。
一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略会影响全句的
主要意思，这种定语从句前面不用逗号隔开；
例句：The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.
而非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明, 通常和主句用逗号
隔开, 将从句去掉后句子的意思仍然完整，译成汉语时, 从句常单独译成一句话。
例句：My mother, who is a teacher, loves reading very much.
注：that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句！
关系代词的用法
关系代词有 that/which/who/whom/whose/as，需根据先行词类型和从句成分选择：
that：可指人 / 物，在从句中作主语、宾语（作宾语可省略）；不能用于非限制性定语从句。
指人：The boy that helped you is my classmate.（作主语）
指物：I like the movie (that) we watched last night.（作宾语，可省略）
which：仅指物，在从句中作主语、宾语（作宾语可省略）；可用于非限制性定语从句。
例句：The factory which makes cars is very big.（作主语）
This is the pen (which) I lost.（作宾语，可省略）
3. who/whom：仅指人，who 作主语 / 宾语（作宾语可省略），whom 仅作宾语（可省略，口语中常用 who 代替）。
例句：The girl who is singing is my sister.（作主语）
The man (whom) you met is my teacher.（作宾语，可省略）
4. whose：指人 / 物的 “所属关系”，在从句中作定语，后接名词。
例句：This is the student whose mother is a doctor.（指人）
I live in a house whose windows face south.（指物）
5. as：可指人 / 物，引导限制性定语从句，常用于固定搭配：such...as/so...as/the same...as“像/和……一样的(人/物/情况)”;引导非限制性定语从句(指代整个主句)。
例句：He is such a kind man as everyone likes.（such...as 结构）
As we all know, English is important.（指代主句，“正如”）
易混句式辨析
1. such/ so…as… 和 such/ so…that…
① such/so…as…表“像……这样的……”，引导定语从句（as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等）。
② such/so…that…表示“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。
This is such a heavy stone as no one can lift.（作lift的宾语，是定语从句）
This is such a heavy stone that no one can lift it. （不缺成分，是结果状语从句）
2. the same…as… 和 the same…that…
① the same…as…表示“类似的一个，而不是同一个”（相似性）
② the same…that…表示“同一个”（同一性）
I have bought the same watch as you have. （相似的，非同一个）
This is the same watch that I lost. （同一个）
关系代词易错点
1. 关系代词的省略
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略；做宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
Is he the man who /that wants to see you
( 作wants的主语不可省略)
Hangzhou is a beautiful city (that/which) I always want to visit.
（在限制性定语从句中作visit的宾语，可以省略）
Hangzhou ,which I visited last week, is a beautiful city.
（在非限制性定语从句中作visited的宾语，不可省略）
2. 从句中代词的重复多余
定语从句中的关系词指代先行词，并在从句中作成分，从句中不能再出现指代该先行词的代词。
The book that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（×）
The book that I read yesterday is very interesting.（√）
This is the woman who I met her last time.（×）
This is the woman who I met last time. （√）
3. that不引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开）
在非限制性定语从句，不能用关系代词that。如果指代“人”，用关系代词who/ whom，指代“物”(或整个句子/情况)，用关系代词which。
The basketball star, who tried to make a comeback(复出), attracted lots of attention.
Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city.
He has become a doctor, which he wanted to be.
4. 介词+which/whom
先行词在从句中作介词宾语，若介词提前，指代物时，只能用which，不用that； 指代人时，只能用whom，而不用who。介词不提前时，用that/which, who /whom都可以。
I have the book about which you are talking.
= I have the book (that/ which) you are talking about.
The man with whom I talked just now is from Beijing University.
= The man ( who/whom/that) I talked with just now is from Beijing University.
5. whose+n.= the+n.+of which = of which+the+n.
whose+n.可与the+n +of which互换，而且of which也可置于名词之前，名词之前必须有定冠词the。
I live in the room whose window faces south.
( whose window = the room`s window)
=I live in the room the window of which faces south.
( the window of which = the window of the room)
I live in the room of which the window faces south.
( of which放于名词the window前面，注意名词前必须有the)
6. 定语从句中的主谓一致:
关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句的谓语通常与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
注意：当先行词为“one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；当先行词为“the (only/very)one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
He is a good student who likes to help others.
They are good students who like to help others.
He is one of the students who were praised.
He is the one/the only one of the students who was praised.
易混的关系代词辨析
（一）that 和 which
1. 用that，不用which的情况
① 当先行词为不定代词：everything, anything, nothing, all, any, much, many, some, few, little, none等或当先行词被no, some, any, all, much, little等词修饰时，只能用that。
To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.
Is there anything that I can do for you
He answered few questions that were asked by the reporters.
② 当先行词被the only, the very, the same等词修饰时。
That`s the only thing that we can do now.
This is the very pen that I am looking for.
③ 当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.
The first thing that should be done is to get some food.
④ 当先行词中同时包括人和物时。
I`m going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited.
⑤ 当要避免与疑问词which重复时。
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
2. 用which，不用that的情况
① 在非限制性定语从句中。
Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.
② 介词提前时，不用that，而用which，介词不提前时，用that和which都可。
This is the room in which my father lived last year.
= This is the room (that/ which) my father lived in last year.
（二）which和 as（引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句内容）
1.位置上的区别：
as引导的从句可放在主句首、句末或句中。而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as /which is known to us all.
2.语义的区别：
as有“正如”之意，因此主句和从句语义一致，而which表示“这一点” 在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，在语义上可以不一致。
Mike won the first prize, as was expected.
Mike won the first prize, which was not expected.
P52
限制性定语从句
曾祖母
P52
whose
who/that
that或 /
that/which
whose
whom
who/that
作业：翻译以上句子！
P52
图1（搜救犬）
A: What is the worker with the rescue dog doing
B: He is helping the dog that is searching for survivors in the ruins.
图2（士兵搭建帐篷）
A: What are the soldiers doing
B: They are setting up tents which are for the disaster victims.
图3（士兵救助伤员）
A: What is the soldier doing for the person
B: He is carrying the person whom he rescued from the disaster area.
Key Points
(P52)
常见搭配：volcanic eruption
火山爆发（名词短语）
a volcano erupts/erupted
火山爆发（动词短语）
常见搭配： supply sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物
=supply sth. to sb.
food/medical supplies
食品补给/医疗物资
侧重持续、稳定地供给物资/资源
常见搭配：survive from... 从……中存活下来
survive on... 靠……生存
派生词：survival n.幸存；生存
survivor n.幸存者；生还者
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