资源简介

(共48张PPT)
Unit 2
Bridging Cultures
Discovering Useful Structures
人教版2019选择性必修第二册
Learning Objectives
Master the definition, types and connecting words of noun clauses.
Grasp the word order and subject-verb agreement rules of noun clauses.
Apply noun clauses correctly in sentence combination and writing.
Lead-in：
他们要去和人打架。
他们要去和人打架，但是我不知道为什么。
我想知道他们要去和谁打架。
英语句子三大分类：
I wonder whom they are going to have a fight with.
They are going to have a fight with someone, but I don’t know why.
They are going to have a fight with someone.
简单句：S V = 1
并列句：S V ≧ 2且由并列连词连接
复合句：S V ≧ 2且由从属连词连接
并列连词：并列连词主要是用来表示并列关系、转折关系、选择关系、因果推理关系等。
and , but, or, so , both... and, as well as, neither ... nor
从属连词：
that, which, what, when, where, why, how, whether, if, because, since, although, whatever, however.
Lead-in：
句子
类型
简单句
并列句
复合句
主句
从句
形容词性从句 (定语从句)
名词性从句
副词性从句
Lead-in：
名词性从句
noun clause
主语从句
subject clause
宾语从句
object clause
表语从句
predicative clause
同位语从句
appositive clause
从句一律保持陈述语序
Observe and Discover：
什么是名词性从句？
名词性从句在句子中充当名词，可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语或介词宾语。通俗来讲，句子的哪个部分可以用名词来充当，哪个部分就可以变成相应的名词性从句，所以名词性从句就包括了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句同位语从句。它们有下列相同之处:
连接词相同
从属连词: that, whether, if, as if, as though, because等
连接代词: who, what, whose, which, whom, whoever, whatever, whichever, whomever等
连接副词: when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever等
引导词的使用规则
1.连词 （不充当成分）
that ：无词义，可省略（仅限宾语从句），但主语/表语/同位语从句中不可省略
whether/if ：表示“是否”，仅限宾语从句，主语从句中可用that替代.多用于否定句和疑问句，从句作主语、表语或介词宾语时不可省略
2.连接代词
what（作主语/宾语）、who/whom（作主语/宾语）、whose（作定语）、which/whatever（作主语/宾语）
3.连接副词
when/where/why/how（作状语）
比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
　　1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
　　2. 引导表语从句
　　3. whether从句作介词宾语
　　4. 从句后有"or not"
　　Whether he will come is not clear.
Observe and Discover：
1. 什么是主语从句
What I can see is...
What can you see in the picture
What I can see is a face of an elderly woman.
What I can see is a sight of a beautiful girl’s back.
定义：在句子中___________的从句就叫做主语从句。
充当主语
That he will pass the exam is certain.
Whether he will pass the exam is uncertain.
Who will go makes no difference.
What we need is more time.
Which book I shall choose hasn’t been decided.
找出下列句子中的主语从句
思考：
主语从句的连接词有哪些？分别有什么功能？
Observe and Discover：
What is the function of each noun clause in the sentences
1. What seemed strange before now appears quite normal to Xie Lei.
2. What surprised Xie Lei was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks.
3. It’s important that Xie Lei keeps a balance between her studies and her social life.
作主语
作主语
作表语
真正的主语
形式主语
Find and discuss the functions of noun clauses.
① Who he is doesn’t concern me.
② What he said is unbelievable.
③ Where we shall do the test is still under discussion.
④ When we will hold the sports meet is still unknown.
⑤ How he got in touch with Tom is not clear.
⑥ That light travels faster than sound is known to us all.
⑦ Whether she likes the present is not clear to me.
以上从句为名词性从句中 _____________ (类)，引导词可以用：
________________________________________________________
主语从句
that / whether / what / who / when / where / why / whatever / whoever 等
“if” 不能引导主语从句，应由“whether”引导
主语从句的“that” 一般不能省略
“what” 引导主语从句时，谓语动词：
(1) 常与其后作表语的名词一致
(2) 根据句子的语境而定
· What you left are only several old books.
· What you said is of great importance.
· What he says and does doesn’t concern me.
· What he says and does don’t agree.
Observe and Discover：
2. 什么是宾语从句
宾语从句：从句在句中充当宾语成分（可以作谓语动词、介词、不定式等非谓语动词的宾语）
that (常可省略), whether, if
连词： who, what, which, whoever, whatever
when, where, why, how
Observe and Discover：
Find and discuss the functions of noun clauses.
① I hope (that) everything is all right.
② I wonder why she refused my invitation.
③ I can’t imagine what made him act like that.
④ I want to know when we will hold the sports meet.
⑤ I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work.
⑥ They don’t know whether / if to go there.
以上从句为名词性从句中_____________(类),引导词可以有：
____________________________________________________
宾语从句
that / whether / what / who / when / where / why / whatever / whoever等
Observe and Discover：
The teacher told his class that light _______ faster than sound.
1.当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语从句的谓语动词可以用所需要的任何一种时态。
2.当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语
动词要用相应的过去时态，但当宾语从句叙述的内容为客观真理时，仍然用一般现在时。
travels
Observe and Discover：
3. 什么是表语从句
表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在
连系动词之后。作用：对主语进行解释说明。
连接词：that / whether / as if / as though
(if 不引导表语从句)
连接代词：who / whoever / which / whatever
连接副词：when / where / why / how
Observe and Discover：
Find and discuss the functions of noun clauses.
① The fact is that we have lost the game.
② The question is what we should do.
③ The problem is how we should carry out the plan.
④ The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
⑤ The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus by one
minute this morning.
⑥ My suggestion is that we (should) tell him the truth.
以上从句为名词性从句中_____________(类)，引导词有：
____________________________________________________
表语从句
that / whether / what / who / when / where / why / whatever / whoever 等
Observe and Discover：
4. 什么是同位语从句
同位语从句：从句在句中充当同位语成分，一般跟在一些抽象名词（ idea, belief, fact, truth, rumour, news 等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明。
同位语从句常用 that / whether 引导或连接副词 when / where / why / how。
Observe and Discover：
以上从句为名词性从句中___________(类)，引导词可以有：____________________________________________________________
I have no idea
when he will get married.
how they can get the treasure.
where the concert will be held.
who is fit for the work.
why it happened.
which pen is mine.
what we should do next.
whom they are talking about.
whether it’ll rain tomorrow.
that our football team won the game.
同位语从句
that / whether / what / who / when / where / why 等
1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
从属连词that
不
不
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2)That-从句作主语通常用it作形式主语，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：例如：
从属连词that
不
不
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.
你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
从属连词that
不
不
It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　It is necessary that… 有必要……
　It is important that… 重要的是……
　It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that…人们相信……
It is known to all that…从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
从属连词that
不
不
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句　
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that…似乎……
It happens that…碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同, 从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,介词宾语，宾语补语和间接宾语
从属连词whether/if
不
不
1) yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词whether/if
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.
这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.
请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.
问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
1) yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词whether/if
不
不
同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.
他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.
她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.
我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2)选择性疑问从句。选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成，例如：
从属连词whether/if
不
不
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.
请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.
我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
1. Whether they will get married is not decided yet.
2. Whether he likes this present is unclear.
3. Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
“whether/if + 陈述句”做主语，在从句中_______(是/否)充当任何成分。______不能引导放在句首的主语从句，但是可以引导由it作形式主语而后置的主语从句。
从属连词whether/if
It is not decided yet whether/if they will get married.
It is unclear whether/if he likes this present .
It doesn’t matter too much whether she is coming or not .
不
If
_______the boy didn’t know the answer made the teacher angry.
That
用合适的从属连词填空。
_______ he is my child remains a question.
It remains a question_____________ he is my child.
Whether
whether/if
用合适的从属连词填空。
1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，不可省略。例如：
连接代词who(ever), whom(ever), whose, what(ever), which(ever)
不
不
主语：How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，不可省略。例如：
连接代词who(ever), whom(ever), whose, what(ever), which(ever)，连接副词when，where，why
不
不
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。
2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
连接代词who(ever), whom(ever), whose, what(ever), which(ever)，连接副词when，where，why
不
不
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married.
他们何时结婚依然不明。
_________the cat did made the baby cry.
用合适的连接代词填空。
What
________would convince him to change his mind aroused my curiostity.
用合适的连接代词填空。
Who
________he attained success is unknown.
用合适的连接副词填空。
How
________the bomb will explode worries the man.
用合适的连接副词填空。
When
常见错误点
省略错误 ：介词后、主语从句表语从句的that不可省略
连词混用 ：whether与if在特定位置（如句首、从句作介词宾语）不可互换
成分遗漏 ：what/who/whom等需在从句中充当成分
“缺什么补什么”原则
缺主语，指人用____，指物用_____
缺宾语，指人用____________，指物用______
缺时间状语用______；
地点状语用______；
原因状语用_____；
方式状语用_____；
定语用______________；
什么都不缺用_______，缺“是否”_______
who
what
who/whom
what
when
where
why
how
which/whose
that
whether
分析句子成分
缺主宾表定
缺状语
用连接代词
用连接副词
根据语意缺什么补什么
不缺成分
缺“是否”
不缺成分
无实义
用连接词that
用连接词whether
解题方法&步骤：
who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever, what, whatever
where, when, why, how
Practice and Apply：
Attention：
1. Whether the patient will be taken ______ unknown.
2. When and where the patient will be taken _____ unknown.
3. When the task can be finished and whether he can have a rest _____ unknown.
4. What he wants most ____ staying with his family.
What they need _______ masks.
单个从句做主语，大多数使用_______ (单数？复数？)
由两个连接词引导同一个主从，谓动使用____ (单数？复数？)
主语为and连接的两个主从时，谓动使用____ (单数？复数？)
what在主从中做宾语时，谓语的单复数取决它____________。
单数
单数
复数
is
is
are
is
are
后面的表语
主语从句 主谓一致
Attention：
主语从句的语序
★主语从句一律用__________，即主语在____，谓语在____。
When he will come is not known.
1. When will he come is not known.
How we go for a picnic should be discussed.
2. How do we go for a picnic should be discussed.
×
陈述语序
×
前
后
Attention：
it 做形式主语
That all countries work together is important.
用一个 It 来解决问题！
It is important that all countries work together.
★主语从句为了避免头重脚轻现象,用it做_______，而把从句放在后面充当_________。
真正的主语
形式主语
主语从句太长怎么办？
It’s possible / important / necessary / clear … that …
很可能 / 重要的是…… / 必要的是…… / 很清楚……
It’s said / reported … that … 据说 / 据报道……
It’s been announced / declared that … 已经通知 / 宣布……
It seems / appears / happens … that … 显然 / 明显 / 碰巧……
It’s no wonder that … 并不奇怪 / 无疑……
It’s a pity that … 遗憾的是……
It’s a fact / a common knowledge … 众所周知……
It’s a common saying … 俗话说
it 的用法: 形式主语
Discovering Useful Structures
新人教选择性必修二
Thank You !

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