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(共36张PPT)
2025/12/14
阅读理解之
说明文
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02
03
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说明文特征
解题方略
题型突破
实战演练
说明文特征
01
说明文是一种以解释、描述、介绍事实、现象、事物或概念为主要目的的文体。说明文的生词量大，长难句多。其语篇结构一般为：
1 引言 给出背景信息或提出需要说明的问题，从而引出主题（研究发现、结果）。
2 主体 包括多个段落，围绕主题展开详细阐述，每段讨论一个具体的方面，可能包含定义、原因、过程、影响、对策等（研究过程、方法、应用）。
3 结尾 用来概括全文的主要观点，或对某一问题进行总结和展望，有时也提出建议或呼吁（评价/局限/展望/启示）。
解题方略
02
夯实三个语言基础
掌握三种阅读方法
运用三个核心步骤
夯实三个语言基础
1 词汇基础 想方设法，千方百计，过关好课标3500词，以及常见的构词法知识
2 语篇知识 (1) 语篇结构：理解语篇是如何通过段落之间的组织来呈现主题的。在一篇说明文中，开头部分可能是提出研究结果，中间部分是研究过程，结尾部分是研究应用或评价。
(2) 语篇衔接：包括词汇衔接和语法衔接两大手段，词汇衔接包括复现(如原词复现、同根词复现、近义词复现、上下义复现、反义词复现等)、同现和搭配；语法衔接手段有照应(如人称代词照应)、省略、替代(do, so, not)等。
2 语篇知识 (3) 语篇连贯：连贯是指语篇中语义的流畅性，它通过逻辑关系来实现。如因果关系(because, therefore, so, as a result等)、转折关系(but, however, yet等)、对比关系(while、whereas等)、递进关系(even, what’s more, moreover, furthermore等)等。
3 分析长难句 造成长难句的原因是：“三长两短”一并列，句子变长难理解。
(“三长”是指介词短语、非谓语动词短语、从句；“两短”是指形容词和副词)
破解长难句的妙法是：“三长两短”括起来，并列连词标出来。
3 分析长难句 (2024年新课Ⅰ标卷C篇) The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
例如：
3 分析长难句 (2024年新课Ⅰ标卷C篇) The benefits (of print reading) (particularly) shine through [when experimenters move (from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text)]. 当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转向需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时，印刷品阅读的好处尤其明显。
掌握三种阅读方法
方法 用途 阅读方法的具体说明
1 略读 (skimming) 了解文章大意(使用场合：阅读、解主旨要义题) 跳跃式地浏览文章的标题、首尾段、每段的首尾句，以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语(特别是however, but, therefore等)后的内容等，以了解文章的主旨大意、段落大意，以及文章的基本结构。
2 查读 (scanning) 寻找所需信息(使用场合：解阅读题时定位信息) 也叫寻读，就是带着问题，或一两个具有排他性的特征词(如专有名词、缩略词、数词等)， 在文中寻找到我们所需要的信息所在的位置，进行信息定位。
方法 用途 阅读方法的具体说明
3 研读(study reading) 理解深层含义(使用场合：解答阅读题中的深层理解题或推理判断题) 通过略读了解文章主旨和通过查读找到所需信息后，在相关信息范围内 (定位词所在句及上下文)逐词、逐句地阅读，不仅要理解其字面意思，还要结合语境和常识进行推理、 判断，来理解文章的深层含义，以及作者的立场、观点、态度和意图等。
运用三个核心步骤
第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定一两个定位词(专有名词、日期和数字、缩略词、符号，以及表明问题及对象的名词)。
第二步 找到答题句 带着问题和定位词在文中找到含定位词的句子，及上下文，尤其是上下句，并理解这些句子。
第三步 比较各选项 将各个选项与答题句比较，哪项相符选哪项。
注意：
错误选项特征：无中生有；偷梁换柱；片面绝对；逻辑颠倒；答非所问；常识判断；扩大范围。
正确选项特征：同义替换；正话反说；适度概括；有据可依；逻辑一致。
题型突破
03
常考四类题型：
细节理解题
主旨大意题
词义猜测题
推理判断题
第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定一两个定位词
第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中去找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子。认真研读该句或前后句子。
第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，选出与原文表述一致的正确选项。
不论哪类细节题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题：
细节理解题考查考生识别和理解具体信息的能力。
（2025年全国1 卷C篇）While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A. Cars often get stuck on the road.
B. Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C. People walk less and drive more.
D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
第一步，确定定位词
第二步，找到答题句
第三步，比较各选项
主旨大意题包括段落大意题、文章大意题和文章标题题三种情况。
解答主旨大意题，主要是寻找主题句，主题句一般在以下三个地方：
1 文章的首尾段 每段的首尾句 文章的主题句一般在文章的首段或尾段，尤其是首段。
每段的主题句一般是每段的首句或尾句，尤其是首句。
2 转折处 段中but, however, yet等转折词后的内容，往往是作者要表达的观点，也就是主题句。
3 首段开头问句的答语 若首段出现疑问句，其回答往往就是文章的主旨。
两个如果
1 如果有多次重复的词 很可能就是体现文章或段落主旨的关键词。
2 如果没有 主题句 我们就根据文章或段落的字里行间进行归纳和概括。
两个步骤
第一步 找准主题句 在上述三处找到主题句；或找到文中反复出现的关键词。
第二步 比较各选项 将各个选项与主题句或体现主旨的关键词进行比较，选出能概括主旨的选项。
不论是段落大意题、文章大意题，还是文章标题题，都可按以下两个步骤解题：
两点提示
1 重视 词语 复现
原文和选项，有词重复重点看。
2 弄清 段际 逻辑 遇到段落大意题时，不论该段是否有主题句，都有可能要求考生理解段与段之间的逻辑关系，因此，我们需要理解前段，尤其是前段的尾句，并由此推断本段的主旨或作者的意图。
（2025年全国2卷D篇）It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Why the ingredients were used.
B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of.
D. Where the ingredients were bought.
同义复现
词义猜测题考查根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义。
1 单词/短语 第一步，理解上下文：快速找到文中生词所在的句子及其前后句，确保理解生词的语境。
第二步，比较各选项：对比各选项含义，选择最贴合上下文的答案。
注意：在猜测过程中要善于运用上下文的逻辑关系、同位语、定语从句、列举或举例、标点，以及构词法知识等。
2 代词/ 名词 指代 第一步，确定数和性：首先判断代词/名词的数(单数或复数)和性(人称、物体、抽象概念)，缩小指代范围。
第二步，就近原则判指代：结合上下文，向上查找前面的句子，尤其是紧邻的内容，根据就近原则找到可能的指代对象。
（2024浙江1月）I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”.
24. What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to
A. The play. B. The shared house.
C. The sofa. D. The telephone box.
第一步，确定数和性
第二步，就近原则判指代
单数，物
推理判断题考查考生根据文章内容进行综合推断的能力，包括推断隐含信息、推断作者观点态度、判断写作意图和文章出处/语篇类型等。
1 隐含信息 观点态度 第一步，确定定位词：在题干中确定一两个定位词，如专有名词、数字、缩略词，或about后的名词等。
第二步，找到答题句：用定位词到原文中去找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子。
最后，比较各选项：将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，从而选出正确选项。有些干扰项可能含“little time /attention /…”“no space/…” “rarely”等较强绝对性的词汇，很可能是错的；相应地，含“not totally” “not all”等对绝对性的否定的选项较可能是正确的
2 写作意图 判断主旨和语篇结构：判断线索所在文章/段落的主旨大意，开头、结尾和转折处通常能揭示主旨；理清句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。
说服 引导读者接受观点或行动，常用逻辑论证。
告知 提供信息或解释现象，常用事实描述、定义、数据支持。
营销 推销产品或观点，常用用户评价、成功案例、折扣信息。
叙事 通过故事或幽默吸引读者，常用个人经历、情感共鸣。
建议 提出可行性建议，常用问题分析、解决方案、效果预测。
常见写作意图题：
积极/赞成 中立/客观 反对/批评
形容词 favorable(支持的) optimistic(乐观的) approving(赞成的) enthusiastic(热情的) encouraging (鼓舞人心的) beneficial(有益的) promising(有前景的) sympathetic(同情的) neutral(中立的) objective(客观的) impartial(公正的) factual(基于事实的) balanced(平衡的) critical(批评的)
skeptical(怀疑的)
doubtful(怀疑的)
negative(负面的)
pessimistic(悲观的)
disapproving
(不赞成的)
dismissive(轻视的)
hostile(敌对的)
观点态度词
（2025年全国1 卷C篇） Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective.
C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks.
第一步，确定定位词
第二步，找到答题句
第三步，比较各选项
故选B项
实战演练
04
【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
研究背景
研究原因
研究方法与过程
研究结果与解释
研究前景
Step1 读
Step2 定
Step3 找
Step4 比较
1. in the race to — 竞相去……；在争夺…… 的竞赛中
2. go extinct — 灭绝；绝种
3. shift v. （位置、方向）移动；转变；转移 n. 转换；轮班；偏移
4.outnumber — v. 数量上超过；比…… 多
5. observational — adj. 观察的；基于观察的
6. likelihood — n. 可能性；可能
7. make sense — 有意义；讲得通；合理
8.encounter with — 与…… 的相遇；遭遇
9.eye-catching — adj. 引人注目的；显眼的
10.identification — n. 识别；确认；身份证明
文中重点单词和短语：
（25-26高三·山东德州·期中）Candles on a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clock inside our bodies. Harvard Medical School now reports that each of us also has a “biological age” for every major organ, and these ages vary sharply even among people born in the same year.
Using blood samples from 44,498 UK Biobank volunteers aged 40-70, the team measured nearly 3,000 proteins. About fifteen percent of those proteins originate in a single organ, allowing an algorithm (算法) to assign an “organ age” to the brain, heart, kidneys and eight other systems. Participants were then followed for up to seventeen years. The results translate numbers into risks. One-third of the volunteers had at least one organ whose protein signature lay more than 1.5 standard deviations (标准差) from the age-adjusted average, a gap linked to sharply higher disease risks. Most striking was the brain. “The brain is the gatekeeper of longevity,” said senior author Tony Wyss-Coray, “If you’ve got an old brain, you have an increased likelihood of death.” An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.
Because organ age is readable years before symptoms appear, the same blood test could guide prevention. Wyss-Coray envisions pairing the test with detailed lifestyle and medication records to see whether already-approved drugs can rewind the biological clock of a high-risk organ. “Today you go to the doctor because something aches,” he noted, “We’re trying to shift from sick care to health care.”
Unfortunately, the technology is currently available only for research, but Wyss-Coray has started two companies, Teal Omics and Vero Bioscience, approved by Harvard to turn the findings into commercial drug searches and a consumer test. “A streamlined panel focusing on the brain, heart and immune system could reach clinics within two to three years,” he predicts, “and the cost will come down as we focus on fewer key organs.”
1.Why are birthday cake candles mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To issue a warning. B．To draw a contrast.
C．To highlight a custom. D．To make a prediction.
2. What can we learn from the research
A．Severe brain aging increases death risk.
B．Organs age at the same rate individually.
C．Volunteers’ diets affect protein signatures.
D．Young brains ensure Alzheimer’s prevention.
3. Which practice matches the study in paragraph 3
A．Treating a heart attack when it happens.
B．Repairing functions of organs at high risk.
C．Tracking daily exercise before health checks.
D．Using brain age tests to prevent early diseases.
4. What is Wyss-Coray’s prediction mainly about
A．Potential clinical application. B．Consumers’ possible reaction.
C．More researchers’ engagement. D．Research technology innovation.
1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段“Candles on a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clock inside our bodies. Harvard Medical School now reports that each of us also has a “biological age” for every major organ, and these ages vary sharply even among people born in the same year.可知，生日蛋糕上的蜡烛代表日历年龄，而人体内部还有隐藏的生物年龄，两者形成对比。故选B。
2. A细节理解题。根据第二段中“An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.可知，严重的脑部衰老会增加死亡风险。故选A。
3.D推理判断题。根据第三段中“Because organ age is readable years before symptoms appear, the same blood test could guide prevention.以及第二段中“An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.可知，使用大脑年龄测试来预防早期疾病与第三段中的研究相匹配。故选D。
4.A 细节理解题。根据最后一段中““A streamlined panel focusing on the brain, heart and immune system could reach clinics within two to three years,” he predicts, “and the cost will come down as we focus on fewer key organs.””可知，Wyss-Coray的预测主要是关于潜在的临床应用。故选A。
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