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第五讲　续写语言提升
由读后续写评分原则可知，读后续写作文对词汇应用的丰富性、准确性都做出了明确的要求。文中除了要准确使用词汇外，也要注意所用词汇的丰富性：减少基础词汇(如笼统词、低年级常用词等)的使用，培养使用复杂词汇(如具体词、派生词、短语等)的习惯，从而使文章内容更加生动、丰富，提升文章档次。
第一节　词汇升级
常用词汇升级方法如下：
基础用法 高级用法
低年级学习的词语 高年级学习的词语
笼统的词语(如walk) 具体的词语(如tiptoe，wander等)
单词(如visit) 短语(如pay a visit to)
单词原形(如happy) 单词的派生词(如happily, happiness等)
就读后续写来说，最主要的升级方法是笼统词变具体词和单词变短语。
类型1　笼统词变具体词
笼统词指一些描述范围较大、指向信息不明确的词语，而具体词往往是这类词语的具体描述。笼统词变具体词可以使叙述的内容更加准确，行文更加生动。
As soon as the puppy heard his footsteps, it ran towards him.
一听到他的脚步声，波比就朝他跑了过来。
如果将句中的 ran 改为 darted(飞奔，像飞镖一样射出去)，可以更准确地表现出小狗激动的情绪，使读者产生更直接的观感，这是笼统词变具体词的一大好处。但是在使用的时候也需要注意用词是否符合语境，如上句中，若将 run改为 sprint(冲刺)，则无法展现小狗对主人的友好，不符合句子的语境。
按照词性进行划分，常用的笼统词变具体词示例如下：
名词
笼统词 具体词
thing business(事情), issue(问题), affair(事件), matter(事态), event(大事), trifle(琐事)
advantage virtue(优点；长处), merit(优点；价值), benefit(优势；益处)
disadvantage shortcoming(缺点；短处), drawback(缺点；不利条件), demerit(短处)
top climax(极点；顶点), peak (顶峰), summit(最高点；顶点)
way method(方法；办法), approach(方式；方法), avenue(途径；手段)
形容词和副词
笼统词 具体词
beautiful handsome(英俊的), attractive (吸引人的), graceful(优雅的), fine(精美的)
glad excited(兴奋的), pleasant(愉快的), joyful(欢喜的)
important vital(至关重要的), critical(决定性的), significant(意义重大的), primary(首要的), profound(深刻的)
bad mean(刻薄), evil(邪恶的), selfish(自私的), disgusting(令人厌恶的)
good excellent(优秀的), awesome(令人惊叹的), outstanding(杰出的)
poor impoverished(赤贫的), needy(贫困的), poverty-stricken(一贫如洗的)
very terribly (极度 地), extremely(极 其), highly(非常), greatly(大大地)
all completely(彻 底地), absolutely(绝对地), fully(充分地)
only merely(只不过), solely(单独地；唯一地)
即时演练1
结合语境，将句中笼统词替换成具体词以优化表达
1．I decided that I am very bad.I've been mainly concerned with myself.
→I decided that I am very selfish .I've been mainly concerned with myself.
2．It was only a flicker of light in the distance, yet it filled them with hope.
→It was merely a flicker of light in the distance, yet it filled them with hope.
3．Feeling tired and helpless, Mauro left a goodbye note to his wife on the wall of the tomb and prepared to meet his untimely end.
→Feeling exhausted and desperate , Mauro left a goodbye note to his wife on the wall of the tomb and prepared to meet his untimely end.
4．Seeing this, the guy quickly let go of Kim and broke into a run.
→Seeing this, the guy hurriedly let go of Kim and broke into a run.
5．Through this unforgettable and remarkable thing, it eventually dawned on me that nothing is difficult with a willing heart.
→Through this unforgettable and remarkable event/experience , it eventually dawned on me that nothing is difficult with a willing heart.
类型2　单词变短语
用意思相同或相近的短语替换单词，可以达到优化表达的效果。较为常见的是将动词替换成动词短语，也有一些将副词替换成副词短语、介词替换成介词短语的情况，将形容词替换成“of＋名词”的情况也比较常见，例如：valuable→of great value。现将一些高频的单词替换成短语的情况归纳如下：
单词 短语
like have a passion for
begin get down to
use make use of
desire long for
decide make up one's mind, be determined to
cry burst into tears
meet come across
think(认为) hold the view
bear put up with
affect have an effect/influence on
remember bear...in mind
own be in possession of
believe be convinced of
tired worn out
stress lay emphasis on
solve work out, figure out
replace take the place of
see catch sight of
suit be suitable for
refuse turn down
attract appeal to
usually more often than not
about with regard to
finally in the end, at length
important of importance
即时演练2
结合语境，将单词替换成短语以优化表达
1．Usually, he would walk alone by the lake in a daze. More often than not
2．It has given us a richer understanding of certain learning mechanisms, particularly about non-humans. with regard to
3．The minute I heard the first note of her voice，I cried. burst into tears
4．Remember that the rules we're talking about here are not rules you explicitly know. Bear in mind
5．Keep an eye out for the beautiful, observe the unusual, and see the surprising. catch sight of
6．It is important to keep calm in such an emergency. of importance
7．She is a good singer, and her music attracts a much larger audience. appeals to
8．We were so tired when we returned from the fields that we went to bed immediately. worn out
第二节　句式升级
要提高读后续写的语言表达能力，我们除了掌握读后续写常用的一些词语外，在平时的学习中还要注意积累一些常用句式，并背诵、默写、仿写，最后做到运用自如。
提分句式1　无灵主语句，写情更细腻
在英美人的思维中，往往更注意客观事物和现象对人的作用和影响，反映在语言表达上就是经常用无生命名词作主语。无灵主语句的使用可以有效地提升作文的档次。
句型公式1：A wave of/A sense of...＋情感名词＋有灵动词＋sb.
a wave of a surge of a spark of a sense of a feeling of a burst of happiness/joy/ delight 开心 anger/fury 狂怒 sadness/sorrow 悲伤 gratitude/appreciation 感激 admiration 钦佩 guilt/remorse 愧疚悔恨 fear/terror/panic/fright 害怕；惊恐 astonishment/shock/surprise 惊讶 nervousness 紧张 seized/caught/ struck 抓住 swept/flooded/rushed over 袭来 flooded over 充满 ran through/passed through 掠过 overwhelmed 淹没；压倒 took hold of 控制 enveloped 笼罩 gave way to 被……代替 welled up 涌出 ＋sb.
普通：I felt regretful when I heard the bad news.
升级1：A wave of regret swept over me as I heard the bad news.
当我听到那个坏消息时，一股悔恨的浪潮席卷了我。
升级 2：A strong sense of regret took hold of me the moment I heard the bad news.
当我听到那个坏消息时，一种强烈的悔恨之情控制了我。
句型公式2：身体部位的名词/“音、容、笑”的名词＋有灵动词(短语)
face, eye， heart, hand， finger， laughter， smile， tears, voice， disappointment flashed/passed over掠过 brightened/lighted up照亮 welled up 涌出 spread across 浮现 clouded over 显得阴沉 (恐惧、愤怒、忧愁) ＋sb./sb.'s face, eye， heart等
普通： She felt very delighted when I gave her the present.
升级： Her face brightened when I gave her the present.
我给她礼物时，她的脸上焕发出了光彩。
句型公式3：情感名词＋有灵动词＋sb.(使某人不能做某事)
(1)情感名词＋deprived/robbed sb. of sth.(使某人丧失……的能力)
普通：I was too astonished to speak anything.
升级：Astonishment deprived me of my power of speech.
惊讶使我说不出话来。
(2)情感名词＋ prevented sb. from doing sth.(使某人无法做某事)
普通：He was too afraid to move.
升级：A strong wave of fear prevented him from moving.
强烈的恐惧感使他无法动弹。
(3) words等名词＋ failed sb.(某人无法做某事)
普通：I was speechless when I tried to express my heartfelt thanks.
升级：Words failed me when I tried to express my heartfelt gratitude.
当我试图表达我衷心的感谢时，我说不出话来。
即时演练1
Ⅰ.用无灵主语升级下列句子
1．I felt happy as I heard the good news.
→ A wave of delight seized me the moment I heard the exciting news.(delight)
2．When she realized the little boy had lied, she felt very disappointed.
→Realizing the little boy had lied， a look of disappointment passed over/spread across/flashed her face .
3．On the stage, he was too nervous to speak.
→On the stage, nervousness deprived him of his power of speech .(deprive)
→On the stage, nervousness prevented him from speaking .(prevent)
→On the stage， words failed him because he was too nervous.(fail)
4．As soon as I saw the rescuers，I got very excited.
→The instant I saw the rescuers, blood passed over/rushed to my head .(blood)
5．She cried as she realized what her friend had done for her.
→ Tears welled up in her eyes , as she realized what her friend had done for her.(tear, well up)
6．I felt guilty after I heard what he said.
→Having heard what he said， a wave of guilt washed over me .(guilt)
7．He was relieved to learn that no one was hurt in the accident.
→ A feeling of relief/Relief swept over him , when he learned that no one was hurt in the accident.(relief)
8．When she realized that the shop was on fire, she felt frightened.
→When she realized that the shop was on fire， (a sense of) fear seized her .(fear)
Ⅱ.用无灵主语完成/翻译下列句子
1．当我意识到我是金牌的赢家时，满是惊讶和怀疑。(surround)
When I realized that I was the winner of Gold medal， surprise and unbelief surrounded me .
2．当他看着烟花照亮天空时，他感到一种令人难以置信的幸福。(sweep)
A feeling of incredible happiness swept over him as he watched fireworks light up the sky.
3．当小女孩醒来时，她母亲转哭为笑。(give way to)
As the little girl woke up， her mother's tears gave way to laughter .
4．当她见到她分开多年的最好的朋友时，她的脸上洋溢着纯粹的喜悦和幸福。(light up)
Her face lit up with sheer delight and happiness when she saw her best friend after years apart.
5．她心中涌起一阵骄傲，因为她成功地救了那个老人。(well up)
A burst of pride/Pride welled up inside her as she successfully saved the old man.
6．我伤心得说不出话来。(rob)
The sadness robbed me of the power to say anything.
提分句式2　形容词(短语)作状语，描写更生动
句型公式：①形容词(短语)，主＋谓……
②主＋谓………，形容词(短语)
形容词(短语)作状语可位于句首、句末或句中。其主要功能是表达人物做某个动作的原因、结果或者伴随状态，可以增强感染力，使描述更生动形象。
1．表原因
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Afraid of hearing the other name，I lowered my head and thought to myself.
我害怕听到另一个名字，我低下头想了想。
Eager to see the sunrise, they got up at four.
他们渴望看日出，4点钟就起床了。
2．表结果
After the long journey, he finally got home, tired out/worn out/exhausted.
经过长途跋涉，他终于回到了家，累的精疲力尽。
Jack came back home from the disaster area, safe and sound.
杰克从灾区安然无恙地回到家中。
3．表伴随
Deep in thought, Mary sat still against the door.
玛丽静静地坐在门口，陷入沉思。
Lost in the forest, Mary lay under a tree, full of fear and despair.
玛丽迷失在森林里，躺在树下，充满了恐惧和绝望。
即时演练2
用形容词作状语完成/翻译下列句子
1．他的父母对他的表现很满意，于是给他买了一辆自行车作为奖励。
Satisfied with his performance , his parents bought him a bicycle as a reward.
2．我转过身来面对她，准备好了让她看到我眼中的愤怒和失望。
I turned over and faced her， ready to let her see the anger and disappointment in my eyes .
3．我们看着房屋被暴风雨摧毁，无助而绝望。
We watched the houses being destroyed by the storm， helpless and hopeless .
4．由于担心她母亲的健康状况，她不得不提前回家。
Worried about her mother's health, she had to return home ahead of time.
5．五个小时后，他们终于回到了家，疲惫而又兴奋。
Five hours later, they arrived home eventually, tired but excited.
6．我担心女儿的安全，给女儿打了很多次电话。
Anxious about my daughter's safety，I called her many times.
提分句式3　非谓语动词作状语，表达更简洁
非谓语动词doing, having done和done作状语时，主要表示原因、结果或伴随情况。doing/having done形式所表达的动作与主语之间构成主动关系，done则与主语构成被动关系。用非谓语动词把同时发生或先后发生的两个动作连接起来，这样句子就不会显得单调，每个动作也能更紧密地衔接在一起。
句型公式1：主语＋did sth., doing...或者
Doing...，主语＋did sth.
分析：两个动作同时发生，而且主语都一样，就可以用分词作状语，doing表示主动。
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)We talked for a while, recalling the journey I embarked on and the doubts I overcame.
我们聊了一会儿，回忆起我开始的旅程和我克服的疑虑。
句型公式 2：主语＋ did sth., done...或者Done...，主语＋did sth.
分析：done与逻辑主语是被动关系。
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Dominated by an overwhelming sense of excitement and pride at his words, I simply stood there dumbfounded.
我对他的话感到了一种强烈的兴奋和自豪，但我只是目瞪口呆地站在那里。
Immersed in a strong sense of fear, she could not say a word.
她沉浸在一种强烈的恐惧感中，一句话也说不出来。
句型公式3：Having done sth., sb. did sth.
分析：如果想强调同一个主语一个动作做完之后又做了另一个动作，就可以把先发生的用 having done的形式来表示。
Having walked for quite a long time, she found herself lost.
＝After she walked for quite a long time, she found herself lost.
走了很长时间后，她发现自己迷路了。
即时演练3
Ⅰ.用非谓语动词作状语升级下列句子
1．She felt exhausted and sat by the stream, and rested her aching feet.
→She felt exhausted and sat by the stream， resting her aching feet .
2．She was dressed in a Santa Claus costume, she slipped into the room without being noticed.
→ Dressed in a Santa Claus costume , she slipped into the room without being noticed.
3．Sam felt so angry that he stormed out of the room, and slammed the door angrily behind him.
→Sam felt so angry that he stormed out of the room, slamming the door angrily behind him.
4．After the woman waited in line for an hour at the bank, she grew impatient and left.
→ Having waited in line for an hour at the bank , the woman grew impatient and left.
5．He was misunderstood by his teacher and laughed at by everyone, he felt rather upset and depressed.
→ Misunderstood by his teacher and laughed at by everyone , he felt rather upset and depressed.
6．The teacher sat down on the bench, next to Gemma, patted her shoulder gently, and said gently，“I know you were just too nervous, but it's okay.”
→ Sitting down on the bench , next to Gemma, the teacher patted her shoulder gently， saying gently ，“I know you were just too nervous, but it's okay.”
7．After he reviewed his lessons for a whole weekend at home, he expected the coming exam with confidence.
→ Having reviewed his lessons for a whole weekend at home , he expected the coming exam with confidence.
Ⅱ.用非谓语动词作状语完成/翻译下列句子
1．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)听到老师的鼓励，我对写作更有信心了。
Hearing my teacher's encouragement ，I am even more confident to writing.
2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)我被他的话打动了，于是我决定在写作上取得更大的进步，以达到他的期望。
Struck by his words ，I made up my mind to make more progress in writing so as to live up to his expectation.
3．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)在欢呼声中，我在记者的镜头前，在数千名家长和学生的目光下接受了金牌。(overwhelm)
Overwhelmed with cheers ，I accepted the gold medal in front of cameras of reporters and thousands of eyes of parents and students.
4．(2022·1月浙江卷)我深知自己的优点和缺点，所以我决定专注于与这些主题打交道的工作。
Knowing my strengths and weaknesses all too well ，I decided to focus on the task of working with the subjects.
5．听到这话，简用尽全力抓住把手，把门拉开了。
Hearing that , Jane took hold of the handle， using all her strength , and was able to pull the door open.
6．承诺了五点之前我们能到那儿，所以当车抛锚的时候，我非常慌张。
Having promised that we would get there before five ，I was seized with panic when the car broke down.
7．她感到令人难以忍受的寒冷和疲惫，她不知道如何应对这种可怕的情况。
Feeling unbearably cold and exhausted , she had no idea how to cope with the terrible situation.
8．她感到一阵悲伤，忍不住地哭了起来。
Feeling a surge of sadness, she couldn't help crying.
提分句式4　独立主格与with复合结构，句式更灵活
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构，一般用逗号与主句分开，其作用相当于一个状语从句或并列句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等。独立主格经常可以和with复合结构互换。
句型公式：①独立主格结构：名词/代词＋非谓语动词(-ing形式、-ed 形式或不定式)、形容词、副词或介词短语。
②with复合结构： with＋名词/代词＋非谓语动词(-ing形式、-ed 形式或不定式)、形容词、副词或介词短语。
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)As I entered, he looked up from his desk，(with) a warm smile spreading across his face.
我进去的时候，他从桌子上抬起头来，脸上露出了温暖的微笑。
Her father was lying on his back，(with) his dog trapped under the truck.
她的父亲仰面躺着，他的狗被困在卡车下面。
即时演练4
Ⅰ.用独立主格与with复合结构升级下列句子
1．He struggled to run towards the finishing line.His mouth was dry and his legs trembled.
→He struggled to run towards the finishing line， his mouth dry and his legs trembling .(独立主格结构)
→He struggled to run towards the finishing line， with his mouth dry and his legs trembling .(with复合结构)
2．Her eyes sparkled with excitement, and she struggled to her feet and shouted，“I'm here！”
→ Her eyes sparkling with excitement, she struggled to her feet and shouted，“I'm here！”(独立主格结构)
→ With her eyes sparkling with excitement, she struggled to her feet and shouted，“I'm here！”(with复合结构)
3．He cast us a glance, and his face wore a warm smile.
→He cast us a glance, his face wearing a warm smile .(独立主格结构)
→He cast us a glance, with his face wearing a warm smile .(with复合结构)
4．His wife was in deep sorrow and her eyes were full of tears.
→His wife was in deep sorrow, her eyes full of tears .(独立主格结构)
→His wife was in deep sorrow, with her eyes full of tears .(with复合结构)
Ⅱ.用独立主格与with复合结构完成/翻译下列句子
1．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)我是如此的高兴和激动，(与)泪水模糊了我的眼睛。
I was so happy and thrilled, (with) tears blurring my eyes .
2．几秒钟后，那个女孩出现了，手里紧紧地拿着一个纸袋。
In a few seconds, the girl turned up， with a paper bag held tightly in her hand .
3．它披着棕色的卷发，四下张望，眼睛里闪烁着好奇和有点不安。
Coated with brown curly hair, it looked everywhere, eyes sparkling with curiosity and a little uneasiness .
4．眼睛凝视着家庭相册，他想到了他和祖父母在一起的快乐时光。
(With) his eyes fixed on the family album , he thought of the fun he had when he lived with his grandparents.
5．泪水涌上眼睛，他用颤抖的声音向警察道谢。
(With) tears welling up in his eyes , he thanked the police in a trembling voice.
6．天逐渐变黑，所以简在森林中迷路了。
With the sky turning dark gradually, Jane got lost in the forest.
7．他冲进房间，心脏狂跳，满脸通红。
He rushed to the room with his heart beating wildly and his face flushing.
8．他躺在草地上，双手交叉在头顶下。
He was lying on the grass，(with) his hands crossed under his head.
提分句式5　运用虚拟语气，文采更出众
虚拟语气是通过语法手段来表达出对别人的尊敬或尽量使自己的语气委婉、客气的效果。虚拟语气的形式多种多样，在写作中，虚拟语气能够表达其他任何语气所无法取代的丰富的感彩。
我们使用虚拟语气时，多数情况是因为表达者的语用目的，而不是简单表达一个相反的事实。说话者一般都是借助这个“虚拟情况”委婉表达一个言外之意，达到一个特定的交流目的，在很大程度上避免出现尴尬处境。例如：
If I had enough money, I would help you.
如果我有足够的钱，我就会帮助你。
分析：这句话的真正含义是I will not help you，通过使用if条件句，help的行为便成了一种假设的虚拟行为。听话者从该条件可以自己推断出这样的结论：我可能不帮你。
一、虚拟语气的常用句式
句型公式1：“If sb. had done..., sb. would have done”或者“Had sb. done..., sb. would have done”如果某人过去……，某人就……
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)If I hadn't attended the contest, I wouldn't have won the gold medal!
＝Had I not attended the contest，I wouldn't have won the gold medal!
如果我没有参加比赛，我就不会获得金牌！
句型公式2：“Without/But for..., sb. would have done”要不是……
分析：该句式相当于 If there had not been..., sb. would have done 或者 Had there not been..., sb. would have done
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Without your recognition and guidance，I couldn't have written this article.Again thank you very much!
如果没有你的认可和指导，我就不可能写这篇文章。再次非常感谢你！
句型公式3：“If only sb. had done...”某人要是……就好了
If only I had been the third runner who had got to the finish line.
要是我是第三位到达终点线的跑步者该多好啊！
句型公式4：How sb. wished that...had (not) done sth.! 某人多么希望……
How Timmy wished that he hadn't been so rude to his coach!
蒂米多么希望他没有那么粗鲁的对待教练啊！
句型公式5：sb.＋谓语， wishing that sb. had (not) done sth.
I was rooted on the ground due to being frightened, wishing that I had refused my mother's advice yesterday.
我由于恐惧而站在地上，真希望我昨天拒绝了妈妈的建议。
句型公式6：“sb.＋谓语， as if sb. had done”表达形象生动
The glasses dropped into the river, as if the water had swallowed them.
眼镜掉到河里，好像被水吞没了。
二、虚拟语气表达不同情绪
1．后悔、遗憾、悔恨
If I had taken his advice，I wouldn't have been trapped in the awful situation now!
如果我采纳了他的建议，我现在就不会被困在这个可怕的境地了！
2．生气、愤怒
“If you had been more patient, the situation would not have been so terrible.”I couldn't contain my anger and shouted at him.
“如果你能再耐心点，情况就不会那么糟糕，”我不能抑制我的愤怒并大声对他喊叫。
3．感激
But for/Without his help, I wouldn't have got out of trouble.I owed all my luck to him.
＝If it had not been for his help，I wouldn't have got out of trouble.I owed all my luck to him.
如果没有他的帮助，我不可能走出困境。我把我所有的运气都归功于他。
即时演练5
Ⅰ.用虚拟语气升级下列句子
1．If it hadn't been for your advice，I wouldn't have succeeded.
→ Without/But for your advice ，I wouldn't have succeeded.(but for/without)
2．If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have made such a mistake.
→ Had you taken my advice , you wouldn't have made such a mistake.(倒装)
3．If it had not been for your selfless help, I wouldn't have finally made great progress in my English.
→ Had it not been for your selfless help ，I wouldn't have finally made great progress in my English.(倒装)
→ But for/Without your selfless help ，I wouldn't have finally made great progress in my English.(but for/without)
Ⅱ.用虚拟语气完成/翻译下列句子
1．我几乎快要崩溃了。我多么希望我以前好好努力了。 (how)
I was almost on the edge of breaking down. How I wish I had worked hard before .
2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)“要不是因为你，先生，我就不会成功的。”我衷心地感谢了他。(倒装)
“ Had it not been for you, mister，I wouldn't have made it .”I thanked him with heartfelt gratitude.
3．他翻了相册，希望自己昨晚参加了派对。
He turned over the photo album, wishing that he had joined the party last night .
4．没有埃里克的鼓励，我剩下的时间都沉浸在悲伤之中。
Without/But for Eric's encouragement ，I would have been immersed in sorrow for the rest of the day.
5．要不是我的粗鲁，我们就不会吵架了。
But for my rudeness, we wouldn't have quarreled with each other.
6．“要是我当初听取了妈妈的建议该多好！”小女孩低声对自己说。
“If only I had listened to my mother's advice！” the little girl whispered to herself.
提分句式6　运用倒装句，句子更亮眼
倒装句的使用丰富了语言表达，让句式更加多样。因此，写作中适当用一些倒装句式会使文章的表达更生动、有力、让阅卷老师眼前一亮。
部分倒装1: So＋adj./adv.＋be动词/助动词＋主语．..that... 如此……以至于……
During the exam, so nervous was I that my mind went blank.
考试中我如此紧张以至于大脑一片空白。
部分倒装2：n./adj./adv.＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句　尽管/虽然……
Disappointed as/though I was, I still managed a weak smile on my face.
虽然我很失望，我依然挤出一丝微笑。
部分倒装3：Only＋状语/状语从句＋助动词/情态动词/be动词＋主语＋其他　只有……
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Only by daring to try can we make a breakthrough.
只有敢于尝试，我们才能取得突破。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)I encouraged David who was at a loss，“Do keep in mind that only by possessing a good state of mind can you attain success.”
我鼓励不知所措的大卫：“务必记住只有拥有良好的心态你才能获得成功。”
部分倒装4：Not until＋状语/状语从句＋助动词＋主语．..
Not until he had failed in the job interview did he realize how important confidence was.
直到他面试失败，他才意识到自信是多么重要。
部分倒装5：Hardly had sb. done...when.../No sooner had sb. done...than...　一……就……
No sooner had he realized his mistake than he apologized to his friend.
他一意识到自己的错误就向朋友道歉。
全部倒装6：Here/There/Out/In/Up/Down/Away/Now/Then...＋谓语(表示运动的不及物动词)＋主语
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
一声吼叫，呼地从丛林中窜出一只老虎。
全部倒装7：介词短语＋谓语(不及物动词，如 lie, stand, sit, exist, stretch, come)或系动词be＋主语(名词)
In the doorway stood a man with a hammer.
门口站着一个拿锤子的人。
全部倒装8：分词短语＋ be＋主语(名词)
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.
躺在地板上的是一个约17岁的男孩。
即时演练6
Ⅰ.用倒装升级下列句子
1．Though we were stressed out, our eyes were glittering with hope.
→ Stressed out as/though we were , our eyes were glittering with hope.
2．Hearing the cry, the boy rushed out in an instant, trying to find out what had happened.
→Hearing the cry， out rushed the boy in an instant , trying to find out what had happened.
3．The little girl was so particular about/over food that her parents shed tears of anxiety and worry.
→ So particular about/over food was the little girl that her parents shed tears of anxiety and worry.
4．I didn't realize a small act of care can melt people's loneliness until I experienced the event.
→ Not until I experienced the event did I realize a small act of care can melt people's loneliness.
5．Mike had hardly finished his performance when the audience all rose to their feet, clapping wildly.
→ Hardly had Mike finished his performance when the audience all rose to their feet, clapping wildly.
Ⅱ.用倒装完成/翻译下列句子
1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)尽管他很痛苦，也有点尴尬，但他仍然拖着脚继续前进。
Painful and a bit embarrassed as/though he was , he still dragged his feet to keep moving forward.
2．看到考试的结果，我是如此的绝望，我觉得自己好像被撕成了碎片。
Seeing the result of the exam， so desperate was I that I felt as if I were torn into pieces .
3．他突然发现自己站在一座山的山脚下，山顶上有一座古寺庙。
He suddenly found himself standing at the foot of a hill， on top of which stood an old temple .
4．直到我经历了这场事故，我才意识到坏运气有可能是正在等待开启的门。
Not until I experienced the accident was I aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened.
5．我打开门，迈克尔站在那里，浑身都是泥。
I opened the door, and there stood Michael, all covered in mud.
提分句式7　运用强调句，习作更出彩
强调句型的使用是为了突出强调句子的某一部分，它是一种比较容易掌握的高级表达方式。其构成为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他。
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)I said，“It's you who make me fall in love with writing, my social studies teacher.”
我说：“是你让我爱上了写作，我的社会研究老师。”
It was not until then that I realized Mama lied to us just out of love.
直到那时我才意识到出于爱，妈妈对我们说了谎。
即时演练7
Ⅰ.用强调句型升级下列句子(强调黑体部分)
1．My determination and efforts helped me achieve my dream.
It was my determination and efforts that helped me achieve my dream.
2．I came to know a truth—a small act of kindness can make a big difference on that day.
It was on that day that I came to know a truth—a small act of kindness can make a big difference.
3．We created a harmonious atmosphere with sincerity and faithfulness.
→ It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere.
4．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Devin made his final decision at that moment.
→ It was at that moment that Devin made his final decision.
Ⅱ.用强调句型翻译下列句子
1．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)就在这时，一股暖流涌过了我的身体。
It was at that moment that a warm surge of streams washed through my body.
2．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)正是他勇敢的心和坚强的信念，最终会让一些不寻常的事情发生。
It was his brave heart and strong faith that could make something unusual happen finally.
3．正是这次特别的经历让我意识到宽恕是一种重要的美德。
It was the special experience that made me realize forgiving is an important virtue.
4．就在那天，我意识到爸爸在我这个年龄所取得的成就比我所做的要大得多。
It was on that day that I realized what Dad had accomplished at my age was much greater than I did.
第三节　生动描写
叙述和描写都是记叙文写作中的主要表达方式。
1．叙述(narration)是将事情的前后经过记录下来，主要用来交代人物活动和事件经过，展开情节。
2．描写(description)则指通过各个感官的细节描述，用生动形象的语言把人物、景物的状态具体地描绘出来。
高效技法1　过程化：运用动作链，营造画面感
考生要学会分解动作，形成一个细化的动作链，比如浙江高考读后续写中 Mac遇到狼上车的动作，不是简单的get in the car就可以解决的，过于笼统的描述使描写空洞乏味，学生要善于捕捉这个关键的慢镜头，并将Mac的动作按照时间轴分解为jump off the bicycle—dash into the back seat of the car—slam the door—lean against the seat, breathless 等动作链来描写，通过动作链可形成动作面，使情景具有画面感，那么如何设计动作链和动作面呢？
一、分解动作，形成动作链
句型公式1：主语＋动作A，动作B and 动作C
该句式中连词 and连接三个或三个以上的动作，构成动作链，动词的时态是一致的。
①I approached Dad, proudly took out of my own money and handed it to him.
我走近爸爸，骄傲地拿出我自己的钱递给他。
②Her pulses beat fast, and the blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.
她的心跳加快，热血温暖了全身，身心完全地放松下来。
句型公式2：主语＋动作A and动作B，非谓语动词/非谓语动词，主语＋动作A and动作B
该句中连词and连接两个或两个以上的动作，构成动作链。非谓语动词作状语，可置于句首或句尾。
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)When I handed in the essay to my teacher, he read it, laughed out loud, saying，“Great.Now, write it again.”
当我把文章交给我的老师时，他读了它，大声笑着，说：“很好。现在，再写一遍。”
Putting on his coat, he stormed out and slammed the door shut.
他穿上外套，怒气冲冲地跑了出去，把门重重地关上。
句型公式3：时间状语从句＋主句
动作链的表达可用状语从句，如when, while, as, before, after引导的时间状语从句来体现。
After I had left something in the cloakroom，I went inside to get it.
我在衣帽间落下了点东西，然后就进去拿了。
二、动作链可以和情感，环境，心理，语言等结合，形成动作面
①Burning with anger, he glared at me with his big frightening eyes, yelling，“You' re such an idiot.”
分析：此处的burning with anger是情感描写， glare和yell是动作链，同时将动作和语言描写结合在了一起，形成了饱满的动作面，属于高分表达。
②As night was beginning to fall, Jane sat on the grass, staring at the vast sky, frightened and ravenous.
分析：此处将环境描写，动作描写以及情感描写结合在一起，形成了饱满的动作面。
即时演练1
Ⅰ.根据提示，用英语写出动作链或动作面
1．洛娜(Lorna)看夜空：走到窗前＋打开窗户＋抬头看着外面的夜空。(并列谓语)
Lorna came to the window, opened it and looked out up at the night sky.
2．她看照片：拿起照片＋盯着它看了一会儿＋小心翼翼地把它放进了相册里。(并列谓语)
She picked up the photo, stared at it for a while and placed it carefully into the album.
3．简沿着小溪走：感觉更强壮＋沿着小溪走着＋希望它能把她带到湖边。(非谓语动词)
Feeling stronger now, Jane walked along the stream, hoping that it would lead her to the lake.
4．他们仰望天空：站在空荡的路边＋仰望天空＋感受到珍贵的宁静。(非谓语动词)
Standing beside the empty road, they looked up into the sky, feeling the precious peace.
5．我跑步：穿着平常的跑步服＋带着自信的微笑＋迅速掠过了他们。(非谓语动词；介词短语)
Wearing my usual running clothes，I brushed past them with a confident smile.
Ⅱ.运用动作链和动作面的技巧完善下面的作文
In the morning, as scheduled， the twins got up early, tiptoed to the kitchen and scooped some flour out of the bag (双胞胎早早起床，踮着脚走进了厨房，从袋子里舀出面粉)．Once they set about making bread, they felt confused.At that time， their father slid into the kitchen, patting the twins' shoulders and comforting them in a soft voice (他们的爸爸溜进厨房，轻拍双胞胎的肩膀，柔声安慰道)，“Don't quit.You can overcome the challenge.” The twins made the bread smoothly.Then
they carried the breakfast, advanced upstairs and woke up their mother (他们端着早餐，向楼上走去，喊醒他们的妈妈)．With her eyes glittering with excitement, so content was the mother that she gathered her children into her arms.
高效技法2　精准化：精选动词，刻画具体的动作
不用抽象或虚化的动词描述，而是使用含义比较精确的描写。试比较下面两句：
①The little boy said sorry to his mother.
小男孩对他妈妈说对不起。
②The little boy hung his head and mumbled an apology to his mother.
小男孩垂着头，咕哝着向他母亲道歉。
类型一：缓慢移动
edge v．缓慢地移动 She edged her way through the crowd. 她在人群中慢慢向前移动。
inch v．缓慢地移动 He inched his way through the narrow passage. 他一点一点地穿过狭窄的通道。
类型二：闲逛散步
stroll v. 闲逛；漫步 We are strolling through a secluded walk. 我们正漫步穿过一条僻静的小径。
ramble v. 闲逛；散步 He rambled till supper time through the orderly avenues between the lines of walnut trees. 他在两旁胡桃树整齐林立的街道上散步一直到吃晚饭时。
类型三：踱步
pace v. 来回踱步 Before the play，I paced back and forth in the room. 演出前，我在房间里来回踱步。
类型四：蹑手蹑脚地走
creep v. 蹑手蹑脚地 移动 Then I crept downstairs and examined the tags attached to each of the packages. 然后我悄悄地走到楼下，检查了每个包裹上的标签。
tiptoe v. 蹑手蹑脚地 Curious to know what was inside, he tiptoed into the dark cave. 他好奇地想知道里面是什么，踮着脚走进了黑暗的洞穴。
类型五：蹒跚；走得不稳
stagger v．蹒跚 He clutched his chest, staggered to the nearest building and slumped sitting to the sidewalk. 他抓住胸口，步履蹒跚地走到最近的墙旁，颓然倒在人行道上。
stumble v. 跌跌撞撞地走 The thick smoke caused him to stumble blindly around, burned his eyes, and made it impossible to breathe. 浓烟使他盲目地跌跌撞撞地走，灼伤了他的眼睛，使他无法呼吸。
类型六：快走
storm out of 气冲冲地走出 He stormed out of the room in a burst of anger and slammed the door furiously. 他怒气冲冲地冲出房间，狠狠地关上门。
hustle v．快速 行走；赶紧 You'll have to hustle if you're to get home for supper. 你想赶回家吃晚饭的话，就得加快速度。
leap to one's feet 跳跃 He leapt to his feet and rushed out of the living room. 他一跃而起，冲出了客厅。
spring from 从……跳起来 He sprung from his chair and rushed to pick up the telephone. 他从椅子上跳起来，跑去接电话。
类型七：朝……走
made one's way 朝……走 Then Lisa stood up and made her way through the crowd toward me. 然后丽莎站了起来，穿过人群朝我走来。
head for 去往…… Clutching the tin can, he headed for the shop. 他抓着铁罐，向商店走去。
即时演练2
运用具体动词翻译下列句子
1．她沿着小路蹑手蹑脚地走着，迅速弯下腰，轻轻地用双手罩着蝴蝶。(creep, cup)
She crept along the path, bent over swiftly and cupped her hands around the butterfly gently.　
2．她向前冲过去，跪下来，把儿子抱在怀里。(dash, gather)
She dashed forward, knelt down and gathered her son into her arms.　
3．孩子们兴奋地冲到湖边，脱下衣服，跳进水里。(rush, dive)
The children rushed excitedly to the lake, took off their clothes and dived into the water.　
4．歌手瞥了一眼观众，深吸了一口气，开始唱歌。(glance)
The singer glanced at the audience, took a deep breath and began to sing.　
5．男孩把最后一个包举到肩上，露出了灿烂的微笑。 (flash)
The boy lifted the last bag onto his shoulder, and flashed a bright smile.　
6．男孩把书放在原处，小心翼翼地走出房间。(tiptoe)
Putting the book where it belonged, the boy tiptoed out of the room as lightly as possible.　
高效技法3　形象化：添加修饰成分，做到描写生动
除了精准选用表示动作的词语，还要给动词加上适当的修饰成分，使动作更加形象生动。适当的修饰语能细致地表达出动作的时间、幅度、速度、力度等，使人物形象更具活力，能更好地表现人物的鲜明个性与思想境界。动作描写中最常见的修饰成分就是状语，如副词、介词短语等。其次是定语，如形容词等。
在体现动作的迅速和短暂时，我们可以添加以下修饰语： immediately, without delay, witout hesitation等。
比如下面两个句子：
①The wolf also noticed them and turned its head back, shouting at Paul and Becky.
狼也注意到他们，回头朝保罗和贝基喊叫。
②At the same time, the wolf also noticed them and fiercely turned its head back, shouting loudly at Paul and Becky.
与此同时，狼也注意到了他们，恶狠狠地转过头，对保罗和贝基大声喊叫。
分析：第二句中加上 at the same time(与此同时), fiercely(激烈地), loudly(大声地)，就把这两个人遇到狼的危险情况生动地表达出来了。
句型公式1：“ with/in介词短语＋主语＋谓语”或者“主语＋谓语＋with/in介词短语”
说明：可以添加介词短语修饰动词。
①with＋情感名词
with delight/excitement/pleasure/happiness/joy/
satisfaction/anger/rage/patience/fear/terror/embarrassment/
pride/caution/care/patience/certainty 等
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Then, with my heart fluttering with excitement，I attended the award presentation.
然后，我兴奋得激动起来，参加了颁奖典礼。
②with＋身体部位
with its hungry red eyes/its sharp teeth/her shaky hand/her pale lips等
The ferocious wolf stared at Mac with its hungry red eyes.
凶猛的狼用它那只饥饿的红眼睛盯着麦克。
③in＋情感名词
in surprise/amazement/shock/sorrow等
When their mother saw the delicious and perfect breakfast in front of her, she widened her eyes in surprise.
当他们的妈妈看到眼前美味完美的早餐时，她惊讶地睁大了眼睛。
④in＋...voice
in a high/low/sweet/loud/soft/weak voice等
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Patting on his shoulder, I said in a soft voice，“I heard you had worked so hard for this event.”
我拍着他的肩膀，用一种温柔的声音说：“我听说你为这次活动付出了那么多的努力。”
句型公式2：主语＋谓语＋富有表现力的副词/介词短语结构
常用的高频副词有： cheerfully, curiously, eagerly, excitedly, fiercely, firmly, joyfully, immediately, impatiently, restlessly, swiftly, suddenly等。如在体现动作的迅速时，可添加以下介词短语： without pausing, without delay等。
Politely and excitedly, he asked Mrs.Meredith to teach him how to make popcorn.
他礼貌而兴奋地请梅瑞狄斯太太教他如何做爆米花。
Mac jumped off the bike and slid into the car without delay.
麦克跳下自行车，立刻钻进了车里。
句型公式3：富有表现力的形容词＋名词
恰当地运用富有表现力的形容词，能有效提升句子的表现力，增强表现效果。
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)The whole class burst into thunderous applause.After class, Anne and I rushed to the hall to accept the awards.
全班同学都爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。下课后，安妮和我冲到大厅去接受颁奖典礼。
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Before leaving his office，I expressed my utmost gratitude to him and hugged him again.
在离开他的办公室之前，我对他表达了极大的感激，并再次拥抱了他。
即时演练3
运用富有表现力的形容词、副词或介词短语完成/翻译下列句子
1．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)我紧紧地拥抱着他，感激地说：“没有你的鼓励，我永远不会报名参加写作比赛。”
I hugged him tightly , saying thankfully ，“ Never will I sign up for the writing competition without your encouragement.”
2．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)当走到终点线时，他突然露出灿烂的笑容，兴奋地向我挥手，喊道：“我成功了！ 我成功了！”
When approaching the finishing line, he burst into a big toothy smile and waved to me with excitement , crying“I made it! I made it！”
3．然后，他感到有人轻轻地拍了拍他的肩膀。妈妈微笑着说，“令人惊讶的是，他们相处得很好，曾经精力充沛的波比又回来了。”
Then he felt a gentle pat on his shoulder.It was Mom with a smile ，“ Amazingly , they get along so well and the once energetic Poppy came back again.”
4．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)我逐渐被一种强烈的喜悦和幸福感所淹没。
I was gradually overwhelmed by a strong sense of joy and happiness.
5．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)他轻轻地拍了拍我。是我体贴的老师激励我勇敢而积极地面对我的恐惧。
He patted me gently.It is my considerate teacher who inspires me to face my fear bravely and positively.
6．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)大卫毫不犹豫地点头表示同意，最终决定加入越野赛队。
Without hesitation, David nodded in agreement, finally deciding to join in the cross-country team.
7．当学生们下车时，詹姆斯惊讶地睁大了眼睛。
When the students stepped off the bus, James's eyes widened in surprise.
8．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)我的老师走进教室时，脸上露出了一种富有感染力的微笑。
My teacher entered the classroom with an infectious smile spreading on his face.

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