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语法悟通　专题突破
专题一　语法基础必备
第一讲　划分句子成分、掌握基本句型并科学分析长难句
一、句子成分
句子是表达思想的基本单位，句子的主要成分包括主语和谓语，次要成分包括宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语等。
考点一　主语
1．定义：主语是句子讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语是谓语动作的执行者或所处状态的主体。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、从句或名词化的形容词等充当。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷满分作文)The entire experience was incredibly refreshing.(名词作主语)
整个体验让人耳目一新。
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)It aims to raise people's awareness of protecting oceans.(代词作主语)
它旨在提高人们保护海洋的意识。
(2023·全国乙卷满分作文)Learning to knit helped me develop my creativity and problem-solving skills.(动词-ing形式作主语)
学习编织帮助我发展了创造力和解决问题的能力。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷满分作文)What worries me is that pairing us up randomly could result in failure in oral improvement.(从句作主语)
让我担心的是，我们随机配对可能会导致口语提高失败。
2．位置：主语一般位于句首，但动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文)It would be a great idea for us to choose partners freely.(it作形式主语)
由我们自由选择合作伙伴是个好主意。
考点二　谓语
1．定义：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、主语具有的特征或所处的状态，常位于主语之后。谓语主要由动词、动词短语、系表结构等充当。谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。谓语与主语在“人称”与“数”方面应保持一致，即主谓一致。
2．结构特征：
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷满分作文)I appreciate your eagerness to improve our oral English, but I feel concern over your arrangement.(实义动词作谓语)
我很欣赏你对提高我们英语口语的渴望，但我对你的安排感到担忧。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文)The English programme is widely popular among us students.(系表结构作谓语)
这个英语节目在我们学生中广受欢迎。
First of all, as smart online learners, we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden the horizons.(“情态动词＋动词短语”作谓语)
首先，作为聪明的在线学习者，我们可以充分利用最广泛的教育资源来拓宽视野。
I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future. (实义动词expect前加do强调谓语动词)
我真切希望《青春》能出版更多的经典作品并有一个美好的未来。
即时演练(一)
写出加黑部分在句中所作的句子成分。
1．The aged are well taken care of in the village. 主语
2．Great changes have taken place in China since 1980. 谓语
3．I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. 谓语
4．It is impossible for him to pass the test. 主语
考点三　宾语
1．定义：宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、动词不定式或相当于名词的词(短语或从句)来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在及物动词或者介词之后，有时会有双宾语。
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)We can't throw rubbish, especially plastic rubbish there, because many sea animals eat them by mistake and are killed at last. (名词作宾语)
我们不能把垃圾，尤其是塑料垃圾扔在那里，因为许多海洋动物错把它们吃掉并最终被杀死。
I'm glad to know that you've come to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown. (从句作宾语)
我很高兴知道你来我家乡的一所学校学习功夫。
Don't forget to praise your friend for the delicious foods he offers. (动词不定式短语作宾语)
别忘了称赞你朋友提供的美味食物。
Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing. (him为间接宾语； a lot of valuable advice为直接宾语)
史密斯先生就如何提高他的写作水平给了他许多有价值的建议。
2．形式宾语：动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作宾语，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在后面。
Some students find it difficult to study English.
(it作形式宾语)
一些学生发现英语很难学。
Most of us think it no use fighting against each other.(it作形式宾语)
我们大多数人认为相互争斗无济于事。
I think it very important that we take part in the discussion.
(it作形式宾语)
我认为我们参加这次讨论是很重要的。
考点四　宾语补足语
1．定义：宾语补足语是对宾语进行补充说明的句子成分，一般放在宾语之后。常用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词等。“宾语＋宾语补足语”统称为“复合宾语”。
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations. (us为宾语； to pay more attention...examinations为宾语补足语)
医生经常建议我们多注意饮食和心理健康，并定期进行检查。
2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)的结构：
结构 注释 例句
宾语＋ 名词 常用于该结构的动词有name, call, make, find, think, leave等 We called him Peter. They made her their monitor.
宾语＋ 形容词 常用于该结构的动词有keep, think, believe, leave, drive, make, get, want等 We can't leave him alone. She always keeps our classroom clean.
宾语＋ 副词 常用于该结构的副词有down，up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等 My uncle drove us home. When getting there, she found him out.
宾语＋ 介词 短语 介词短语作宾语补足语常表示宾语所处的状态 We found everything in good order. I regard him as my best friend.
宾语＋ 动词不 定式 三种情况：带to的动词不定式；不带to的动词不定式；带to或不带to皆可的动词不定式 I saw him enter the room. The farmer asked us to have dinner. She helps her mother (to) do housework.
宾语＋ 动词-ing 形式 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，宾语即为动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语，与宾语补足语之间为主谓关系 I saw her playing on the playground. I heard Tom singing in the classroom.
宾语＋ 过去 分词 宾语和宾语补足语之间是动宾关系，动词-ed形式表示被动或完成 I had my watch stolen yesterday. She spoke loudly to make herself heard.
形式宾 语＋形 容词 动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing 形式(短语)、名词性从句作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语 He found it impossible to rise. I think it useless arguing with her.
【点津】
句型“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”改为被动语态时，宾语补足语就变为主语补足语。
The little boy saw a girl go into the building. (省略to的动词不定式短语作宾语补足语)
→A girl was seen to go into the building (by the little boy)．(动词不定式作主语a girl的补足语)
那个小男孩看见一个女孩进入了那幢大楼。
考点五　表语
1．定义：表语位于连系动词后，用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质、职业、数量、处所等。
2．常见的连系动词主要有下列几种：
(1)表示“状态”类：be (am, is, are, was, were)；
(2)表示“持续”类：keep, stay, remain, lie等；
(3)表示“表象”类：seem, appear等；
(4)表示“感官”类：look, sound, smell, taste, feel；
(5)表示“渐变”类：grow, turn, get, go, become, come, fall；
(6)表示“证明”类：prove。
3．常用作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介词短语、表语从句等。
Five years later, he became an engineer.(名词作表语)
五年后，他成了一名工程师。
This is my dictionary. That is yours.(代词作表语)
这是我的词典，那本是你的。
We must keep healthy.(形容词作表语)
我们必须保持健康。
My aim is to become a doctor.(动词不定式短语作表语)
我的目标是成为一名医生。
The movie is quite moving.(动词-ing形式作表语)
这部电影非常感人。
即时演练(二)
写出加黑部分在句中所作的句子成分。
1．He managed to finish the work on time. 宾语
2．His wish is to become a scientist. 表语
3．Mother cooks breakfast for us every day. 宾语
4．We found him an honest person. 宾语补足语
5．He noticed a man enter the room. 宾语补足语
考点六　定语
1．定义：定语是用于对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。单个词作定语常放在被修饰词之前(前置定语)，而短语或从句作定语，往往放在被修饰词之后(后置定语)。
My best friend was a girl who was called Mary.(形容词best作前置定语，修饰名词friend；who引导的定语从句作后置定语，修饰名词girl)
我最好的朋友是一位叫玛丽的姑娘。
2．常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式、动词不定式、定语从句等。
It provides us with a good opportunity to have a better command of traditional Chinese culture.(动词不定式短语作后置定语)
它为我们更好地了解中国传统文化提供了一个很好的机会。
On arriving at the farm located in the suburb of our city，we saw the sea of vegetables, which included cucumbers, tomatoes and so on.(过去分词短语作后置定语)
一到位于我们城郊的农场，我们就看到蔬菜的海洋，有黄瓜、西红柿等。
考点七　状语
1．定义：状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子，用来表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较、伴随等。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。
Most of the students really respect her because she has top teaching skills.(副词作状语；状语从句作状语)
大多数学生确实都很尊敬她，因为她有一流的教学技巧。
2．状语一般由副词、介词短语、动词-ing短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式、状语从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。
Without his help, we couldn't have worked it out.(介词短语作状语)
要是没有他的帮助，我们不会解决它。
To catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.(动词不定式短语作状语)
为了赶上同班同学，我必须努力学习。
Youth covers a wide variety of topics to attract senior students, leading us into the outer world.(动词-ing短语作状语)
《青春》题材广泛，吸引了高年级学生，带领我们走进外面的世界。
When I was young, I could swim well.(状语从句作状语)
年轻时，我游泳很好。
He helped me although he didn't know me.(状语从句作状语)
虽然他不认识我，但是他帮助了我。
考点八　同位语
同位语是对名词或代词的进一步解释说明，且与其前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位，常位于名词或代词之后。常用作同位语的有名词、名词短语、数词、代词、同位语从句等。
You each have a chance to go to college. (代词作同位语)
你们每个人都有机会上大学。
We students should put our heart into the study.(名词作同位语)
我们学生应专心学习。
Word came that our school is going to hold a class meeting whose topic is related to traditional Chinese culture.(从句作同位语)
消息传来，我们学校将举办一次主题与中国传统文化有关的班会。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．She listened to me carefully (careful) while we were talking.
2．The girl who/that is wearing a red dress is my cousin.
3．He told me the news that our team won the game.
4．Is there any scientific evidence that a person's character is reflected in their writings
5． Weighing (weigh) only 96 grams, the electronic dictionary is portable and easy to use.
二、简单句的6种基本句型
句型(一)　简约却不简单的“主语＋谓语(vi.)(＋状语)”结构
1．主谓结构中谓语常用来表示主语的动作或状态。这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。但不能接宾语，也没有被动语态。常见的不及物动词有：arrive, come, lie, shine, live, walk, fall, rise, happen, exist, occur, agree等。
2．谓语动词也可以是不及物动词短语，如come up(被提出)，run out (用完)，get by(勉强生存)，come out(出版)，break down (出故障)，drop by(顺便拜访)，pass out(晕倒)等。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写) He　 sat　 still with a deep breath.
他静静地坐着，深呼吸。
I　 was coughing　 uncontrollably last night.
昨晚我咳嗽得无法控制。
The racing route began　 at our school gate and ended　 at the foot of the South Hill.
比赛路线从我们学校门口开始，到南山脚下结束。
In the environment， teachers and students are living　 happily and working　 hard.
在这种环境下，师生们生活快乐，工作努力。
注意：不及物动词或短语后不能接宾语，要特别注意英汉表达的差异。
①His home broke out a fire last night.(×)
他家昨晚发生了一场火灾。
②A fire broke out in his home last night.(√)
即时演练(四)
翻译句子(“主语＋不及物动词”结构)
1．(2022·浙江卷读后续写)正如俗话所说，一个人可以走得很远，但一群人可以走得更远。
Just as the saying goes，one person can go far, but a group of persons can travel farther.
2．父亲驾驶的卡车经常半路抛锚。
The truck my dad drove often broke down halfway.
3．上周末，我和我的同学骑自行车去新兴农场摘草莓。
Last weekend, my classmates and I went to Xinxing Farm by bike to pick strawberries.
4．在比赛中友谊第一。
Friendship always comes first in the competition.
5．比赛将于下午2点开始，大约持续3个小时。
The competition will begin at 2 p．m. and last for roughly 3 hours.
句型(二)　众人青睐的“主谓宾(＋状语)”结构
“主谓宾”句型之所以受到中国英语学习者的青睐，是因为它跟我们的思维方式最接近，因而这个句型也是考生在写作中运用最多的。它的基本结构是：主语＋谓语(vt.)＋宾语(＋状语)
1．该句型中的谓语是及物动词，如respect，admire, ignore, provide, upset, appreciate等。其后可接名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句等作宾语。
2．谓语动词也可以是及物动词短语，如communicate with...(与……交流)，stand for(代表；象征)，get on with...(与……相处)，look forward to (盼望)，come across(偶然碰到)等。
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文) The ocean maintains the balance of nature.　
海洋维持着自然的平衡。
However， online learning has both advantages and disadvantages　.
然而，在线学习既有优势又有劣势。
Both students and teachers hope　 to hold such activities　 again.
学生和老师都希望能再次举办这样的活动。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷满分作文) I would appreciate your taking my suggestions into consideration.　
您能考虑我的建议，我将不胜感激。
注意：(1)有些“主谓宾”结构的句子虽然短小，但表达的含义更精确，语言更地道。写作中并不一定句子越长越好。
I could not say any word.
→Words failed me.(单词虽然少，句子更精悍)
(2)在写作中，同学们比较擅长使用主动语态。如果能灵活使用被动语态，会给句子添彩不少。
I am not sure whether all the college graduates can find jobs after graduation.
→I am not sure whether all the college graduates can get employed after graduation.
即时演练(五)
翻译句子(“主谓宾”结构)
1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文) 作为我们杰出的外语老师，您的到来可以帮助我们很多。
As our distinguished foreign language teacher, your arrival can help us a lot.
2．此外，我们可以吸收各种资源来有效地学习。
Besides, we can absorb all kinds of resources to learn efficiently.
3．为了你们的来访，我们安排了各种各样的活动。
For your visit here, we have arranged a variety of activities.
4．他们做了面包，然后继续煮粥。
They made the bread and then went on cooking porridge.
5．从生活到日常训练，我们队正在为比赛做准备。
Our team is preparing for the game from living to daily training.
句型(三)　独一无二的“主系表”结构
汉语没有表语这一说法，这样就显得英语的“主系表”结构比较有个性了，因此我们说此结构是独一无二的。它主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。它的基本结构是：主语＋系动词(link. v．)＋表语。
1．这种句型无被动语态，也无进行时态。谓语动词需用系动词，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语或非谓语动词形式等。
常见的系动词有be，还有感官系动词(sound, look, smell，taste, feel)；变化系动词(become, get, grow, turn, go，fall，run)；持续系动词(remain, keep，hold，stay)；表象系动词(seem，appear)等。
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)To protect the ocean is to protect ourselves.
保护海洋就是保护我们自己。
The worst part is that sometimes we lack self-discipline.
最糟糕的是，有时我们缺乏自律。
Regardless of the risk of getting infected, Uncle Li is responsible and devoted to his job.　
李叔叔不顾感染的危险，对工作负责，尽心尽力。
The traditional Chinese dress looks more beautiful and stylish.
中国传统服装看起来更漂亮，更时尚。
2．在主系表结构中要注意英汉表达的差异，避免中式英语。
这件外套很贵。
①The price of the coat is very expensive.(×)
②The coat is very expensive.(√)
③The price of the coat is very high.(√)
表示价格的词price可用“高”或“低”，即high或low来修饰，而不可像汉语一样用“贵”或“便宜”来形容。
即时演练(六)
补全句子/翻译句子(“主系表”结构)
1. (2022·全国乙卷满分作文)就我而言，这是一个令人不安的趋势。
As far as I'm concerned, this is a disturbing trend.
2．长时间盯着屏幕对我们的眼睛有害。
Staring at the screen long is harmful to our eyes.
3．美味的早餐准备好了。
Delicious breakfast was ready.
4．看到我们的劳动成果打包装上卡车，我们都感到很满意。
Seeing our fruits of labor were packed and loaded onto the truck， we all felt satisfied .
5．你现在感觉好些了吗？
Are you feeling any better now？
句式(四)　一拖二的“主谓宾宾”结构
“主谓宾宾”这类句型在写作中常常用到，具有独特的魅力。与及物动词跟一个单个的宾语结构相比，双宾语结构的独特之处在于一个动词与两个名词(短语)相互作用。它的基本结构是：主语＋谓语(vt.)＋间接宾语(人)＋直接宾语(物)。
1．间接宾语一般位于直接宾语的前面，如果间接宾语在直接宾语的后面，那么中间需要加上一个介词。可用介词to来变换间接宾语的动词：give，offer，hand，show，throw，pass, pay, send, sell, tell, lend, write 等。(如：give sb. sth.＝give sth. to sb.)
However busy he is， he writes　 me　 an e-mail every week.
＝However busy he is, he writes an e-mail to me every week.
不管他多忙，他每周都会给我写一封电子邮件。
Mr. Smith gave　 me　 some advice　 and lent　 me　 an English dictionary.　
＝Mr. Smith gave some advice to me and lent an English dictionary to me.
史密斯先生给了我一些建议并且借了本英文词典给我。
2．可用介词for来变换间接宾语的动词：make, buy, cook, find, get, order, sing, spare, fetch等。(如：make sb. sth.＝make sth. for sb.)
He bought　 me　 a bicycle.　
＝He bought a bicycle for me.
他给我买了一辆自行车。
Can you get　 me　 some stamps？
＝Can you get some stamps for me
你能帮我拿些邮票吗？
注意：ask, answer, take, cost等，这一类动词无法改变结构形式。
May I ask　 you　 a question？
我可以问你一个问题吗？
即时演练(七)
补全句子/翻译句子(“主谓宾宾”结构)
1．(2022·全国甲卷满分作文) 众所周知，海洋为我们提供了充足的食物。
As we all know, the ocean offers us sufficient food.
2．我完全不知道你们对哪种中国传统文化感兴趣，你能给我一些建议吗？
As I'm totally clueless about which type of traditional Chinese culture fascinates you guys， could you give me some tips
3．我们都非常想念你，祝你早日完全康复。
We all miss you very much and wish you a quick and complete recovery .
4．我祝你今后一切顺利，旅途愉快。
I wish you all the best in the future and have a good journey.
5．开幕式将于上午9点开始，我们的校长将首先给我们发表讲话。
The opening ceremony will start at 9：00 a．m. and our headmaster will give us a speech first .
句式(五)　缺一不可的“主谓宾补”结构
“主谓宾补”句式结构中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。写作时应熟练掌握“名词作宾语补足语”这种高级表达形式。它的基本结构是：主语＋谓语(vt.)＋宾语＋宾语补足语。
1．常用名词充当宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, elect，make, appoint, leave, consider, keep, wish等。
We {all} call　 him　 〈a living dictionary〉．
我们都叫他“活字典”。
2．常用形容词充当宾语补足语的动词有：believe, think, get，keep, make, find, set, wish, consider, prove, leave, paint，drive等。
It was Mr. Liu who made me 〈aware of the importance of learning English well〉．
是刘老师使我意识到学好英语的重要性。
3．常用现在分词和省略to的动词不定式等作宾补的及物动词有：see, notice, hear, watch, observe, feel等。
He saw me 〈waiting in the rain〉．
他看到我在雨中等。
Did　 you see　 him　 〈go out〉？
你看到他出去了吗？
4．常用to do作宾补的及物动词有：advise, ask, command, encourage, forbid, permit, persuade, get等。
Our maths teacher [always] encourages　 us　 〈to work out the questions by ourselves instead of being told the answers〉．
我们的数学老师经常鼓励我们自己解决问题而不是被告知答案。
5．有些动词后常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，这是英语中常用的句型，即“主语＋谓语＋it＋宾补＋真正的宾语”。常见的动词有：think, find，consider，feel，make等。
The student has made　 it　 〈a rule〉 to read English magazines every day.　
这个学生已经养成了每天读英文杂志的习惯。
注意：考生在写作时切忌好高骛远，在没有把握基本的简单句的情况下，不要轻易尝试很复杂的句子。要从自己可以掌控的东西出发，先学会把自己的思想表达成为得体的简单句，进而对之进行再加工、转换，方能创作出漂亮的作文。
即时演练(八)
补全句子/翻译句子(“主谓宾补”结构)
1．(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)此外，我们还可以分发传单，呼吁更多的人保护海洋。
What's more, we can also hand out leaflets to call on more people to protect the ocean .
2．很显然，在线学习让我们随时随地学习。
Obviously, online learning allows us to learn at any time wherever we are.
3．我上个月来到这里，发现我的课程是有趣的。
I came here last month and found my courses interesting.
4．我想你能给予我们指导和鼓励。
I would like you to give us your guidance and encouragement.
5．父母认为这对于建立孩子的信心是很有用的。
Parents think it very useful to build their children's confidence.
句式(六)　There be＋主语＋地点状语(或时间状语)(存在句)
用来表示人或事物的存在、出现等意义， 而且大都是用于描述性文章中。表示“(客观)存在、有”。There be句型中，There是引导词，本身无意义，不可与副词“there(那里)”混淆。动词be是谓语，有时态变化，也可与情态动词连用。动词be的单复数要和后面邻近的主语一致。
There may be a rain this afternoon.
今天下午可能有雨。
There stands a tall building across the river over there.
河那边耸立着一幢高楼。
There was a car stolen last night.
昨晚有辆车被偷了。
即时演练(九)
补全句子
1．(2022·全国乙卷)为了学好英语，我们可以做很多事情。
There are many things we can do to learn English well.
2．那个国家有很多古老的寺庙。
There exist many ancient temples in the country.
三、依据句子成分科学分析长难句
纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来分析常见的长难句。
1．长难句的表现形式
形式1：复合从句
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如： I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。
这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分画出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
【示例】
(2023·1月浙江卷) As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate.
当你改变生活方式时，如果别人对你的所作所为发表评论，你可能会发现自己想为自己说话，这可能会演变成一场家庭辩论。(As引导时间状语从句，wanting to speak up for yourself是宾语补足语，if引导条件状语从句，what引导宾语从句，which引导定语从句)
(2022·全国乙卷)That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
那很有可能是应用如今的“天眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万千米的铁路轨道和基础设施对于火车来说都能全天候安全运行。(句子主干是That is the very likely future，of applying...是介宾短语修饰future，making sure后面是that 引导的宾语从句)
Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.
在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中，三分之一的人承认固定电话并不是必需的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，还有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况。(句首的介词of短语中含有who引导的定语从句，concede和say后面分别接了一个宾语从句)
形式2：分隔结构
为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。
【示例】
That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone.
也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家庭电话的人是我们婴儿潮一代的父母，到了我们玩拿起话筒以前猜一猜是谁在打电话游戏的时候了。(That said与后面的宾语从句之间被插入语to be honest隔开了，宾语从句中的主语the only people后who引导的定语从句使其与谓语部分are our Baby Boomers parents隔开了)
形式3：改变语序
改变语序主要指倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。
【示例】
It was not only the gift, but the love of the children for her that moved her very much.
不仅仅是这份礼物，还有孩子们对她的爱，使她非常感动。(这是一个强调句型，强调作主语的not only the gift, but the love of the children for her)
当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会句法特征。
2．长难句的突破方法——结构分析法
所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。
方法1：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主语、谓语，即找主干成分
较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起考生们的足够重视。
①However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last about 120 years.
此句的主语为many scientists，主语后面包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say, say后面又包含了一个宾语从句。
②Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
此句的主语为Some companies，有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize。
③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors' chute(滑道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.
此句的主语为a microcomputer，有两个谓语，即locks和sets。
方法2：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词
① The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.
②Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
句①中第一个and和句②中的and是连接两个并列成分的，两句话中的and都是连接两个并列单句。
方法3：主从复合句的处理方法——找连接词
Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
whereas尽管，引导了一个让步状语从句，it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。
方法4：并列复合句和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare” “Samuel Johnson” and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
首先弄清并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再看but前是一个含有if引导的条件状语从句的复合句，but后是一个含有who引导的定语从句的复合句。
即时演练(十)
长难句分析
1．(2024·北京卷)He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions.
分析：本句是一个复合句。三个that 均引导 宾语从句 ；but 连接两个并列的宾语从句；when引导 时间状语从句 。
译文： 他发现，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人不仅比拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人更容易出错，而且当事情与他们的预测不相符时，他们不太可能意识到，也不太可能承认自己错了。
2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。suited to social media作 后置定语 修饰mindset；which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 social media ；and连接主句并列的谓语 approach 和 devote 。
译文： 根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本的态度与对待社交媒体的态度相当，社交媒体通常不那么严肃，相比纸质阅读，人们投入的脑力要少。
3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。when引导 时间状语从句 ，其中like identifying the main idea in a reading passage和such as drawing inferences from a text分别补充说明 simple tasks 和 ones that require mental abstraction ；that require mental abstraction是定语从句，修饰先行词 ones 。
译文： 纸质阅读的好处尤其突显在实验者从简单任务——比如识别阅读文章的主旨——转向需要思维抽象的任务时——比如从文本中推断出信息。
Ⅰ.写出下列句子的句型结构
1．We need the Internet. SVO
2．The Mid-Autumn Festival is around the corner. SP
3．There are 45 students in our class. There be句型
4．I want to have a cup of tea very much. SVOA
5．She cooked her husband a delicious meal. SVIODO
Ⅱ.分析下列句子的句子成分
1．One day some of my students were talking about what we would like to be in the future.
分析：One day作 时间状语 , some of my students作 主语 ，were talking about作 谓语 , what we would like to be in the future作 宾语 。
2．The meeting held yesterday was important.
分析：The meeting作 主语 ; held yesterday作 后置定语 ；was作 连系动词 ; important作 表语 。
3．Word came that the mayor would pay a visit to our school next week.
分析：本句为主谓结构，Word作 主语 ；came作 谓语 ；that the mayor would pay a visit to our school next week是 同位语 从句，说明主语的内容。
4．During the same period, trade along the Silk Road also boomed.
分析：介词短语During the same period作 状语 , trade作 主语 ，介词短语along the Silk Road作 后置定语 ，boomed作 谓语 。
5．Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
分析：the best way作 主语 ，动词不定式短语to understand Western art作 后置定语 ，is是 连系动词 ；动词不定式短语to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries作 表语 ，整个句子是一个 主系表 结构。
Ⅲ.语法填空
Incense (香) is material that releases fragrant (芳香的)smoke when burnt. Yang Jinqing, an inheritor of Qingyuan traditional incense making, has a burning desire 1.　　　　(develop) popular fragrances. For decades, Yang has committed himself 2.　　　　 the traditional incense craft in Qingyuan, 3.　　　　 was named a national intangible cultural heritage by the State Council in June 2021.
The country boasts a profound incense history 4.　　　　 (date) back to before the Qin Dynasty. The craft and its culture thrived during the Song Dynasty. It found wider 5.　　　　 (popular) during the Ming and Qing dynasties when it was used to fend off diseases, insects, mosquitoes and preserve people's health.
Qingyuan saw many incense workshops set up during the Song Dynasty, thanks to its close geographical location to abundant herbal resources 6.　　　　(hide) in the Taihang Mountains.
Nowadays, with the 7.　　　　(increasing) expanding market, more than 50,000 people 8.　　　　　　　(engage) in the incense business in more than 500 local incense businesses.
Yang Jinqing has helped to establish an engineering center for herbal incense in Hubei that specializes in studying ancient recipes 9.　　　　 developing new crafts based on the fragrance. “We might think incense culture is very elegant and, therefore, far away from us, but it is actually very close to our lives.” he says. “When drinking tea, playing chess, reading or writing, 10.　　　　(light) an incense stick can help calm the nerves and concentrate the mind.”
“I want future generations to appreciate the charm of China's incense culture and craft.” he adds.
语篇导读：本　文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了中国传统的制香业。
解析：
1．to develop　考查非谓语动词。句意：杨金庆是清远传统制香的传承人，他对开发大众化香料有着强烈的愿望。短语a desire to do sth.渴望做某事。故填to develop。
2．to　考查固定搭配。句意：几十年来，杨一直致力于清远传统的熏香工艺，这一工艺于2021年6月被国务院列为国家级非物质文化遗产。短语commit oneself to表示“致力于；投身于”。故填to。
3．which　考查定语从句。句意：几十年来，杨一直致力于清远传统的熏香工艺，这一工艺于2021年6月被国务院列为国家级非物质文化遗产。在非限制性定语从句中，which指代traditional incense craft，在从句中作主语。故填which。
4．dating　考查非谓语动词。句意：这个国家拥有悠久的熏香历史，可以追溯到秦朝以前。date back to追溯到，为不及物动词词组，无被动语态，与逻辑主语history构成主动关系，故用现在分词主动表被动。故填dating。
5．popularity　考查名词。句意：在明清时期，它更受欢迎，当时它被用来抵御疾病、昆虫、蚊子和保持人们的健康。wider为形容词，后接名词popularity作宾语。故填popularity。
6．hidden　考查非谓语动词。句意：由于地处太行山中丰富的草药资源，宋朝时清远就有了许多香作坊。逻辑主语herbal resources和hide之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词表被动。故填hidden。
7.increasingly　考查副词。句意：如今，随着市场的日益扩大，超过5万人在500多家当地熏香企业从事熏香业务。此处用副词increasingly修饰expand，作状语。故填increasingly。
8．are engaged　考查固定短语。句意：如今，随着市场的日益扩大，当地500多家熏香企业从事熏香业务的人数已超过5万人。短语be engaged in表示“从事”，根据上文Nowadays可知为一般现在时。故填are engaged。
9．and　考查连词。句意：杨金庆在湖北帮助建立了一个草药香工程中心，专门研究古代配方，并开发基于香料的新工艺。根据句意可知，此处前后文为并列关系。故填and。
10．lighting　考查非谓语动词。句意：在喝茶、下棋、阅读或写作时，点上一根香可以帮助镇静神经，集中精神。此处是动名词作主语。故填lighting。
Ⅳ.按要求完成下列各题
(一)用简单句翻译句子
1．我们的英语老师非常年轻而且有耐心。
Our English teacher is very young and patient.
2．他两年前从大学毕业。
He graduated from college two years ago.
3．他经常给我们提供一些好的学习英语的建议。
He often offers us some good advice on English learning./He often offers some good advice on English learning to us.
4．他尽力使他的课活泼有趣。
He tries to make his classes lively and interesting.
5．他要求我们每天早上背诵一些英语单词。
He asks us to recite some English words every morning.
6．在他的帮助下，我们大多数人都取得了很大的进步。
Most of us have made great progress with his help.
7．我们为拥有这样一位好老师感到自豪。
We feel proud to have such a good teacher.
(二)把上述句子连成一篇80词左右的短文，可适当增加细节。
【参考范文】
Our English teacher is very young and patient.He graduated from college two years ago.He has been working hard since he came to our school.Finding some of us are weak in English, he often offers us some good advice on English learning.In addition, he tries to make his classes lively and interesting.What's more，he asks us to recite some English words every morning.As a result, most of us have made great progress with his help.We all like his classes and admire him very much.In a word, we feel proud to have such a good teacher.

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