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第二讲　3个构词法
一、构词法的定义及分类
按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫作构词法。英语构词法主要有派生法(Derivation)、合成法(Compounding)、转化法(Conversion)等。
二、三大构词法
1．派生法
派生法指在词根之前加前缀或在词根之后加后缀构成一个与原来单词意义相近或相反的单词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意思，不改变词性；除少数后缀外，后缀一般改变单词的词性， 并不引起词义的变化。
前 缀 表示否定或相反意义的前缀 dis-， mis-， un-， il-， im-， in-， ir-， non-， anti-
disagree, misunderstand, unwilling, illegal， impossible, independent, irrelevant, non-stop， antivirus
形容词变动词的前缀 en-
able→enable, large→enlarge, rich→enrich
其他 inter-(相互)，over-(超过), ex-(以前的), re-(重新), super-(超)，vice-(副)
interaction, overweight, ex-husband, reuse, supernatural, vice-chairman
后 缀 形容词加-ly变成副词 -ly
real→really
动词或名词变形容词的后缀 -able，-ful，-ous，-y，-al，-ible，-ive，-ary
nature→natural, use→useful, continue→ continuous, act→active
动词变名词的后缀 -al，-ance，-ence，-tion，-ssion，-ment，-ture，-y
arrive→arrival, appear→appearance, exist→existence, invite→invitation
形容词变名词的后缀 -cy，-dom，-ence，-th，-age，-ty，-ity
fluent→fluency, short→shortage, wise→wisdom, silent→silence, safe→safety
表示人的后缀 -er，-or，-ist，-ee，-ess，-ese，-an，-ian，-ant
teacher, inventor, artist, employee, Chinese, American, musician, servant
表示否定的后缀 -less
hopeless, endless, fearless, careless, treeless, meaningless
形容词变动词的后缀 -en，-fy
broad→broaden, simple→simpify
名词变动词的后缀 -ize
apology→apologize
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, tasty (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
2．(2023· 新课标Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them, though, one steamer basket is rarely (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left wanting more next time.
3．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷) Since June 2017, right before the arrival (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident (confidence) speaking English.
4．(2025·河南焦作模拟)To him, promoting Wudang martial arts and culture is his inescapable mission and responsibility (responsible)．
2．合成法
由两个或两个以上的独立且语义不同的单词合成的词叫合成词，这种构词法称为合成法。最常见的合成词有合成名词、合成形容词、合成动词等。词与词之间有的用连字符连接，有的直接连接在一起。
分类 方法 举例
合成 名词 名词＋名词 sportsman男运动员 lifeboat 救生船 bookmark 书签 wheelchair 轮椅 guidebook 指南，手册
名词＋动词-ing handwriting 书法 sightseeing 观光
名词＋动词＋-er painkiller 止痛药 storyteller 讲故事的人 lawmaker 立法者
动词＋名词 typewriter 打字机 postmark 邮戳 pushcart 手推车 workshop 研讨会，车间
形容词＋名词 gentleman 绅士 greenhouse 温室
名词＋动词 handshake 握手 sunset 日落
介词＋名词 afternoon下午 by-product 副产品
副词＋动词 income 收入 output 产量，输出
动词＋副词 cleanup 打扫 closedown 停业 checkup 检查 get-together 聚会 breakthrough 突破 tryout 选拔赛
合 成 形 容 词 名词＋形容词 lifelong 终身的，毕生的 snow-white 雪白的
名词＋动词-ing English-speaking 讲英语的 peace-loving 爱好和平的 heartbreaking 令人心碎的 breathtaking 激动人心的
名词＋动词-ed fun-filled 充满乐趣的 man-made 人造的 heartbroken 悲伤的 custom-made 定制的
形容词＋动词-ing good-looking 相貌好看的 easy-going 性格随和的
形容词＋名词＋-ed warm-hearted 热心肠的 white-colored 白色的
形容词＋动词-ed strong-minded 意志坚强的 electric-powered 电动的 white-painted 漆成白色的 ill-cooked 厨艺差劲的
副词＋动词-ed well-educated 受过良好教育的 newly-made 新建的 well-known 著名的
副词＋动词-ing hard-working 勤劳的
介词＋名词/动词-ing indoor 室内的 underlying 含蓄的；潜在的
数词＋名词＋-ed one-eyed独眼的 three-storeyed 三层的
数词＋名词＋形容词 three-year-old 三岁的 two-foot-deep 两英尺深的
动词-ed＋副词 built-in内置的；固有的
副词＋动词-ed well-educated 受过良好教育的 newly-made 新建的 well-known 著名的
副词＋动词-ing hard-working 勤劳的
介词＋名词/动词-ing indoor 室内的 underlying 含蓄的；潜在的
数词＋名词＋-ed one-eyed独眼的 three-storeyed 三层的
数词＋名词＋形容词 three-year-old 三岁的 two-foot-deep 两英尺深的
动词-ed＋副词 built-in内置的；固有的
合成 动词 形容词＋动词 ill-treat 虐待 whitewash刷石灰水
副/介词＋动词 overcome 战胜 overthrow 推翻
合成 副词 形容词＋名词 hotfoot 匆忙地 anyway 无论如何
形容词＋副词 everywhere 到处 somehow 不知何故
副词＋副词 however 无论如何 whole-heartedly 全心全意地
介词＋副词 forever 永远
介词＋名词 beforehand 预先 downstairs 在楼下
合 成 介 词 副词＋名词 inside 在……里 outside 在……外
介词＋副词 throughout 遍及 within 在……之内
副词＋介词 into 到……里 upon 在……之上
合 成 代 词 代词宾格＋-self herself 她自己 himself 他自己
物主代词＋-self myself 我自己 yourself 你自己
形容词＋名词 anything 任何东西 everything 一切东西
即时演练(二)
写出下列句中加黑词的词性和词义
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair. n．自行修复　
2．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. adj.像温室一样的　
3．(2023· 新课标Ⅰ卷)You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances. n．工具箱　
4．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks— transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. adj.用后丢弃的，一次使用的　
3．转化法
在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，而不加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转化法。转化法种类很多，但数量最多的是由名词转化为动词和由动词转化为名词两大类。
(1)许多名词可转化为动词，其意思也随之改变。cook n．厨师→v.烹调　picture n．画→v.描绘
name n．名字→v.取名　stand n．看台→v.站
(2)形容词转化为动词
calm adj.平静的→v.使平静
spare adj.空闲的→v.节省
own adj.自己的→v.拥有
last adj.最后的→v.持续
(3)形容词转化成副词
hard adj.困难的→adv.努力地
well adj.健康的→adv.很好地
即时演练(三)
写出下列句中加黑词的词性和词义
1．(2023·全国乙卷)She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves. v．释放，使自由　
2．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，“off-line” activity. v．将……连接成网络　
3．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)I post my work on social media and, in turn, have met some of the kindest people. v．发布　
4．(2023·1 月浙江卷)With gas prices rising and airport security lines snaking longer than ever, why not book your next domestic vacation on a train？ v．(使)蜿蜒前进　
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Every day, Duan Lianru spends several hours sitting in her office in Hunchun, Jilin Province to make a comparison (compare) of hundreds of photos of Siberian tigers on the computer.
2．Born in 1986, Gui's enthusiasm (enthusiastic) for science has been developing since childhood.
3．Before the arrival (arrive) of the New Year, people in Xizang engage in thorough cleaning of their homes and surroundings.
4．“It seems a little boring, but basically (basic) I enjoy the work, which makes a connection between me and the big cats，” said the 36-year-old monitor from the search monitoring center of the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park.
5．Traditional dishes such as momos, a type of steamed (steam) dumpling filled with meat or vegetables, and butter tea, made from yak butter and tea leaves, are served.
6．I had gone only a few steps before I realised that my greeting had been impolite (polite)．
7．A symbolic (symbol) paifang, standing at the entrance to Xidi, was built in the 16th century in memory of Hu Wenguang，a Ming Dynasty official born in the village who made great contributions to local education and livelihoods.
Ⅱ.写出下列句中加黑词的词性和词义
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. adj.高质量的　
2．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)She would have struggled with extreme pain to make it to that aid checkpoint without Bailey's help. n．检查站　
3．(2023·1 月浙江卷)I've learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. adj.并不总是给予支持的　
4．(2023·1 月浙江卷)Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. vt.影响……的发展　
5．(2023·1月浙江卷)Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms. n．指导方针　
6．(2023·1 月浙江卷)Consider turning your travel plan over to a travel agent and letting him double-check all the details, make suggestions, and then handle the actual reservations. vt.复核　
7．(2023·1 月浙江卷)Sitting on a branch, he inched towards it and blew smoke from his torch into a tiny hole in the hive. vi.(使)缓慢地移动　
8．(2023·全国甲卷)It's the only Thai restaurant that ranks among the top 10 of the world's 50 best restaurants list. vi.把……分等级，属于某等级　
9．(2023·全国甲卷)Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. n．诉讼　

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