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专题二　“形”“态”各异的动词
第一讲　动词的时态、语态与主谓一致
考点一　动词的时态
情景导入
At first，Jack wasn't fond of studying and was addicted to computer games.Every time his mother went① to his room，she found that he was playing② computer games.His father had condemned③ him many times before he went to middle school，so he promised that he would study④ hard and quit computer games.
It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lot in the past three years.Whenever asked about Jack's performance at school，his mother always answers⑥ proudly，“He has been making⑦ progress.”He is making⑧ preparations for the college entrance exam.
There is no doubt that Jack will be admitted to⑨ a good college if he keeps working hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
用法感悟
①是 一般过去时 ，结构为 谓语动词用过去式形式 。
②是 过去进行时 ，结构为 was/were＋现在分词 。
③是 过去完成时 ，结构为 had＋过去分词 。
④是 过去将来时 ，结构为 would＋动词原形 。
⑤是 现在完成时 ，结构为 have/has＋过去分词 。
⑥是 一般现在时 ，结构为 谓语动词用动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式 。
⑦是 现在完成进行时 ，结构为 have/has been＋现在分词 。
⑧是 现在进行时 ，结构为 am/is/are＋现在分词 。
⑨是 一般将来时 ，结构为 will＋动词原形 。
⑩是 将来进行时 ，结构为 will＋be＋现在分词 。
一、现在时范畴内的4种时态对比
(一)一般现在时常用的4种情况
1．表示习惯性、经常性的动作或存在的状态。常与表示习惯的副词(短语)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等连用。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day.
我通常每天晚上做作业。
2．主将从现：在以when, till/until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句和以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句以及no matter＋疑问词， 疑问词＋-ever, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll have a trip.
如果明天不下雨，我们将去旅行。
3．表示按时间表、时刻表等安排将要发生的动作，但限于少数动词，如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, return, open, close, take off等。
The plane takes off at 9：00.
飞机九点起飞。
4．表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。
Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
(二)现在进行时诠释的2类动作
1．表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作；也可以表示当时一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语有now，at present, this week等。
Mother is waiting for me.
母亲在等我。
What lesson are you studying this week
你们本周学哪一课了？
2．现在进行时还可表示计划安排好要采取的行动或要做的事情，常用的这类动词主要有go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do等。
“The moment is coming soon，” he thought to himself, waiting nervously.
“这一刻就要来了，”他自思自忖，紧张地等待着。
(三)现在完成时使用的5种情境
1．表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果，常与 yet, just, before, recently, once, lately 等表示过去时间的状语连用。
I haven't finished reading the book yet, so I can't return it to the library.
我还没把这本书读完，因此不能把它还给图书馆。
2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作，常与 so far, up to now, since last year, in the past/last few years，lately, in recent years等表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间的状语连用。
He has worked here for over 20 years.
他已经在这里工作了20多年。
3．用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作而发生。
He will be back before I have finished my work.
我完成工作之前他会回来的。
4．在“It/This/that is the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”固定句型中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是我们一家人第一次在电影院里看电影。
5．在“It/This is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”固定句型中，从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the most interesting book I've ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的一本书。
(四)现在完成进行时的基本内涵
现在完成进行时由“have/has＋been＋doing”构成，表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去，常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。
The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a．m.
自从上午9点经理就一直在告诉工人们如何改进这一方案。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)The remarkable development of this city，which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, means (mean) there is always something new to discover here，and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
2．As we all know, the sun sets (set) in the west.
3．Many people have sought (seek) a variety of sources for their happiness. Some have put their heart and effort into their work.
4．I have been writing (write) a report about the environment here over the last few days, which I have to hand in next week.
5．The World Health Organization warns that millions of people are suffering (suffer) from indoor air pollution at the present time, which results from the use of dangerous fuels and cook-stoves at home.
二、过去时范畴内的4种时态详析
(一)一般过去时的使用原则
表示在过去某一时刻、某一时间段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, two days ago, in 2022等。
—Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been
—I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.
——好长时间没见到你了！你去哪儿了？
——我作为志愿者去宁夏支教了一年。
(二)过去进行时的2种运用
1．表示过去某一时刻正在进行或过去某一时间段内一直进行的动作。
I was doing my lessons then.
那时我在做功课。
2．表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave, start, arrive, go, come 等。
Joan told us she was leaving for Wuhan next Saturday.
琼告诉我们她下周六要去武汉。
(三)过去完成时的4种用法
1．表示过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态，常与by, by the end of, by the time, before，until等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句连用。
I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.
在我爸爸回来之前我已经把手机收起来了。
2．某些词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。常用的这类动词主要有expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。
We had intended to help you, but we were too busy to get away.
我们本来想帮助你的，但我们忙得脱不开身。
3．在“hardly (scarcely)．..when...”“no sooner...than...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意为“一……就……”。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
4．在“It/This/that was the first (second, etc.) time＋that从句”固定句型中，从句谓语动词用过去完成时。
It was the second time that he had won the election.
那是他第二次在大选中获胜。
(四)过去将来时的一般含义
过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。除了使用“would＋动词原形”表示外，还可以用be going to do, be to do, be about to do等方式表示。
Did you predict that many students would sign up for the dance competition
你预计将会有很多学生报名参加舞蹈比赛吗？
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．Though the interview went (go) well, he realized that compared with the other candidates he didn't have the ability to get the job.
2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry was fixing (fix) his car when he heard the screams.
3．I was lucky because that was the second time that I had visited (visit) Russia.
4．Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he would be/was going to be (be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
5．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were (be)previously unprotected.
三、将来时范畴内的3种时态辨析
(一)一般将来时的4种用法
1．“will/shall＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话人临时作出的决定。
—Mr. Li is ill in hospital.
—Oh, I didn't know. I'll go to see him tonight.
——李老师生病住院了。
——哦，我还不知道呢。我今晚去看他。
2．be going to＋动词原形
(1)表示现在打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。
(2)表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，推测某事即将发生。
Look at the cloud. It's going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
3．“be about to＋动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，但可以与when连接的并列句连用。
The English Evening is about to start.
英语晚会即将开始。
4．“be to＋动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.
你要在10点前交上论文。
(二)将来进行时的时间概念
将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时也可以表示已计划好的事。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如： at this time tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
What will you be doing at this time tomorrow
明天这个时候你将在做什么？
(三)将来完成时的使用依据
将来完成时主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成，上下文情景中常含有by 的时间状语，如by six o'clock, by the weekend, by the end of next month等。
We shall have finished the project by the end of this year.
我们将在今年年底完成这项工程。
即时演练(三)
完成句子
1．到明年的六月份，我们已经毕业了。(graduate)
We will have graduated from school by the June of next year.
2．他将就急救问题发表演讲。(deliver)
He is going to deliver a speech on first aid.
3．我们将在16分钟后在巴黎机场降落。(land)
We shall be landing in Paris in sixteen minutes.
四、“7组比较”辨清易混时态
1．一般现在时与现在进行时的比较
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或反复出现的动作或状态；现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，或现阶段一直进行的动作(说话时未必正在做)。
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(经常性、习惯性的动作)
在星期一的早上，开车上班通常要花费我一个小时的时间，虽然实际距离只有20英里。
Hurry up! Mark and Carol are expecting us.(正在进行的动作)
快点！马克和卡罗尔正在等我们。
2．一般现在时与现在完成时的比较
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或反复出现的动作或状态；现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作到现在已完成，或过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
I do all the cooking for my family, but recently I have been too busy to do it.
通常由我给家人做饭，但我最近太忙，没时间做了。
3．一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
一般过去时表示过去某时刻或过去某段时间发生的动作或情况，常与表示过去的与现在无关的时间状语连用；而现在完成时表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或情况，常与表示包括现在在内的一段时间的状语连用；一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况，与现在没什么联系；而现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
I felt very tired when I got home, and I went straight to bed.
回到家时我感觉非常累，所以就直接去睡觉了。
—Alvin, are you coming with us
—I'd love to, but something unexpected has come up.
——阿尔文，你会跟我们来吗？
——我想去，但发生了意想不到的事情。
4．一般过去时与过去完成时的比较
一般过去时表示动作发生在过去；而过去完成时表示在过去某个动作发生之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。
Tom and I became friends in 2000, although we had actually met several years before.
汤姆和我在2000年成为朋友，尽管在那时的几年之前我们就见过面。
5．一般过去时与过去进行时的比较
一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去，不强调动作的延续性；而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
He wrote a novel last month.
他上个月写了一部小说。(已经完成小说)
He was writing a novel at this time last month.
上个月的这个时候他正在写一部小说。(不一定完成小说)
6．一般将来时与将来进行时的比较
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态；而将来进行时强调将来某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。
I am busy reviewing my lessons because I will have an exam tomorrow.
我正忙着复习功课，因为明天要考试。
I can't come tomorrow, because I will be having an exam at this time tomorrow.
我明天来不了，因为明天这个时候我正在考试。
7．现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或造成的结果；而现在完成进行时则表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到现在，并且还在进行，强调动作的延续性。
Mary has phoned you.
玛丽给你打过电话了。
Mary has been phoning you.
玛丽一直在给你打电话。
即时演练(四)
单句语法填空
1．Power walking offers many benefits. Walking at a quick pace of 4 mph burns (burn) around 300 calories per hour.
2．Now China is playing (play) an important role in global economic policy-making.
3．Great changes have taken (take) place in our hometown in the past ten years.
4．Translated fiction sales in the United Kingdom rose (rise) by 5.5 percent last year, with growing demand for Chinese titles, said Nielsen on Wednesday.
一、时间状语判断法
动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。
【例1】　Silk had become (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
分析：句中by about 100 BC是表示过去的时间状语，当时间状语是“介词by (不迟于，不晚于)＋过去的某一时间”时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。故填had become。
【例2】　In the last few years, China has made (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
分析：句意：在最近几年里，中国在环境保护方面取得了巨大成就。句中的时间状语是In the last few years，表示动作“从过去某一时间一直持续到现在”，应用现在完成时；且主语China为单数形式。故填has made。
二、固定句式判断法
英语中有一些句式的时态常常是固定的，如果题干中出现这类句式，应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。常见的固定句式如下：
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb....，that后面的句子要用一般过去时或should＋动词原形。
【例3】　It is the first time that I have been (be) to Beijing.
分析：句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，设空处在句中作谓语，再根据固定句式It is the first time that sb. have/has done ...确定使用现在完成时。故填have been。
三、语境综合判断法
当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填词动作的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。
【例4】　“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says，“because it means (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
分析：根据语境可知，这是Carle Pieters说的话，结合excites可知，应用一般现在时，主句是一般现在时，because引导的从句也应用一般现在时，主语是it，该处谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填means。
【例5】　(2023·北京卷)I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no other guest had arrived (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
分析：句意：多年以后，搬到法国后，我在约定的时间赴宴，却发现没有其他客人到场，女主人还穿着睡衣。根据语境可知，“客人没到场”这一动作发生在“我到场”之前，即“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。故填had arrived。
四、时态呼应判断法
时态呼应原则也是我们确定具体时态的常用方法。
【例6】　He said that one of the boxes generated (generate) around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.
分析：句意：他说其中一个箱子每月收入约为13,500美元，租金仅为400美元左右。根据主句中的said可知，that引导的宾语从句时态也应用过去的某种时态，从句陈述客观事实，应用一般过去时。故填generated。
考点二　被动语态
情景导入
Xiao Ming's Cellphone
Xiao Ming's cellphone was broken①.I couldn't get through to him while the cellphone was being repaired②.I wanted to inform him that he had been admitted③ to the basketball club.
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ so frequently that people have been controlled⑥ by them.Someone thinks that cellphones should be restricted⑦ on some occasions.
Xiao Ming's cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ again.
用法感悟
①是 一般过去时的被动语态 ，结构为 was/were＋过去分词 。
②是 过去进行时的被动语态 ，结构为 was/were＋being＋过去分词 。
③是 过去完成时的被动语态 ，结构为 had been＋过去分词 。
④是 一般现在时的被动语态 ，结构为 is/am/are＋过去分词 。
⑤是 现在进行时的被动语态 ，结构为 is/am/are＋being＋过去分词 。
⑥是 现在完成时的被动语态 ，结构为 have/has been＋过去分词 。
⑦是 带情态动词的被动语态 ，结构为 情态动词＋be＋过去分词 。
⑧是 一般将来时的被动语态 ，结构为 will＋be＋过去分词 。
⑨是 将来完成时的被动语态 ，结构为 will＋have been＋过去分词 。
⑩是 将来进行时的被动语态 ，结构为 will＋be＋being＋过去分词 。
一、各种时态的被动语态形式(以do为例)
时态 一般式 进行式 完成式
现在时 am/is/are＋done am/is/are＋ being＋done have/has ＋been＋done
过去时 was/were＋done was/were＋ being＋done had＋been＋done
将来时 shall/will be＋done shall/will＋be＋being＋done shall/will＋have been＋done
过去将 来时 would/should be＋done would/should＋ have been＋done
After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only to be told that it was being decorated.(过去进行时的被动语态)
放学后，我们去阅览室看书，结果却被告知阅览室正在装修。
【点津】
(1)含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态，由“情态动词(can, may, must, have to，used to等)＋be＋done”构成；
(2)含有be going to, be to, be about to等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态，其构成为“be going to (be to, be about to)＋be＋done”。
二、主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况
英语中有很多动词，如clean, sell, read, write, wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表示被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily, well等副词连用。
This kind of cloth cleans easily.
这种布料容易清洗。
【点津】
(1)主动语态表被动意义强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
(2)感官动词feel, sound, taste, look 等后跟形容词、名词构成系表结构，无被动形式。
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn't contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
(3)在need, want, require, deserve, bear 等动词，worth 等形容词的后面，动词-ing形式用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
Your composition still requires polishing/to be polished.
你的文章还需润色。
(4)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋动词不定式”中，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这个问题很难解决。(可看作省略了for me)
(5)be to rent/blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake
谁应为这个错误承担责任？
即时演练(五)
单句语法填空
1．(2023·全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still be employed (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
2．When receiving the letter last night, I didn't notice what was marked (mark) on the back of the letter.
3．Our city is becoming a modern one. More and more tall buildings have been built (build) in the last five years.
4．This listening material, together with its CD-ROMs, sells (sell) well.
5．Meetings are held (hold) every two days in the company and he is fed up with them.
6．(2023·1月浙江卷) In the Ming Dynasty，the center was the Forbidden City，surrounded in concentric(同心的)circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social classes were permitted (permit)to live closer to the center of the circles.
一、主语动词关系判断法
【例1】　Steam engines were used (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
分析：句意：车厢由蒸汽机拉动，对于乘客而言在浓烟和噪音下乘车肯定是相当不舒服的。主语Steam engines和use之间是被动关系，且由句中的must have been可知，此处叙述的是过去发生的事情，设空处应用一般过去时的被动语态；又因主语是名词的复数形式，谓语动词应用复数形式。故填were used。
二、动词特点判断法
【例2】　This listening material, together with its CD-ROMs, sells (sell) well.
分析：句意：这些听力材料和它的CD光盘都很畅销。英语中有很多动词，如sell、 read、 write、 clean、 wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表示被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily、 well等副词连用。此处句子的主语是This listening material，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填sells。
三、含有情态动词的被动语态
【例3】　The artist was sure he would be chosen (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed.
分析：句中主语he与choose之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且情态动词would后跟动词原形。故填be chosen。
考点三　主谓一致
情景导入
My deskmate，James，whose parents have been teaching① English in Guangzhou for ten years, comes from the United States，which is one of the most developed countries in the world.He as well as his parents enjoys② living in Guangzhou because neither James nor his parents find③ it difficult to adapt to the life in China.In their opinion, many a custom here is④ easy to understand and ten years is⑤ enough for them to get used to all the customs.
I，together with James，extremely like⑥ English but physics seems rather difficult for us.Besides, both he and I are⑦ very fond of reading storybooks，and the Arabian Nights is one of the most interesting books that have been read⑧by us.
Our class is⑨ united as a big family.Now the class are⑩ preparing for the coming sports meet，so large quantities of our recent time have been spent on it.What we need is a qualified coach because being trained properly is of great importance.We each are all aware that each of us plays an important role in our class.We have decided to hold a celebration if getting a good result but when and where we are going to hold it hasn't been decided .
用法感悟
1．以上黑体部分遵循语法一致原则的是： ①②④ ⑥⑦⑧ 。
2．以上黑体部分遵循意义一致原则的是：　 ⑤⑨⑩ 。
3．以上黑体部分遵循就近一致原则的是： ③ 。
一、就近一致原则
1．由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ..., not ... but ...等连接的并列名词(短语)或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数常与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你同学中的一位要去参加明天召开的会议。
2．由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
二、语法一致原则
1．动词-ing形式、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Listening to music makes me feel relaxed after a busy day.
忙碌了一天后，听音乐使我感到很放松。
【点津】
what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he says and does does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。
What he says and does do not agree.
他的言行不一致。
2．主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than等连接的短语时，谓语动词的数要与连接词前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher as well as his students was very excited.
老师和学生们都非常激动。
【点津】
(1)and, both ... and ... 连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
(2)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
My friend showed me around the town, which was very attractive.
我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇，这个小镇非常迷人。
(3)“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使由and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
Many a parent has to go through this same painful process.
很多父母不得不经历同样痛苦的过程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加周日举行的聚会。
3．“the＋形容词”表示某一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
患病的人被治愈，同时失踪的人也被找到了。
4．表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词或短语作主语时通常作为一个整体看待，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Two thousand miles is a long distance.
两千英里是一段很长的距离。
三、意义一致原则
1．集体名词作主语时，如果表示一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示组成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience 等。
The whole class were told to stay behind after school.
全班学生被告知放学后留下。
2．“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
About one third of the books were written by him.
这些书中大约有三分之一是他写的。
即时演练(六)
单句语法填空
1．Although the figure was better than expected, there were few signs that the eurozone would climb out of recession any time soon.(be)
2．Each instrument and each musician takes (take) on different functions: sustaining, modifying, synthesizing and innovating, paired into two key types of roles supporting and leading.
3．Neither Mary nor her parents have been informed (inform) of the exciting news, which surprises us a lot.
4．Up to now, large quantities of food have been distributed (distribute) to the people affected by the terrible earthquake.
【例1】　Because the number of possible topics is (be) practically limitless, we focus on a sample of the most interesting and useful applications and tools and explain the basic principles of technology.
分析：the number of ……的数目，后接可数名词的复数形式，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据主句的时态可知，从句用一般现在时。故填is。
【例2】　Of the nineteen recognised polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
分析：句意：在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中，有3个正在减少，6个保持稳定，1个正在增加，还有9个缺乏足够的数据。分析句子结构可知，本句由多个分句并列组成，其中设空处所在的分句的主语是six, 为复数概念，谓语应用复数，且上文的three和下文的lack也是提示；本句叙述的是一般事实， 应用一般现在时。故填are。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Further，the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse　 walks (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road，by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处为本句谓语动词，根据上下文语境可知，本句时态为一般现在时，主语the Silk Route Garden为单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。walk sb. through...意为“带领某人穿过……”。故填walks。
2．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Some of the things that Tang was writing about were (be) also Shakespeare's concerns.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空格处为本句谓语动词，根据句意以及定语从句时态可知，本句时态为一般过去时；主语为“some of the things”，复数。故填were。
3．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Two years later，a six-meter-tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion， was built (build) at the Firs Garden，just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace.
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。空格处为本句谓语动词，根据时间状语“Two years later”可知，本句时态为一般过去时；主语为“a six-meter-tall pavilion”，单数，和动词“build”之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填was built。
4．(2024·1月浙江卷)Over the last two years，some supermarkets have started (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions(份)．
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“Over the last two years”可知，此处应用现在完成时；主语为复数，助动词用have。故填have started。
5．(2024·全国甲卷)They were (be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空前They指代上文提及的四个男人，时间为1870年，同时联系后文had spent的过去完成时可知，本空时态为一般过去时且为复数形式。故填were。
6．(2024·北京卷)When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps us identify important areas of our lives and gives (give) us the opportunity to make right choices.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处表示这有助于我们找到生活中的重要方面，并给予我们做出正确选择的机会。分析句子结构可知，“help” 与空格处是由and连接的并列谓语动词，时态应保持一致，故此处应用一般现在时；且此处为which引导的非限制性定语从句中的谓语，which 指代“When...emotions”，因此，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填gives。
7．(2024·北京卷)On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood was named (name) the world's oldest living man.
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处为句子谓语：根据时间状语 “On April 5,2024”可知，此处描述过去发生的事，时态应用一般过去时；主语 “John Tinniswood”与动词name之间构成被动关系，应用被动语态；且主语为第三人称单数，be动词应用was。故填was named。
8．(2024·北京卷)My heart went out to him, and I jogged (jog) over to him.
解析：考查动词的时态 。分析句子结构可知，此处为本句的谓语动词；根据空格前的“My heart went out to him, and”及语境可知，此处描述过去发生的事，时态应用一般过去时。故填jogged。
9．(2024·全国甲卷)What should be done (do) with such a beautiful place
解析：考查含有情态动词的被动语态。主语what指“事情”，与谓语动词do之间是被动关系，情态动词should后接动词原形。故填be done。
10．(2024·1月浙江卷)However，though it's nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages，it would help even more if they could sometimes be offered (offer) in smaller packs.
解析：考查含有情态动词的被动语态。动词offer意为“提供”，和其逻辑主语构成被动关系，主语they指代前文中的sausages。在情态动词could后动词应用原形。故填be offered。
11．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)As a little girl，I wished (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.Now，I'm living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.
解析：考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，本句缺少谓语动词，所以wish作本句的谓语，和主语I之间是主动关系，根据后文的grew可知用一般过去时。故填wished。
12．(2023·1月浙江卷)In the Ming Dynasty，the center was the Forbidden City，surrounded in concentric(同心的)circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social classes were permitted to live closer to the center of the circles. The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often featured (feature)beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars(柱子).
解析：考查动词的时态。根据句子结构和句意可知，空白处作谓语，carved和painted是动词-ed形式作定语，不能作为本句的谓语。结合前后句可知，此处描述的是过去的事情，因此空白处应用feature的过去式。故填featured。
13．(2023·北京卷)Up to now, China has established (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，中国已经建立了许多红树林保护区。由Up to now(到目前为止)可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语是China，助动词应用has。故填has established。
14．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)He quickly threw (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out.
解析：考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，设空处与and后的started构成并列结构，应用一般过去时。故填threw。
15．(2022·全国乙卷)The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society addressed (address) the opening ceremony.
解析：考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中作谓语。此处描述的是过去发生的事情，该句应用一般过去时。故填addressed。
16．(2022·1月浙江卷)But Cobb and others are (be) now questioning that idea—pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely and changing their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境和空后的now questioning可知，设空处所在句的时态为现在进行时，且主语表示复数意义。故填are。
17．(2022·1月浙江卷)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly 200 academics—many of them climate scientists— have promised (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语从句since the effort started two years ago可知，此处应用现在完成时，且主语表示复数意义。故填have promised。
18．The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It was built (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，设空处为谓语，主语It指代上文中的The Xi'an City Wall，与动词build之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；又由时间状语in the Tang Dynasty可知，该句用一般过去时，主语为第三人称单数，谓语应用单数。故填was built。
19．(2022·1月浙江卷)Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane is viewed/has been viewed (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意：对科学家而言，旅行去参加会议、讲座、研讨会之类的事情来相聚并交流信息这件事被视为是重要的。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语与谓语之间存在被动关系。故填is viewed/has been viewed。
20．You can't help wondering how hard it was (be)for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：你不禁要问，当时的人们要把这些石头放好有多难。根据时间状语then，可知描述过去的事情，所以用一般过去时态，主语为it。故填was。
21．Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I'd send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to was (be) Alaska Airlines Paris.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：我给写信的最大的公司之一是巴黎阿拉斯加航空公司。 根据定语从句的谓语动词“wrote” 可知这里描述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时；one of ＋ 形容词最高级 ＋ 可数名词复数结构中，谓语动词用单数。故填was。
22．It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, has proved/has proven (prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：它不像乔治·华盛顿在波托马克河畔的种植园那样给人留下深刻印象，但林肯在伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德市中心的家，自从向公众开放以来，就被证明对游客来说是不可抗拒的。分析句子成分可知，设空处作谓语动词，Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois作主语；结合句意及设空处后的时间状语从句since it opened to the public可知，此处指过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响，符合现在完成时概念，故设空处用现在完成时；现在完成时结构是has/have＋过去分词；主语Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois是第三人称单数，所以助动词用has，提示词prove 的过去分词形式是proved或proven。故填 has proved/has proven。
23．Mary's niece wrote, “The little home was painted (paint)white. It was sweet and fresh. Mary loved it.”
解析：考查动词的语态和主谓一致。句意：这个小房子被漆成了白色。分析句子结构可知，设空处作谓语动词，The little home作主语。结合句意及常识可知，房子是“被漆”的，主语和谓语动词之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；根据下文的was，loved可知，此处也为一般过去时态；一般过去时的被动语态结构是was/were＋过去分词；主语The little home是单数第三人称，所以要用was，提示词paint的过去分词形式是painted。故填was painted。
24．After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861, they rented the house and sold (sell)most of their furniture.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：1861年林肯当选美国总统后，他们租了房子，卖掉了大部分家具。分析句子成分可知，设空处和前面的动词rented一起作并列谓语；根据时间状语in 1861可知，此处用一般过去时态，提示词sell的过去式形式是sold。故填sold。
25．The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men. In cities, however, the gain was (be) 1.3 in women and 1.6 in men.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：然而，在城市中，女性增加了1.3，男性增加了1.6。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语，主语(gain)是单数，时态是一般过去时。故填was。
26．The unmanned Chang'e-4 probe (探测器) —the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess— touched (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：无人月球探测器嫦娥四号——名字的灵感来源于古代的中国月亮女神——上周在南极艾特肯盆地着陆。此处是句子的谓语，根据时间状语last week可知应使用一般过去时。故填touched。
27．“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed (construct)．”
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：“这真的使科学家们激动，”布朗大学的一位科学家Carle Pieters说：“因为它意味着我们有机会获得月球是如何构造的信息。”根据上文“This really excites scientists”可知，第一空也使用一般现在时，主语是it，所以空处谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式means。故填means。分析句子可知，第二空是宾语从句谓语动词，谓语construct与主语the moon之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由上下文可知此处应使用一般现在时，主语the moon是单数。故填is constructed。
28．This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers carries (carry) special significance.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：这就是为什么用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。这是一个表语从句，从句主语为动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填carries。
29．When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed (point) down the river.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。根据上文they smiled and可知此处应用一般过去时。故填pointed。
30．The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed (form) the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：例如，汉斯·斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语in 1759可知，应使用一般过去时。故填formed。
31．The parts of a museum open to the public are called (call) galleries or rooms.
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时；主语the parts与call是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主语是复数概念。故填are called。
32．Often, only a small part of a museum's collection is (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：通常，博物馆只展出一小部分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时，主语a small part of a museum's collection是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式，且后面的Most of it is stored away or used for research.中的is也是提示。故填is。
33．By about 6000 BC，people had discovered (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：大约在公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用谓语动词。逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。“by ＋ 过去时间”(by译为“到……为止”)，后面的句子用过去完成时。故填had discovered。
34．The building which is being built (build) will be the highest one in Chongqing.
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：正在建造的大楼将是重庆最高的大楼。分析句子可知，此处为which引导的限制性定语从句中谓语动词的填入，关系代词which指代先行词The building和从句谓语动词build为被动关系，结合句意可知，此处为表示“现在正在建造”为现在进行时，所以为现在进行时的被动语态结构。故填is being built。
Ⅱ.语法填空
时态与主谓一致篇
The first zoo 1. 　　　　(establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor 2. 　　　　(build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.
Some of the early European zoos3. 　　　　(consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4. 　　　　(replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. 　　　　(keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6. 　　　　(understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos 7. 　　　　　　　　　(try) to save many endangered species，but relying on zoos 8. 　　　　(save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.
Today，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. 　　　　(watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs 10. 　　　　(play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍动物园是怎样产生的，先是有权势的人建造了属于自己的动物园，后是建动物园是为了研究动物。
解析：
1．was established　考查动词的时态和语态。根据时间状语“around 3,500 years ago”可知是过去时态。主语The first zoo和谓语动词establish 是被动关系。故填was established。
2．built　考查动词的时态。句中“five hundred years later”是过去的时间状语，谓语需要用过去式。故填 built。
3．consisted　考查动词的时态。本句话的语境是过去，谓语动词用过去式。故填consisted。
4．were replaced　考查动词的时态和语态。主语the zoos和谓语动词replace 为被动关系，并且是过去时态。故填were replaced。
5．(were) kept　考查动词的时态和语态。animals 与keep之间为被动关系且描述过去的情况，故用一般过去时的被动语态，此处是并列谓语，前面已有be动词were，故可以省略were。故填(were) kept。
6．understood　考查动词的时态。as early as the 1940s是过去的时间状语，谓语要用过去式。故填 understood。
7．have tried/have been trying　考查动词的时态。时间状语为since then，谓语常用现在完成时，此处也可用现在完成进行时表示动作一直持续进行。故填have tried/have been trying。
8．to save　考查非谓语动词。rely on sb.to do sth.“依靠某人做某事”为固定结构。故填to save。
9．(are) watched　考查动词的时态和语态。主语animals和谓语动词watch 是被动关系，且此处与and前面的are fed...为并列关系。故填(are) watched。
10．are playing　考查动词的时态。由时间状语now可知，此处应该使用现在进行时。故填are playing。
Ⅲ.完成句子
1. (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) 我们的任务是画一些给我们印象最深的东西。
We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most .
2．(2024·九省联考卷)根据安排，这部电影将于本周五下午2点至3点在学校礼堂放映。
As arranged, the film is to be shown in the school hall from 2：00 to 3：00 this Friday afternoon.
3. (2024·九省联考卷)在我们的共同努力下，我们周围的环境将焕然一新。欢迎任何人加入我们！
With our joint efforts, our surroundings will take on a new look . Whoever wants to join us is warmly welcome !
4．(2023·全国乙卷)我感到很自豪，我和我的父母分担家务，这也表明我长大了。
I felt so proud that I shared housework with my parents, which also showed I had grown up .
5．(2023·全国甲卷)在被广泛认可的中国历史人物中，我认为范仲淹是最有影响力的。
Among the Chinese historical figures that are widely acknowledged , Fan Zhongyan is the most influential in my opinion.
6．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)听到将为我们安排英语口语课的消息，我们兴奋不已。
We're overwhelmed with excitement at the news that an oral English class will be arranged for us.
7. (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)我解释道：“如果我错过了去布拉格的最后一班公交车，我会迟到的，这是非常重要的，我不能错过！”。
“If I miss this last bus to Prague, I'll be late for the conference which is so important that I can't afford to miss it！” I explained .
8. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)当我被邀请上台领奖时，我对我的老师表示感谢。
When I was invited to the stage to receive the award, I expressed my thanks to my teacher.
Ⅳ.写作运用(根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意动词的时态和语态的运用)
Announcer Wanted
1.Our school English broadcast station is looking for an announcer　 (我们学校英语广播站正在招聘播音员)who is capable of speaking fluent and authentic English. 2.A good knowledge of English culture as well as enthusiasm for the job is also essential　 (良好的英语文化知识和对工作的热情是必不可少的)． 3.The new announcer is expected to read English news and stories　 (新的播音员被要求朗读英语新闻和故事)written by students, playing English songs included.
Anyone who is interested please go to Room 102 at 9：00 a．m. this Saturday for an interview. 4.People with previous experience and certificates of spoken English contests are preferred　 (有英语口语竞赛经验及证书者优先)．

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