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2026年人教必修第三册U5 高考二轮复习核心资料（词汇+语法+高考真题）
第一部分 词汇部分
一、核心词汇梳理
1. apologise vi. 道歉；谢罪
教材原句：Wang Zheng apologised to Chen because he couldn’t offer her more money. (P50) 王铮因无法向陈提供更多的钱而道歉。
词块必记
(1) apologise to sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事向某人道歉
(2) apology n. 道歉；辩白
make an apology to sb for sth 因某事向某人道歉
accept/refuse one’s apology 接受/拒绝某人的道歉
owe sb an apology 应向某人道歉
佳句背诵：I would appreciate it if you could accept my apology and forgive me.
如果你能接受我的歉意并原谅我，我将不胜感激。
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·新高考II卷·语法填空）
The student apologised ________ his teacher for being late again and promised to set an alarm next time.
（2025·浙江卷·书面表达改编）
I'm writing to make ________ (apologise) for not being able to attend your birthday party this Saturday.
单句语法填空：His rudeness made him owe a sincere ________ (apologise) to the customer.
完成句子：I ____________ you for the fact that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
2. judge vt. 评价；评判；判断 n. 法官；审判员；裁判员
教材原句：Should we judge people based on how much money they have (P51) 我们是否应该根据人们有多少钱来判断他们呢？
归纳点拨
(1) judge ... from/by ... 从……来判断……；as far as I can judge 据我判断；我认为
(2) 【易错点】 judging by/from 从……来看；根据……来判断（独立成分，不受主语时态影响，只用现在分词）
(3) judgement n. 看法；判决；判断
即时练（含高考真题）
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
________ from the smile on her face, she must have passed the driving test.
Judged B. Judging C. To judge D. Judge
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
As far as I can ________ (judge), the plan is practical and worth carrying out.
单句语法填空：The ________ (judge) made a fair ________ (judge) after listening to both sides' opinions.
完成句子：________________ her letter, they are having a wonderful time.
3. spot vt. 看见；注意到；发现 n. 地点；处所；斑点；污迹
教材原句：The next morning I was spotted by a ship. (P52) 第二天早上，我被一艘船发现了。
归纳点拨
(1) spot sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事；be spotted with 散布；点缀着
(2) 名词搭配：on the spot 当场；在现场；a tourist spot 旅游景点
【易错点】 spot作“地点”时，定语从句缺状语用where，缺主/宾语用that/which
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
While walking along the street, I spotted a little boy ________ (cry) alone and immediately went to help him.
（2023·浙江卷·选择题）
The police ________ the suspect on the spot when he was trying to escape.
A. spotted B. marked C. noticed D. watched
单句语法填空：Although she wore sunglasses, she ________ (spot) by the reporters waiting at the airport.
完成句子：The old temple is a popular ________ (spot) and many tourists visit it every year.
4. patience n. 耐心；忍耐力；毅力
教材原句：Patience. If you don’t mind, may I ask you how much money you have (P52) 请耐心点。如果你不介意的话，我能问一下你有多少钱吗？
考点必记
(1) 短语：beyond one’s patience 无法忍受；lose patience with 对……失去耐心；with patience 耐心地
(2) 词性转换：patient adj. 耐心的（be patient with 对……有耐心）n. 病人
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
The teacher is always patient ________ her students and never loses ________ (patient) even when they make mistakes.
（2025·全国甲卷·选择题）
His endless complaints were ________ my patience, so I had to leave the room.
beyond B. across C. against D. over
单句语法填空：I really appreciate her ________ (patient) with the ________ (patient); she looks after them ________ (patient).
完成句子：He walked so slowly that his brother ____________ with him.
5. hesitate vi. 犹豫；迟疑；顾虑
教材原句：Why does the owner think Henry hesitates to pay the bill (P55) 为什么店主认为亨利不愿付账？
归纳点拨
(1) 动词搭配：hesitate to do sth 迟疑做某事；hesitate about 对……犹豫不决
(2) 名词转换：hesitation n. 犹豫；without hesitation 毫不犹豫；have no hesitation in doing sth 做某事毫不犹豫
即时练（含高考真题）
（2025·新高考I卷·语法填空）
When asked for help, she never hesitates ________ (offer) her support to those in need.
（2023·全国乙卷·书面表达改编）
Please have no ________ (hesitate) to contact me if you have any problems with the project.
单句语法填空：He hesitated ________ whether to accept the invitation until his parents gave him advice.
完成句子：________________, I decided to follow the doctor’s advice and take a rest.
6. permit vt.&vi. 允许；准许；使有可能
经典例句：I’ll come tomorrow, weather permitting. 要是天气许可，我明天一定来。
考点必记
(1) 动词搭配：permit doing sth 允许做某事；permit sb to do sth 允许某人做某事；weather permitting 天气允许的话
(2) 名词转换：permission n. 准许；ask for permission 请求许可；without permission 未经许可
即时练（含高考真题）
（2023·新高考II卷·语法填空）
The school does not permit ________ (smoke) in the teaching building, so students must go to the designated area.
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
The children are not permitted ________ near the river without adult supervision.
to go B. going C. go D. gone
单句语法填空：You need to ask for ________ (permit) before using the company’s confidential information.
完成句子：They cannot leave the country ________.
二、核心短语梳理
7. by accident 偶然地；意外地
教材原句：As a matter of fact, I landed in Britain by accident. (P52) 实际上，我意外地来到英国。
词块必记：by chance=by accident 偶然；by design=on purpose 故意地；by mistake 错误地
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
The ancient vase was discovered ________ by a farmer when he was digging in the field.
on purpose B. by accident C. by mistake D. in turn
（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
I met my primary school teacher by ________ (accident) when I was shopping in the supermarket.
词汇升级：While walking in the park, I met one of my friends by accident. （用高级短语改写）
完成句子：Do you think he did it ________ or ________
8. in return 作为回报；作为回应
教材原句：When we help someone, should we expect to get something in return (P52) 当我们帮助别人时，我们应该期望得到回报吗？
归纳点拨：in return for 作为对……的回报；in turn 轮流；依次；by turns 轮流
即时练（含高考真题）
（2025·全国甲卷·语法填空）
I sent him a book in return ________ his help during my study abroad.
（2023·新高考I卷·书面表达改编）
An excellent teacher devotes himself to students but expects nothing ________ return.
单句语法填空：The students take turns to clean the classroom, and today it’s my turn ________ (do) the work.
完成句子：I wish I could do something ______________ your kindness.
9. in case 以防；以防万一
教材原句：In case it happens to you on a trip abroad, what would you do (P52) 如果你在国外旅行时遇到这种情况，你会做什么？
归纳点拨
in case of 万一；in this/that case 在这种/那种情况下；in any case 无论如何
【易错点】 in no case 决不（置于句首需部分倒装）；as is often the case 这是常有的事
即时练（含高考真题）
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
Take an umbrella with you in case ________ rain.
（2024·新高考II卷·选择题）
________ case will I give up my dream, no matter how difficult it is.
In B. On C. By D. In no
单句语法填空：________________, solving one problem can lead to another.
完成句子：We should save water ______________ it runs out one day.
三、核心语法梳理
10. “find+宾语+宾语补足语”结构
教材原句：About a month ago, I was sailing, and towards night I found myself carried out to sea by a strong wind. (P52) 大约一个月之前，我正在航行，将近傍晚时我发现我被一阵强风刮到海上去了。
结构剖析：find + 宾语（myself） + 宾补（carried out，过去分词表被动）；同类动词：see, hear, notice, have, make
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
When I entered the room, I found the windows ________ (close) and the lights off.
（2025·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The tourists found themselves ________ (surround) by friendly local people when they arrived at the village.
单句语法填空：I find it interesting ________ (learn) about different cultures around the world.
完成句子：I'm sorry to hear that you find it ___________________________.
11. “it is/was ... that ... ”强调句型
教材原句：And it was the ship that brought you to England. (P52) 这么说，是这艘船把你带到了英国。
核心结构
基本结构：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who ... （强调人可用who，其他用that）
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + is/was it + that ...
【易错点】 强调“not ... until ... ”时：It is/was not until ... that ... （无需倒装）
即时练（含高考真题）
（2025·全国乙卷·语法填空）
It is not until we lose something ________ we realize how precious it is.
（2024·新高考II卷·翻译题）
正是这位医生在我生病时给了我很多帮助。（用强调句型）
单句语法填空：________________ some people are so much more intelligent than others
选择题：It was in the library ________ I borrowed the valuable book last week.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
12. be about to do sth 即将或正要（做某事）
教材原句：Yes, I was about to go get the letter. Wait! (P52) 好的，我正要去拿信呢，等一下！
归纳点拨：be about to do ... when ... 正要做……这时……；be doing ... when ... 正在做……这时……；had just done ... when ... 刚做完……这时……
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
I was about ________ (go) to bed when the phone rang suddenly.
2.（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
The old man ________ (walk) across the road when a car rushed towards him.
单句语法填空：He had just finished his homework ________ his mother asked him to clean the room.
一句多译：我正要放弃，这时老师鼓励我不要灰心。
四、单元词汇知识清单（核心考点浓缩）
1. 核心词汇（词性+高频搭配）
apologise vi. → apology n. （apologise to sb for sth; make an apology）
judge v./n. → judgement n. （judging from; pass judgement on）
spot v./n. （spot sb doing; on the spot; tourist spot）
patience n. → patient adj./n. （lose patience with; be patient with）
hesitate vi. → hesitation n. （hesitate to do; without hesitation）
permit v./n. → permission n. （permit doing; permit sb to do; ask for permission）
2. 核心短语（含义+辨析）
by accident 偶然地 by design 故意地
in return 作为回报；in return for 作为对……的回报
in case 以防；in case of 万一；in no case 决不（倒装）
3. 核心语法（结构+考点）
find+宾语+宾补：宾补可表被动（过去分词）、主动进行（现在分词）、状态（形容词）
强调句型：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who ... （特殊疑问句/Not until强调）
when引导的突发语境句型：be about to do/be doing/had done ... when ...
第二部分语法精讲
-情态动词（Modal Verbs）精讲及高考真题汇编
一、核心框架：情态动词的三大功能
情态动词本身无实义，主要表达“语气（请求、义务等）”“推测”“过去动作评价”三大功能，无人称和数的变化，后接动词原形。
二、功能一：表特别语气（请求、义务、意愿等）
1. can / could——能力、请求、惊异
核心用法
表能力：can（现在/将来），could（过去）；口语中可替换be able to，但be able to可用于更多时态。
表请求/许可：请求用could（委婉），许可用can（不用could）。
表惊异/怀疑：用于否定/疑问/感叹句，意为“怎么能”，could语气更缓和。
易错点：表“经过努力的能力”用be able to，不用can/could。
高考真题链接
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
When I was young, I ______ (can) climb the mountain in less than an hour, but now I need a rest every 20 minutes.
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
—______ I borrow your notes for the history class —Sure, here you are.
Must B. Could C. Need D. Should
2. must——义务、强制、责备
核心用法
表主观义务：“必须”，强调说话人意志；否定回答用needn’t/don’t have to（不必），而非mustn’t（禁止）。
表责备：用于疑问句，意为“偏要、硬要”。
知识延伸：have to表“客观被迫”，可用于多种时态，与must（主观）区分。
高考真题链接
（2023·全国乙卷·选择题）
—Must we finish the report before Friday —No, you ______. We can hand it in next Monday.
mustn’t B. can’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
（2024·北京卷·语法填空）
You ______ (must) wear a seatbelt when driving; it’s a traffic regulation.
3. may / might——请求、许可、祝福
核心用法
表请求/许可：请求用might（委婉），许可用may（不用might）。
表祝福：May+主语+动词原形（书面语），如“May you succeed!”。
高频搭配：may well（很可能）；may/might as well（不妨）。
高考真题链接
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
You ______ as well take an umbrella; the weather forecast says it may rain.
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
祝你在即将到来的比赛中取得好成绩！（用may表祝福）
4. shall——征求意见、规定/警告
核心用法
第一、三人称疑问句：表征求意见，如“Shall he go with us ”。
第二、三人称陈述句：表规定、警告、允诺，如“Students shall keep quiet in the library.”。
高考真题链接
（2024·新高考II卷·选择题）
According to the school rules, no student ______ leave the campus during class hours without permission.
shall B. will C. may D. must
5. should / ought to——义务、惊讶
核心用法
表义务：“应该”，ought to语气稍重，后接to do。
表惊讶：用于that从句中，意为“竟然”，如“It’s strange that he should be late.”。
高考真题链接
（2025·全国甲卷·语法填空）
You ______ (should) pay more attention to your handwriting; it’s important for the exam.
6. will / would——意愿、请求、习惯
核心用法
表意愿：will（现在），would（过去）。
表请求：第二人称疑问句用would（委婉），如“Would you help me ”
表习惯：will（现在习惯），would（过去反复动作，无今昔对比）。
易错点：would表过去习惯，used to表“过去习惯但现在已无”，强调今昔对比。
高考真题链接
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
When I was a child, my grandfather would ______ (tell) me stories about his childhood every evening.
7. need / dare——必要性、敢于（情态/实义动词双重性）
核心用法对比
词性 用法特征 例句
情态动词 否定/疑问/条件句，无词形变化，后接动词原形 You needn’t worry. / How dare you lie
实义动词 可用于各种句式，有词形变化，need后接to do，dare后接to do（to可省） He doesn’t need to go. / She dares (to) speak in public.
高考真题链接
1（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
You ______ not be afraid of making mistakes; it’s part of learning.
dare B. need C. must D. should
三、功能二：表推测（对现在/将来的可能性判断）
核心规则：根据“肯定/否定/疑问”句式选择情态动词，可能性大小有固定层级。
可能性层级：
肯定句：must（一定，100%）> should（理应，80%）> can/could（可能，60%）> may/might（或许，40%）
否定句：can’t/couldn’t（不可能，0%）> shouldn’t（不该，20%）> may not/might not（可能不，40%）
高考真题链接
（2025·全国乙卷·选择题）
—Is that Li Hua at the gate —It ______ be him; he’s still in Beijing on business. A. mustn’t B. can’t C. shouldn’t D. may not
（2023·新高考I卷·语法填空）
The book ______ (must) be Mary’s; her name is on the cover.
（2024·全国甲卷·选择题）
It’s 7 o’clock now; your parents ______ be waiting for you at home.
should B. may C. can D. might
四、功能三：情态动词+have done（对过去动作的评价/推测）
核心结构与含义
must have done：过去一定做了（肯定推测，有证据）
can’t/couldn’t have done：过去不可能做了（否定推测，有证据）
could have done：过去本能够做却没做（表遗憾）
should/ought to have done：过去本应该做却没做（表责备）；
shouldn’t/ought not to have done：过去本不该做却做了（表批评）
may/might have done：过去可能做了（无明确证据）
needn’t have done：过去本不必做却做了（表多余）
高考真题链接
（2025·新高考I卷·语法填空）
You ______ (should) have told me about the meeting earlier; I missed it because of your silence.
（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
—Did you call Tom yesterday —I ______ have called him, but I was too busy with my work.
must B. should C. need D. can
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The ground is dry, so it ______ (can) not have rained last night.
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
You ______ not have bought so much food; we only have three guests tonight.
need B. must C. should D. may
五、针对性强化练习题（覆盖所有核心考点）
1. I ______ (can) speak French when I was a child, but now I’ve forgotten most of it.
—______ I use your computer to finish my report —Sorry, you ______ not; it’s broken.
—Must I return the book today —No, you ______; you can keep it for another three days.
The old man ______ (will) sit in the sun for hours every afternoon when he was alive.
She ______ (dare) not go out alone at night, so she always asks her brother to accompany her.
It’s already 10 p.m. My sister ______ (must) be asleep now.
He ______ (may) have arrived at the airport; I’ll call to confirm.
You ______ well be right about the plan; let’s discuss it further.
According to the law, all citizens ______ (shall) respect the national flag and anthem.
I ______ (need) not have taken an umbrella; it turned out to be a sunny day.
六、核心考点速记清单
1. 否定回答：must→needn’t；may→can’t；could（请求）→can’t
2. 推测句式：肯定用must/should/may；否定/疑问用can/could
3. 过去评价：should have done（该做未做）；needn’t have done（多余做了）；can’t have done（不可能做了）
4. 委婉语气：请求用could/would/might；建议用should/may as well
5. 双重性动词：need/dare区分情态（无to）和实义（有to/助动词）用法/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
2026年人教必修第三册U5 高考二轮复习核心资料（词汇+语法+高考真题）
第一部分 词汇部分
一、核心词汇梳理
1. apologise vi. 道歉；谢罪
教材原句：Wang Zheng apologised to Chen because he couldn’t offer her more money. (P50) 王铮因无法向陈提供更多的钱而道歉。
词块必记
(1) apologise to sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事向某人道歉
(2) apology n. 道歉；辩白
make an apology to sb for sth 因某事向某人道歉
accept/refuse one’s apology 接受/拒绝某人的道歉
owe sb an apology 应向某人道歉
佳句背诵：I would appreciate it if you could accept my apology and forgive me.
如果你能接受我的歉意并原谅我，我将不胜感激。
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·新高考II卷·语法填空）
The student apologised ________ his teacher for being late again and promised to set an alarm next time.
答案：to
解析：考查固定搭配“apologise to sb for sth”，此处“向老师道歉”需用介词to，符合“因迟到向老师道歉”的语境。
（2025·浙江卷·书面表达改编）
I'm writing to make ________ (apologise) for not being able to attend your birthday party this Saturday.
答案：an apology
解析：考查名词形式，“make an apology”为固定短语，apology为可数名词，此处表“一次道歉”需加不定冠词an。
单句语法填空：His rudeness made him owe a sincere ________ (apologise) to the customer.
答案：apology
解析：owe sb sth后接名词，apology为apologise的名词形式，意为“歉意”。
完成句子：I ____________ you for the fact that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
答案：owe an apology to
解析：考查“owe sb an apology”的同义表达“owe an apology to sb”，表“应向你道歉”。
2. judge vt. 评价；评判；判断 n. 法官；审判员；裁判员
教材原句：Should we judge people based on how much money they have (P51) 我们是否应该根据人们有多少钱来判断他们呢？
归纳点拨
(1) judge ... from/by ... 从……来判断……；as far as I can judge 据我判断；我认为
(2) 【易错点】 judging by/from 从……来看；根据……来判断（独立成分，不受主语时态影响，只用现在分词）
(3) judgement n. 看法；判决；判断
即时练（含高考真题）
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
________ from the smile on her face, she must have passed the driving test.
Judged B. Judging C. To judge D. Judge
答案：B
解析：考查独立成分“judging from”的用法，不受主语影响，无论逻辑主语是主动还是被动，均用现在分词形式，故排除A、C、D。
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
As far as I can ________ (judge), the plan is practical and worth carrying out.
答案：judge
解析：考查固定表达“as far as I can judge”，情态动词can后接动词原形。
单句语法填空：The ________ (judge) made a fair ________ (judge) after listening to both sides' opinions.
答案：judge; judgement
解析：第一空指“法官”，用名词judge；第二空指“判决”，用judgement，由a修饰表单数。
完成句子：________________ her letter, they are having a wonderful time.
答案：Judging from
解析：考查独立成分“judging from”，表“从她的信来看”，置于句首首字母大写。
3. spot vt. 看见；注意到；发现 n. 地点；处所；斑点；污迹
教材原句：The next morning I was spotted by a ship. (P52) 第二天早上，我被一艘船发现了。
归纳点拨
(1) spot sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事；be spotted with 散布；点缀着
(2) 名词搭配：on the spot 当场；在现场；a tourist spot 旅游景点
【易错点】 spot作“地点”时，定语从句缺状语用where，缺主/宾语用that/which
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
While walking along the street, I spotted a little boy ________ (cry) alone and immediately went to help him.
答案：crying
解析：考查“spot sb doing sth”结构，表“发现男孩正在哭”，现在分词作宾补体现动作进行。
（2023·浙江卷·选择题）
The police ________ the suspect on the spot when he was trying to escape.
A. spotted B. marked C. noticed D. watched
答案：A
解析：考查动词词义辨析，spot强调“突然发现”，符合“警察当场发现逃跑的嫌疑人”语境；B“标记”、C“注意到”（侧重无意）、D“观看”均不符。
单句语法填空：Although she wore sunglasses, she ________ (spot) by the reporters waiting at the airport.
答案：was spotted
解析：考查被动语态，“被记者发现”需用be done结构，结合语境用一般过去时was spotted。
完成句子：The old temple is a popular ________ (spot) and many tourists visit it every year.
答案：tourist spot
解析：考查名词搭配，“旅游景点”为tourist spot，符合“古寺是热门景点”的语境。
4. patience n. 耐心；忍耐力；毅力
教材原句：Patience. If you don’t mind, may I ask you how much money you have (P52) 请耐心点。如果你不介意的话，我能问一下你有多少钱吗？
考点必记
(1) 短语：beyond one’s patience 无法忍受；lose patience with 对……失去耐心；with patience 耐心地
(2) 词性转换：patient adj. 耐心的（be patient with 对……有耐心）n. 病人
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
The teacher is always patient ________ her students and never loses ________ (patient) even when they make mistakes.
答案：with; patience
解析：第一空考查“be patient with”固定搭配；第二空“lose patience”为固定短语，用名词形式。
（2025·全国甲卷·选择题）
His endless complaints were ________ my patience, so I had to leave the room.
beyond B. across C. against D. over
答案：A
解析：考查固定短语“beyond one’s patience”，意为“无法忍受”，符合“抱怨太多让人无法忍受”的语境。
单句语法填空：I really appreciate her ________ (patient) with the ________ (patient); she looks after them ________ (patient).
答案：patience; patients; patiently
解析：第一空“耐心”用名词patience；第二空“病人”用复数patients；第三空“耐心地”用副词patiently修饰动词。
完成句子：He walked so slowly that his brother ____________ with him.
答案：lost patience
解析：考查“lose patience with”短语，结合过去式walked可知用lost patience。
5. hesitate vi. 犹豫；迟疑；顾虑
教材原句：Why does the owner think Henry hesitates to pay the bill (P55) 为什么店主认为亨利不愿付账？
归纳点拨
(1) 动词搭配：hesitate to do sth 迟疑做某事；hesitate about 对……犹豫不决
(2) 名词转换：hesitation n. 犹豫；without hesitation 毫不犹豫；have no hesitation in doing sth 做某事毫不犹豫
即时练（含高考真题）
（2025·新高考I卷·语法填空）
When asked for help, she never hesitates ________ (offer) her support to those in need.
答案：to offer
解析：考查“hesitate to do sth”固定结构，表“毫不犹豫做某事”，不定式作宾语。
（2023·全国乙卷·书面表达改编）
Please have no ________ (hesitate) to contact me if you have any problems with the project.
答案：hesitation
解析：考查名词形式，“have no hesitation”为固定短语，hesitation为不可数名词。
单句语法填空：He hesitated ________ whether to accept the invitation until his parents gave him advice.
答案：about
解析：考查“hesitate about”搭配，表“对是否接受邀请犹豫不决”。
完成句子：________________, I decided to follow the doctor’s advice and take a rest.
答案：Without hesitation
解析：考查“without hesitation”短语，表“毫不犹豫地”，置于句首首字母大写。
6. permit vt.&vi. 允许；准许；使有可能
经典例句：I’ll come tomorrow, weather permitting. 要是天气许可，我明天一定来。
考点必记
(1) 动词搭配：permit doing sth 允许做某事；permit sb to do sth 允许某人做某事；weather permitting 天气允许的话
(2) 名词转换：permission n. 准许；ask for permission 请求许可；without permission 未经许可
即时练（含高考真题）
（2023·新高考II卷·语法填空）
The school does not permit ________ (smoke) in the teaching building, so students must go to the designated area.
答案：smoking
解析：考查“permit doing sth”结构，表“允许做某事”，动名词作宾语。
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
The children are not permitted ________ near the river without adult supervision.
to go B. going C. go D. gone
答案：A
解析：考查“permit sb to do sth”的被动结构“be permitted to do sth”，表“被允许做某事”，不定式作主语补足语。
单句语法填空：You need to ask for ________ (permit) before using the company’s confidential information.
答案：permission
解析：考查名词形式，“ask for permission”为固定短语，permission为不可数名词。
完成句子：They cannot leave the country ________.
答案：without permission
解析：考查“without permission”短语，表“未经许可”，符合“不得擅自离境”的语境。
二、核心短语梳理
7. by accident 偶然地；意外地
教材原句：As a matter of fact, I landed in Britain by accident. (P52) 实际上，我意外地来到英国。
词块必记：by chance=by accident 偶然；by design=on purpose 故意地；by mistake 错误地
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
The ancient vase was discovered ________ by a farmer when he was digging in the field.
on purpose B. by accident C. by mistake D. in turn
答案：B
解析：考查短语辨析，by accident表“偶然地”，符合“农民种地时偶然发现花瓶”的语境；A“故意地”、C“错误地”、D“轮流”均不符。
（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
I met my primary school teacher by ________ (accident) when I was shopping in the supermarket.
答案：accident
解析：考查固定短语“by accident”，为固定搭配，无需变形。
词汇升级：While walking in the park, I met one of my friends by accident. （用高级短语改写）
答案：While walking in the park, I came across one of my friends by accident.
解析：“come across”与“meet”同义，且更符合书面表达语境。
完成句子：Do you think he did it ________ or ________
答案：by design; by accident
解析：考查反义短语对比，“故意地”用by design，“偶然地”用by accident，符合语境。
8. in return 作为回报；作为回应
教材原句：When we help someone, should we expect to get something in return (P52) 当我们帮助别人时，我们应该期望得到回报吗？
归纳点拨：in return for 作为对……的回报；in turn 轮流；依次；by turns 轮流
即时练（含高考真题）
（2025·全国甲卷·语法填空）
I sent him a book in return ________ his help during my study abroad.
答案：for
解析：考查“in return for”固定搭配，表“作为对……的回报”，此处“作为对他帮助的回报”需加介词for。
（2023·新高考I卷·书面表达改编）
An excellent teacher devotes himself to students but expects nothing ________ return.
答案：in
解析：考查“in return”短语，表“作为回报”，“expect nothing in return”意为“不求回报”。
单句语法填空：The students take turns to clean the classroom, and today it’s my turn ________ (do) the work.
答案：to do
解析：考查“in turn”相关用法，“it’s one’s turn to do sth”表“轮到某人做某事”，不定式作后置定语。
完成句子：I wish I could do something ______________ your kindness.
答案：in return for
解析：考查“in return for”短语，表“作为对你善意的回报”，符合语境。
9. in case 以防；以防万一
教材原句：In case it happens to you on a trip abroad, what would you do (P52) 如果你在国外旅行时遇到这种情况，你会做什么？
归纳点拨
in case of 万一；in this/that case 在这种/那种情况下；in any case 无论如何
【易错点】 in no case 决不（置于句首需部分倒装）；as is often the case 这是常有的事
即时练（含高考真题）
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
Take an umbrella with you in case ________ rain.
答案：of
解析：考查“in case of”短语，后接名词，表“以防下雨”；若用in case则需接从句“it rains”。
（2024·新高考II卷·选择题）
________ case will I give up my dream, no matter how difficult it is.
In B. On C. By D. In no
答案：D
解析：考查“in no case”短语及倒装，表“决不”，置于句首时句子部分倒装，符合“无论多难都不放弃梦想”的语境。
单句语法填空：________________, solving one problem can lead to another.
答案：As is often the case
解析：考查固定句型，表“这是常有的事”，置于句首引导非限制性定语从句。
完成句子：We should save water ______________ it runs out one day.
答案：in case
解析：考查“in case”引导目的状语从句，表“以防有一天水耗尽”，从句用一般现在时表将来。
三、核心语法梳理
10. “find+宾语+宾语补足语”结构
教材原句：About a month ago, I was sailing, and towards night I found myself carried out to sea by a strong wind. (P52) 大约一个月之前，我正在航行，将近傍晚时我发现我被一阵强风刮到海上去了。
结构剖析：find + 宾语（myself） + 宾补（carried out，过去分词表被动）；同类动词：see, hear, notice, have, make
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
When I entered the room, I found the windows ________ (close) and the lights off.
答案：closed
解析：考查过去分词作宾补，windows与close为被动关系，用closed表“窗户被关上”的状态。
（2025·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The tourists found themselves ________ (surround) by friendly local people when they arrived at the village.
答案：surrounded
解析：考查过去分词作宾补，themselves与surround为被动关系，用surrounded表“被包围”。
单句语法填空：I find it interesting ________ (learn) about different cultures around the world.
答案：to learn
解析：考查it作形式宾语，真正宾语为不定式to learn，“find it + adj. + to do”为固定结构。
完成句子：I'm sorry to hear that you find it ___________________________.
答案：difficult to adapt to life and study in China
解析：考查“find it + adj. + to do”结构，“适应”用adapt to，符合“难以适应中国生活学习”的语境。
11. “it is/was ... that ... ”强调句型
教材原句：And it was the ship that brought you to England. (P52) 这么说，是这艘船把你带到了英国。
核心结构
基本结构：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who ... （强调人可用who，其他用that）
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + is/was it + that ...
【易错点】 强调“not ... until ... ”时：It is/was not until ... that ... （无需倒装）
即时练（含高考真题）
（2025·全国乙卷·语法填空）
It is not until we lose something ________ we realize how precious it is.
答案：that
解析：考查强调句型强调“not ... until ... ”，结构为“It is not until ... that ... ”，that不可省略。
（2024·新高考II卷·翻译题）
正是这位医生在我生病时给了我很多帮助。（用强调句型）
答案：It was this doctor that/who gave me a lot of help when I was ill.
解析：强调主语“这位医生”，用It was ... who/that ... 结构，who可替换为that。
单句语法填空：________________ some people are so much more intelligent than others
答案：Why is it that
解析：考查强调句型的特殊疑问句，“为什么”用why，结构为“Why is it that ... ”。
选择题：It was in the library ________ I borrowed the valuable book last week.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
答案：C
解析：考查强调句型，强调地点状语“in the library”，去掉It was和that后句子完整（I borrowed the book in the library last week），故用that。
12. be about to do sth 即将或正要（做某事）
教材原句：Yes, I was about to go get the letter. Wait! (P52) 好的，我正要去拿信呢，等一下！
归纳点拨：be about to do ... when ... 正要做……这时……；be doing ... when ... 正在做……这时……；had just done ... when ... 刚做完……这时……
即时练（含高考真题）
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
I was about ________ (go) to bed when the phone rang suddenly.
答案：to go
解析：考查“be about to do ... when ... ”结构，表“正要上床这时电话响了”，不定式作表语。
2.（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
The old man ________ (walk) across the road when a car rushed towards him.
答案：was walking
解析：考查“be doing ... when ... ”结构，表“正在过马路这时车冲过来”，用过去进行时was walking。
单句语法填空：He had just finished his homework ________ his mother asked him to clean the room.
答案：when
解析：考查“had just done ... when ... ”结构，表“刚做完作业这时妈妈让他打扫房间”，when表“这时”。
一句多译：我正要放弃，这时老师鼓励我不要灰心。
答案1：I was about to give up when the teacher encouraged me not to lose heart. 答案2：I was on the point of giving up when the teacher encouraged me not to lose heart.
解析：考查“正要做……这时……”的两种表达：be about to do ... when ... 和be on the point of doing ... when ... 。
四、单元词汇知识清单（核心考点浓缩）
1. 核心词汇（词性+高频搭配）
apologise vi. → apology n. （apologise to sb for sth; make an apology）
judge v./n. → judgement n. （judging from; pass judgement on）
spot v./n. （spot sb doing; on the spot; tourist spot）
patience n. → patient adj./n. （lose patience with; be patient with）
hesitate vi. → hesitation n. （hesitate to do; without hesitation）
permit v./n. → permission n. （permit doing; permit sb to do; ask for permission）
2. 核心短语（含义+辨析）
by accident 偶然地 by design 故意地
in return 作为回报；in return for 作为对……的回报
in case 以防；in case of 万一；in no case 决不（倒装）
3. 核心语法（结构+考点）
find+宾语+宾补：宾补可表被动（过去分词）、主动进行（现在分词）、状态（形容词）
强调句型：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who ... （特殊疑问句/Not until强调）
when引导的突发语境句型：be about to do/be doing/had done ... when ...
第二部分语法精讲
-情态动词（Modal Verbs）精讲及高考真题汇编
一、核心框架：情态动词的三大功能
情态动词本身无实义，主要表达“语气（请求、义务等）”“推测”“过去动作评价”三大功能，无人称和数的变化，后接动词原形。
二、功能一：表特别语气（请求、义务、意愿等）
1. can / could——能力、请求、惊异
核心用法
表能力：can（现在/将来），could（过去）；口语中可替换be able to，但be able to可用于更多时态。
表请求/许可：请求用could（委婉），许可用can（不用could）。
表惊异/怀疑：用于否定/疑问/感叹句，意为“怎么能”，could语气更缓和。
易错点：表“经过努力的能力”用be able to，不用can/could。
高考真题链接
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
When I was young, I ______ (can) climb the mountain in less than an hour, but now I need a rest every 20 minutes.
答案：could
解析：表过去的能力，用could；now后的对比进一步明确时态。
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
—______ I borrow your notes for the history class —Sure, here you are.
Must B. Could C. Need D. Should
答案：B
解析：表委婉请求，用could；must“必须”、need“需要”、should“应该”均不符合语境。
2. must——义务、强制、责备
核心用法
表主观义务：“必须”，强调说话人意志；否定回答用needn’t/don’t have to（不必），而非mustn’t（禁止）。
表责备：用于疑问句，意为“偏要、硬要”。
知识延伸：have to表“客观被迫”，可用于多种时态，与must（主观）区分。
高考真题链接
（2023·全国乙卷·选择题）
—Must we finish the report before Friday —No, you ______. We can hand it in next Monday.
mustn’t B. can’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
答案：C
解析：must的否定回答固定用needn’t，表“不必”；mustn’t表“禁止”，语义不符。
（2024·北京卷·语法填空）
You ______ (must) wear a seatbelt when driving; it’s a traffic regulation.
答案：must
解析：表交通法规的强制要求，用must强调义务。
3. may / might——请求、许可、祝福
核心用法
表请求/许可：请求用might（委婉），许可用may（不用might）。
表祝福：May+主语+动词原形（书面语），如“May you succeed!”。
高频搭配：may well（很可能）；may/might as well（不妨）。
高考真题链接
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
You ______ as well take an umbrella; the weather forecast says it may rain.
答案：may
解析：考查“may as well”固定搭配，意为“不妨带把伞”。
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
祝你在即将到来的比赛中取得好成绩！（用may表祝福）
答案：May you achieve good results in the upcoming competition!
解析：may引导祝福句型，后接动词原形。
4. shall——征求意见、规定/警告
核心用法
第一、三人称疑问句：表征求意见，如“Shall he go with us ”。
第二、三人称陈述句：表规定、警告、允诺，如“Students shall keep quiet in the library.”。
高考真题链接
（2024·新高考II卷·选择题）
According to the school rules, no student ______ leave the campus during class hours without permission.
shall B. will C. may D. must
答案：A
解析：学校规定用shall，表强制要求；will表意愿，may表许可，均不符合“规则”语境。
5. should / ought to——义务、惊讶
核心用法
表义务：“应该”，ought to语气稍重，后接to do。
表惊讶：用于that从句中，意为“竟然”，如“It’s strange that he should be late.”。
高考真题链接
（2025·全国甲卷·语法填空）
You ______ (should) pay more attention to your handwriting; it’s important for the exam.
答案：should
解析：表建议性义务，用should强调“应该关注”。
6. will / would——意愿、请求、习惯
核心用法
表意愿：will（现在），would（过去）。
表请求：第二人称疑问句用would（委婉），如“Would you help me ”
表习惯：will（现在习惯），would（过去反复动作，无今昔对比）。
易错点：would表过去习惯，used to表“过去习惯但现在已无”，强调今昔对比。
高考真题链接
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
When I was a child, my grandfather would ______ (tell) me stories about his childhood every evening.
答案：tell
解析：would表过去反复动作，后接动词原形，符合“每天讲故事”的语境。
7. need / dare——必要性、敢于（情态/实义动词双重性）
核心用法对比
词性 用法特征 例句
情态动词 否定/疑问/条件句，无词形变化，后接动词原形 You needn’t worry. / How dare you lie
实义动词 可用于各种句式，有词形变化，need后接to do，dare后接to do（to可省） He doesn’t need to go. / She dares (to) speak in public.
高考真题链接
1（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
You ______ not be afraid of making mistakes; it’s part of learning.
dare B. need C. must D. should
答案：B
解析：need not表“不必”，符合“不必害怕犯错”的语境；dare not表“不敢”，语义不符。
三、功能二：表推测（对现在/将来的可能性判断）
核心规则：根据“肯定/否定/疑问”句式选择情态动词，可能性大小有固定层级。
可能性层级：
肯定句：must（一定，100%）> should（理应，80%）> can/could（可能，60%）> may/might（或许，40%）
否定句：can’t/couldn’t（不可能，0%）> shouldn’t（不该，20%）> may not/might not（可能不，40%）
高考真题链接
（2025·全国乙卷·选择题）
—Is that Li Hua at the gate —It ______ be him; he’s still in Beijing on business. A. mustn’t B. can’t C. shouldn’t D. may not
答案：B
解析：表否定推测“不可能”，用can’t；mustn’t表“禁止”，不是推测用法。
（2023·新高考I卷·语法填空）
The book ______ (must) be Mary’s; her name is on the cover.
答案：must
解析：根据“名字在封面上”的证据，表肯定推测“一定是”，用must。
（2024·全国甲卷·选择题）
It’s 7 o’clock now; your parents ______ be waiting for you at home.
should B. may C. can D. might
答案：A
解析：7点是家人通常等待的时间，表“理应”，用should，可能性高于may/might。
四、功能三：情态动词+have done（对过去动作的评价/推测）
核心结构与含义
must have done：过去一定做了（肯定推测，有证据）
can’t/couldn’t have done：过去不可能做了（否定推测，有证据）
could have done：过去本能够做却没做（表遗憾）
should/ought to have done：过去本应该做却没做（表责备）；
shouldn’t/ought not to have done：过去本不该做却做了（表批评）
may/might have done：过去可能做了（无明确证据）
needn’t have done：过去本不必做却做了（表多余）
高考真题链接
（2025·新高考I卷·语法填空）
You ______ (should) have told me about the meeting earlier; I missed it because of your silence.
答案：should
解析：表“本应该告知却没告知”，用should have done，含责备语气。
（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
—Did you call Tom yesterday —I ______ have called him, but I was too busy with my work.
must B. should C. need D. can
答案：B
解析：表“本应该打电话却没打”，用should have done，符合“太忙而未做”的语境。
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The ground is dry, so it ______ (can) not have rained last night.
答案：can
解析：根据“地面干燥”的证据，表过去否定推测“不可能下雨”，用can’t have done。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
You ______ not have bought so much food; we only have three guests tonight.
need B. must C. should D. may
答案：A
解析：表“本不必买却买了”，食物多余，用needn’t have done。
五、针对性强化练习题（覆盖所有核心考点）
1. I ______ (can) speak French when I was a child, but now I’ve forgotten most of it.
答案：could
解析：表过去的能力，用could。
—______ I use your computer to finish my report —Sorry, you ______ not; it’s broken.
答案：May; can
解析：第一空表委婉请求用may，第二空表许可否定用can not。
—Must I return the book today —No, you ______; you can keep it for another three days.
答案：needn’t
解析：must的否定回答用needn’t，表“不必”。
The old man ______ (will) sit in the sun for hours every afternoon when he was alive.
答案：would
解析：表过去反复动作，用would。
She ______ (dare) not go out alone at night, so she always asks her brother to accompany her.
答案：dare
解析：dare作情态动词，用于否定句，无词形变化。
It’s already 10 p.m. My sister ______ (must) be asleep now.
答案：must
解析：表对现在的肯定推测，用must。
He ______ (may) have arrived at the airport; I’ll call to confirm.
答案：may
解析：表过去可能做了，无明确证据，用may have done。
You ______ well be right about the plan; let’s discuss it further.
答案：may
解析：考查“may well”固定搭配，意为“很可能”。
According to the law, all citizens ______ (shall) respect the national flag and anthem.
答案：shall
解析：表法律规定，用shall。
I ______ (need) not have taken an umbrella; it turned out to be a sunny day.
答案：need
解析：表“本不必带伞却带了”，用needn’t have done。
六、核心考点速记清单
1. 否定回答：must→needn’t；may→can’t；could（请求）→can’t
2. 推测句式：肯定用must/should/may；否定/疑问用can/could
3. 过去评价：should have done（该做未做）；needn’t have done（多余做了）；can’t have done（不可能做了）
4. 委婉语气：请求用could/would/might；建议用should/may as well
5. 双重性动词：need/dare区分情态（无to）和实义（有to/助动词）用法

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