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第三讲　专攻重难(2)—“立足原文、合理推测”的推理判断题
在阅读理解各类题型中，推理判断题是拉开差距的 “分水岭”。许多考生明明读懂了字面信息，却在“根据原文推断”的环节屡屡折戟。这背后，既有对 “推理” 本质的认知偏差，也有对命题规律的把握不足——这类题型考查的从来不是天马行空的想象，而是基于文本信息进行逻辑推演的理性思维。
正是洞察到这一痛点，本书从题型考法和命题设误手段两个维度构建破解之道，旨在让考生既懂命题规律，又明避坑策略，真正让推理判断题成为彰显思维品质的 “加分项”。
　　　第1课时　从题型考法角度细研推理判断题
　　推理判断题属于深层次理解类试题，主要考查考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，进行推理、判断的能力。推理判断题常见的设题角度有推断隐含意义、观点态度、写作意图以及文章出处或读者对象。此外，有时也可能考查人物性格、写作手法或篇章结构等。 正确选项特征 “立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
正确选项中一般不包含表示绝对概念的词汇，如only, never, all, absolutely等，常使用一些表示“模糊”概念的词，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
干扰选项特征 主观臆断 没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断。
过度推断 有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做出评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。
错误推断 某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。
以细节代替推断 只是原文简单的复述，而非推断出来的结论。
一、推断隐含意义——不被表意遮慧眼
推断隐含意义题，要求在读懂原文的基础上，作出合乎情理的推理与判断。此类题目的题干中常含有infer (推断), indicate (象征，暗示), imply (暗示), suggest (表明), conclude (得出结论), assume (假定，设想), learn from及know about等动词(短语)，或表示可能性的词汇probably, most likely，或表示推测的情态动词can, could, might等。
解题技法如下：
[例1]　(2025·全国Ⅱ卷·阅读D篇节选)
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does.Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
32．What can be inferred about the author's early life
A．He witnessed food shortage.
B．He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C．He donated food to Africans.
D．He helped to cook at home.
[解题示范]
第一步：分析设题点
综合题干信息及选项可知，本题考查作者的早期生活经历。
第二步：定位信息点
根据题干中的the author's early life定位信息至第一段最后一句。
第三步：解读信息点，推断隐含意义
字面意思：作者在南非长大，“非洲有孩子在挨饿” 这句话对他而言不是空话，而是对事实的 “不舒服的提醒”。
推理分析：“reminder of fact” 说明 “孩子挨饿” 是作者亲身感受到的真实情况，而非虚构或夸张，由此可推断他早年见证了食物短缺，与选项 A 呼应。
二、推断观点态度——是褒是贬分辨清
此类试题考查考生推断作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法的能力。在推断过程中，应特别注意文中的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。解这类题不可掺杂个人观点，不能主观评价作者或他人，要基于原文作出客观的判断。观点态度题的题干常出现“attitude, tone, agree, opinion, think about, develop(展开)”等词(语)。
(一)熟记五类观点常用词汇
肯定 positive 积极乐观的　optimistic 乐观的hopeful 有希望的 supportive 支持的promising 有前途的 favourable 赞许的
否定 negative 否定的，消极的disapproving 不赞成的　 critical 批评的unfavourable 不赞同的
怀疑 suspicious 　可疑的，怀疑的doubtful　　 可疑的
主/客观 subjective 主观的　objective 客观的
中立 neutral 中立的　indifferent 漠不关心的uninterested 不感兴趣的unconcerned 不关心的
(二)掌握三种解题技法
1．根据文章体裁推断观点、态度
议论文 文章的论点往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度立场
说明文 作者往往采取客观、中立的态度
记叙文 作者往往不直接提出观点，但常常有某种倾向性，读文时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词语
2.学会区分不同的观点，善于找出作者的观点
注意文中出现的直接引语和间接引语，其中体现的一般是当事人的观点，而不是作者的观点。作者的观点一般用in my opinion/view, personally, I think, I believe, as far as I'm concerned等词语引出。
3．通过作者在文章里的措辞以及一些表达感彩的词汇判断作者的态度
褒义词：useful, interesting, admiring, significant 等；贬义词：upset, disappointed, critical, unfriendly等。
[例2]　(2024·全国甲卷·阅读C篇节选)
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train's equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，”says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
31．What is Ducke's attitude toward the Saint Lukas' services
A．Appreciative.　　　 B．Doubtful.
C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious.
听讲随笔：　
　
　
[例3]　(2022·全国甲卷·阅读D篇节选)
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country，” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We've got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It's a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
35．Which statement will the author probably agree with
A．A city can be young and old at the same time.
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C．Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
听讲随笔：　
　
　
　
　
三、推断写作意图——把握规律准推断
写作意图题考查考生揣测作者的写作意图或目的的能力。这类题目要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，还能对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结。写作意图题的题干中常出现“function, purpose, mention, intend to, aim to”等词(语)。
1．根据文章体裁推断写作意图
记叙文 一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性语句，且往往有一定的哲理性，其余大部分的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开的。
新闻报道 新闻报道通常由导语和主体组成。把握导语就是找到了整篇文章的主旨，进而就可以了解写作意图。
应用文 文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显宣传介绍性的语言。写作意图主要为告知、推销或者吸引读者参观等。
说明文 写作意图依赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。
议论文 提出论点——进行论证——得出结论，作者的写作意图往往隐含于最后结论中。
2．根据写作手法推断写作意图
在文章开头提出问题或介绍与主题有关的其他事物 to bring in/to introduce the topic ...
举例或引用某人的话 to support/to show ...
[例4]　(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·阅读D篇节选)
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI powered future, and this is where AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革)．
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process ...
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super smart ...
Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI ...
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
35．What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To recommend a book on AI.
B．To give a brief account of AI history.
C．To clarify the definition of AI.
D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.
听讲随笔：　
　
[例5]　(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读B篇节选)
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
26．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John's research plans.
B．To show an application of John's idea.
C．To compare John's different jobs.
D．To erase doubts about John's invention.
听讲随笔：　
　
四、推断文章出处或读者对象——“语言特色”是抓手
文章出处题或读者对象题要求考生推断文章选自何处或文章的读者对象是谁。一般来讲，文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的题材和内容来推断，题干中常出现“taken from, come from, part, section”等词(语)。读者对象题要求考生根据内容和措辞推断，题干中常出现“intended readers, potential target readers”等词(语)。
1．由内容判出处和类别
所读文章有极强的时效性 newspaper/news report
新产品/新影片/演出介绍 advertisement
文章中有网址或其他网络典型用语，如click website
旅游景点方面的介绍 travel guide/brochure
时尚、名人或娱乐方面的介绍 magazine/journal/entertainment section
科普知识/研究介绍 science report/study report
教育性的文章 education section
活动介绍 notice/announcement
2.三步确定读者对象

[例6]　(2023·全国乙卷·阅读D篇节选)
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot ...
35．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A．How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B．A Short History of Australia
C．A History of the World in 100 Objects
D．How Art Works Tell Stories
听讲随笔：　
　
　
[例7]　(2025·东北三省联考·阅读A篇)
SUMMER FARM CAMP
Bring city kids to our hands on farm for an exciting summer adventure! Immerse them in a unique farm where they connect with nature, learn life skills, and have fun through hands on activities like animal care, cooking, crafting, and games.
AGE GROUPS & ACTIVITIES
Kindergarten Farm (Ages 4－5): Meet farm animals. Explore barns and gardens through music and games.
Fun at the Farm (Ages 6－8): Adopt a cow, learn animal care, and enjoy nature studies and crafts.
Farm Adventurers (Ages 9－11): Care for rabbits, sheep, and goats. Enjoy games and snacks，
Junior Farmers (Ages 12－14): Adopt a calf. Gain real farming experiences.
CAMP DATES & FEES
Dates Hours Fees Notes
June 23－June 27 9：00 a．m. －4：00 p．m. $410 For Fun at the Farm
June 30－July 4 9：00 a．m.－4：00 p．m. $340 For Kindergarten Farm & FarmAdventurers
July 7－August 15 9：00 a．m.－4：00 p．m. $410 For Junior Farmers
August 18－August 22 9：00 a．m. －4：00 p．m. $410 For Fun at the Farm& Farm Adventurers
DROP OFF & PICK UP
Camps run from 9：00 a．m. to 4：00 p．m. with flexible drop off (8：15 a．m.－9：00 a．m.) and pick up (4：00 p．m.－4：45 p．m.). Do remember to send and pick up your kids at the scheduled time.
REGISTRATION
Registration is now open. Camp spots are available on a first come, first served basis. Check our website regularly for updates.
23．Who is the text intended for
A．Farmers.　　　　　 B．Parents.
C．Teachers. D．Researchers.
听讲随笔：　
　
　
　
　
第2课时　从命题设误手段角度反观推理判断题
为提高阅读理解“推理判断题”的正答率，本部分从命题人常采用的设误手段、考生常犯的答题错误等方面给予揭示、指正。“知错”方能“改错”。明白了题目从何处来，才能知道解题往何处去。
易错点1　脱离原文文字信息，主观臆断
推理判断要求在理解原文的基础上，领会文章的隐含意义和深层意义，作出正确的推理判断。推理判断必须依据文中相关信息，绝不能主观臆断。
[例1]　(2025·全国Ⅰ卷·阅读B篇节选)
In my ninth grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A's, and a modern day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life.More than once, I found myself wondering just how my students, who'd created these people, knew their subjects so well.
But things were different for their first essay, which was about the question: “Why is writing important？” Most of the essays filled less than one page, and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis (论点) statement.I was shocked.Then I realized that the problem was the question itself.They could have written pages on the necessity of computers, but writing, in and of itself, simply didn't strike them as important.This would have to change.
25．Why did the students perform poorly in writing their first essay
A．They were not given enough time.
B．They had a very limited vocabulary.
C．They misunderstood the question.
D．They had little interest in the topic.
错因：考生容易根据常识进行推测而误选A(他们没有被给予足够的时间)或B(他们的词汇量非常有限)。这两项内容原文中未被提及，属于主观臆断。
分析：根据题干中的their first essay定位到节选部分第二段，根据第二段最后两句可知，学生表现不佳，问题就出在这个问题(Why is writing important？)本身上——他们本可以就电脑的必要性写上好多页，但写作本身对他们而言实在算不上重要。由此推知，学生对话题缺乏兴趣导致表现不佳。故选D。
易错点2　整体表达与原文信息吻合度高，仅局部不一致，偷换概念
偷换概念一般指干扰项的表达与原文信息句吻合程度较高，仅有部分词汇原文中没有体现或者和原文不一致，这容易给考生造成一种错觉，从而误选。针对此类选项，考生在解题时要根据题干中的关键词回原文定位，字斟句酌，准确理解原文。
[例2]　(2025·全国Ⅰ卷·阅读C篇节选)
Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back.Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
30．What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A．They boosted the sales of cars.
B．They turned out largely ineffective.
C．They won government support.
D．They advocated building new parks.
错因：本题易误选D。原文提到Jane Jacobs反对用高速公路取代公园(stop the destruction of her local park)，但并未说澳大利亚的运动主张建新公园(advocated building new parks)，故干扰选项D(它们倡导建设新的公园)属于典型的偷换概念。
分析：根据节选部分的第一段最后一句可知，20世纪60年代和70年代澳大利亚也发生了抗议“城市规划优先道路而牺牲社区”的活动。选段的第二段描述了尽管这些抗议活动的范围广泛，但根据“the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car”“The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly”“the highest rate of car ownership”可知，西方国家城市规划仍关注汽车出行的需求，尤其是澳大利亚汽车拥有率最高，由此可以推断城市规划仍以道路为中心，故这些抗议收效甚微。 故选B。
易错点3　原文虽提及，但与选项意思大相径庭，颠倒是非
颠倒是非是指选项涉及了原文中提及的内容，但是选项意思与之恰恰相反。因此，在解题时，对于选项要仔细斟酌比对，注意选项意思和原文意思的一致性。
[例3]　(2024·全国甲卷·阅读C篇节选)
Russia's public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
29．What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A．It is heavily populated.
B．It offers training for doctors.
C．It is a modern city.
D．It needs medical aid.
错因：本题易误选C。部分考生根据第一句中的“modernization”以及下文中的“by video chat”等信息而误选。文中虽然提及了这些现代化的手段，但是Krasnoyarsk却不是一个现代化的城市，而是一个“偏远的”地区。
分析：根据本段内容可知，俄罗斯政府在贫困的农村地区，如伏尔加河以东的克拉斯诺亚尔斯克，采取了一些措施来解决公共医疗服务现代化的问题，包括视频预约医生和扩展财政援助项目以激励医生在偏远地区行医。这表明克拉斯诺亚尔斯克需要医疗援助。故选D项。
易错点4　忽视语境逻辑，过度推断
有时作者仅简单、客观地叙述事实，并未作出评论，而部分选项却扩大作者的叙述范围，进行过度推断。
[例4]　(2021·天津3月高考·阅读D篇节选)
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. “I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit.”
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
错因：本题易误选C项。选项C说每个人都有成功的机会，而原文中只提到Toni 正在追求自己的兴趣，并未评价是否成功，更不能推断出所有人都有希望成功，C项属于过度推断。
分析：根据本段中“Some of your interests ... that they are.”可知，作者引用Toni的例子旨在说明有些兴趣爱好看似互不相干，但一旦你深度探究就会发现它们之间是有关联的。故选D。
易错点5　用个人观点取代作者观点
在推断作者观点态度的试题中，考生由于思维定式，或受到文中某些非关键信息的干扰很容易凭主观臆断做出错误的选择。做该类题目时，如果文中没有直接表明作者观点态度的词句，考生要根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达情感色彩的词，以及作者所举的事例，读懂弦外之音，来正确推断其观点态度，不能主观臆断，用个人观点取代作者的观点。
[例5]　(2023·全国乙卷·阅读D篇节选)
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
33．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific.
B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay.
D．His record was one sided.
错因：本题易误选A项。部分考生仅根据“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day.”就主观臆断做出错误的判断。
分析：根据选段首句以及最后一句可知，作者认为历史应该是文字和实物相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到这一点。中间部分通过举例说明库克船长的记录是片面的。故选D。
A
(2025·哈尔滨二模)Every great idea begins with a spark (火花) of realization — and for Snehha Naarsaria, an accountant and a mom in Portugal，that spark came from her own home.
Financial literacy (专业知识) is no longer a skill reserved for adults; it is becoming a fundamental part of a child's education.But teaching financial concepts to a child turned out to be harder than Snehha Naarsaria had expected.There were no engaging tools, no reliable materials, and no clear ways to introduce these basic skills to a young mind.This disconnection between knowledge and application struck her deeply and that was when the idea for Fin Free Kid was born.
Fin Free Kid is an innovative initiative that equips children with necessary money management skills through appealing books, flashcards，DIY kits, posters, and an immersive (沉浸式的) course.It offers comprehensive learning aids which cover different aspects of financial literacy.The resources aren't just about teaching — they're about empowering kids to think independently, make informed decisions, and develop habits that will serve them for life.
With a strong focus on quality and customer satisfaction, the program has earned widespread praise for its exceptional service and transformative impact on young learners.Parents have reported a noticeable shift in their children's attitudes and behavior after using Fin Free Kid's products.Many children have developed the habit of saving money and learned to make more thoughtful spending choices.A feature described Fin Free Kid as “a pioneer in financial education for kids, bridging the gap in a crucial area of learning”．
With its growing popularity and the trust of parents across Portugal, Fin Free Kid plans to introduce advanced learning materials for older children and expand its partnerships with schools to integrate financial literacy into courses.“Our mission is to make sure that every child has the tools and knowledge to deal with the complexities of the financial world，” says Snehha Naarsaria.“The changes we've seen in children so far are just the beginning.Together, we're building financially literate generations.”
1．What inspired Snehha Naarsaria to create Fin Free Kid？(　　)
A．Rising concerns about overspending.
B．Lack of effective educational resources.
C．Her success as a professional accountant.
D．Children's desire to learn financial concepts.
2．What is an advantage of Fin Free Kid？(　　)
A．It improves reading skills.
B．It guarantees financial success.
C．It attaches importance to theories.
D．It contributes to lifelong development.
3．Why does the author quote the feature？(　　)
A．To criticize traditional financial education.
B．To compare Fin Free Kid with other programs.
C．To highlight the program's groundbreaking role.
D．To illustrate the significance of financial education.
4．What is the ultimate goal of Fin Free Kid according to Snehha？(　　)
A．To strengthen its cooperation with schools.
B．To make it influential throughout the world.
C．To promote financial literacy for generations.
D．To prepare kids to handle real world challenges.
B
(2025·合肥二模)Precision agriculture is one of the most significant trends in modern farming.One particularly promising application involves the use of real time imaging to visualize how tiny drops of liquid are forming on plant surfaces.Unlike conventional agriculture where farmers often rely on general estimates and uniform application of pesticides (杀虫剂) across the entire field, this technology helps farmers maximize productivity while minimizing inputs.
This development originated from the work of Vishnu Jayaprakash, who had some family exposure to the process of spraying (喷洒) crops and recognized that the main challenge in that process is how to make water based sprays interact effectively with surfaces of plants.Several factors influence this process, including the pressure, flow and nozzle (喷嘴) design of the application device, and the temperature, sunlight intensity, wind and other conditions at the time of spraying.
To effectively address this issue, Jayaprakash developed a two camera system that can be connected to typical spraying equipment and use imaging of the sprayed solution on the target plants to determine necessary adjustments for the best degree of coverage with appropriately sized tiny drops.The system can be used to make on the go adjustments in order to get the spray coverage “just right”．This allows farmers to use only 20%－30% of the product per acre (英亩) while maintaining key functions like pest control, fertilization, and growth regulation.
The advancement in precision agriculture is helping farmers reduce costs while maintaining crop protection.Susan Scheufele, an extension researcher at the University of Massachusetts, has conducted field trials with this technology on vegetable crops.In trials for cotton leaf removal, it has shown positive results even when used at 50% of the minimum recommended application rate on the product label.
The primary benefit of precision agriculture methods lies beyond cost savings.Despite the fact that this technology still has a long way to go, its adoption ensures that chemical remains in crops are well below harmful levels, safeguarding ecosystems and food safety.
5．What can be learned about precision agriculture in paragraph 1？(　　)
A．It visualizes plants more clearly.
B．It uses pesticides more accurately.
C．It continuously monitors plant growth.
D．It estimates the need of the entire field.
6．How does Jayaprakash's two camera system work？(　　)
A．By guiding spraying equipment to target plant surfaces.
B．By calculating the precise amount of pesticide required.
C．By making real time adjustments to enhance spray coverage.
D．By using imaging to closely monitor plant growth and health.
7．Why does the author mention Susan Scheufele's field trials？(　　)
A．To analyze the responses of different crops.
B．To compare the application rates across crops.
C．To illustrate the effectiveness of the technology.
D．To highlight the limitations of traditional farming.
8．What is the author's attitude toward precision agriculture？(　　)
A．Intolerant. B．Doubtful.
C．Unclear. D．Approving.
第三讲　专攻重难(2)
第1课时　
例2 该题考查对文章中人物观点态度的判断。根据题干中的Ducke可把信息点定位在Ducke说的话这一部分。根据Ducke说的话中表达情感态度的词“impressed”和“best”可以推断出Ducke的态度是正向的。对比四个选项可知，A项“赞赏的”与原文意义相符。
例3 该题考查议论文中对作者观点态度的判断。根据节选段第一段前两句“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony.”可知，一座新旧交融的城市具有其魅力。再结合节选段第二段中的“He is right”可推断出，作者直接表明赞同安东尼的观点这一立场，即认为一座城市的年轻元素和古老元素可以并存。故选A。
例4 快速浏览文章可知，本文是一篇事物说明文。根据文章首段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives ...posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革)．”和文章尾段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell的新书，该书是应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，且文章从商业视角阐述AI发展的现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。综上可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence这本关于人工智能的书。故A项正确。
例5 节选部分先提到了约翰的发明取得成功的情形，然后运用举例说明的写作手法进一步展开阐释。由此可推知，下文提到净化福州的运河水是为了举例说明约翰的发明及其理念在实践中的应用，故选 B。
例6 根据本段第一句中的“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that”可知，这本书的一些章节做到了文字和历史实物相结合来讲述历史，由此可推知，这本书的书名应该包含关键词“a history”“texts and objects”等，故C项“《100件实物中的世界历史》”最符合。
例7 首先，通读全文，快速把握文章的核心内容。这篇文章的标题是“SUMMER FARM CAMP”，开篇第一句“Bring city kids to our hands on farm for an exciting summer adventure！”就点明主题。由此可以明确，本文的主题是一则为儿童举办的“夏令营招生广告”。
其次，看文章内容和语言适合什么群体。从内容信息来看，文章提供的信息完全是围绕“为孩子报名”这一决策过程而设置的。从语言风格来看，文章使用了“exciting adventure” “unique farm” “have fun”等充满吸引力的词汇，旨在激发读者的兴趣，让他们相信这是一个对孩子有益且有趣的活动。这是典型的广告语言。最关键的证据出现在“DROP OFF & PICK UP”部分：“Do remember to send and pick up your kids at the scheduled time.”这里的物主代词“your”和名词“kids”组合在一起，直接点明了文章是在与“有孩子的人”对话，从而可以确定读者身份。
最后，依文章特点对号入座。B选项Parents完美匹配。文章的主题(儿童夏令营)、内容(年龄、费用、安全接送等)和语言(直接称呼“your kids”)都精准地指向了正在为孩子寻找暑期活动的家长。故选B。
第2课时　
[A]
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Snehha Naarsaria因在教育孩子金融知识时发现缺乏有效资源，从而创立了Fin Free Kid项目，该项目通过多种方式帮助孩子培养理财技能，获得了广泛赞誉，并计划进一步发展。
1．选B　推理判断题。根据第二段的“There were no engaging tools, no reliable materials, and no clear ways to introduce these basic skills to a young mind ...Fin Free Kid was born”可知，缺乏有效的教育资源促使Snehha Naarsaria萌生了创建Fin Free Kid的想法。B项“Lack of effective educational resources”是对文中的“no engaging tools, no reliable materials, and no clear ways”的概括。
2．选D　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The resources aren't just about teaching — they're about empowering kids ...develop habits that will serve them for life.”可知，Fin Free Kid的资源有助于孩子独立思考、做出明智决策并养成终身受用的习惯，即有助于孩子的终身发展。D项的“contributes to lifelong development”与文中的“develop habits that will serve them for life”表述一致，为同义转换。
3．选C　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“A feature described Fin Free Kid as ‘a pioneer in financial education for kids, bridging the gap in a crucial area of learning’．”可知，作者引用此报道是为了突出该项目在儿童金融教育领域的开创性作用。C项的“groundbreaking role”与文中的“a pioneer”是同义转换。
4．选C　细节理解题。根据最后一段Snehha Naarsaria的话“Our mission is to make sure that every child has the tools and knowledge to deal with the complexities of the financial world”“Together, we're building financially literate generations”可知，Snehha认为他们的使命是确保每个孩子都有能力应对金融世界的复杂性，共同培养具备金融素养的几代人。C项“To promote financial literacy for generations”与文中的“building financially literate generations”表达的意思一致。
[B]
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了精准农业中利用实时成像技术来提高喷洒效率、降低成本以及这种技术对生态系统和食品安全的积极影响。
5．选B　推理判断题。根据第一段的“Unlike conventional agriculture ...this technology helps farmers maximize productivity while minimizing inputs.”可知，传统农业中农民常常依赖于大致的估算，并在整块田地里均匀地喷洒杀虫剂，而精准农业能够帮助农民在将投入减至最低的同时实现产量最大化。由此可知，精准农业能够更精准地使用杀虫剂。
6．选C　细节理解题。根据第三段的“Jayaprakash developed a two camera system ...The system can be used to make on the go adjustments in order to get the spray coverage‘just right’．”可知，Jayaprakash 开发的双摄像头系统可以连接到典型的喷洒设备上，利用目标植物上喷洒溶液的成像来确定必要的调整，以获得最佳的覆盖程度，即该系统可以进行即时调整以使喷洒覆盖恰到好处。
7．选C　推理判断题。根据第四段的“Susan Scheufele ...it has shown positive results even when used at 50% of the minimum recommended application rate on the product label.”可知，作者提到Susan Scheufele进行的田间试验是在说明精准农业能帮助农民降低成本并保护作物，即这项技术的有效性。
8．选D　推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Despite the fact ...its adoption ensures that chemical remains in crops are well below harmful levels, safeguarding ecosystems and food safety.”以及上文对精准农业在提高效率、降低成本等方面的描述可知，虽然这项技术还有很长的路要走，但作者认为它能确保作物中的化学残留远低于有害水平，保护生态系统和食品安全。因此，作者对精准农业持赞成的态度。
1 / 15(共84张PPT)
第三讲 专攻重难(2)—“立足原文、
合理推测”的推理判断题
在阅读理解各类题型中，推理判断题是拉开差距的 “分水岭”。许多考生明明读懂了字面信息，却在“根据原文推断”的环节屡屡折戟。这背后，既有对 “推理” 本质的认知偏差，也有对命题规律的把握不足——这类题型考查的从来不是天马行空的想象，而是基于文本信息进行逻辑推演的理性思维。
正是洞察到这一痛点，本书从题型考法和命题设误手段两个维度构建破解之道，旨在让考生既懂命题规律，又明避坑策略，真正让推理判断题成为彰显思维品质的 “加分项”。
目
录
CONTENTS
第1课时 从题型法角度细研推理判断题
1
第2课时 从命题设误手段角度反观推理判断题
2
输入你的标题
1
第1课时　 从题型法角度细研推理判断题
1
推理判断题属于深层次理解类试题，主要考查考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，进行推理、判断的能力。
推理判断题常见的设题角度有推断隐含意义、观点态度、写作意图以及文章出处或读者对象。此外，有时也可能考查人物性格、写作手法或篇章结构等。
正确选项特征 “立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
正确选项中一般不包含表示绝对概念的词汇，如only, never, all, absolutely等，常使用一些表示“模糊”概念的词，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
干扰选项特征 主观臆断 没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断。
过度推断 有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做出评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。
错误推断 某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。
以细节代替推断 只是原文简单的复述，而非推断出来的结论。
续
表
一、推断隐含意义——不被表意遮慧眼
推断隐含意义题，要求在读懂原文的基础上，作出合乎情理的推理与判断。此类题目的题干中常含有infer (推断), indicate (象征，暗示), imply (暗示), suggest (表明), conclude (得出结论), assume (假定，设想), learn from及know about等动词(短语)，或表示可能性的词汇probably, most likely，或表示推测的情态动词can, could, might等。
解题技法如下：
[例1]　(2025·全国Ⅱ卷·阅读D篇节选)
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does.Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
32．What can be inferred about the author's early life
A．He witnessed food shortage.
B．He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C．He donated food to Africans.
D．He helped to cook at home.
[解题示范]
第一步：分析设题点
综合题干信息及选项可知，本题考查作者的早期生活经历。
第二步：定位信息点
根据题干中的the author's early life定位信息至第一段最后一句。
第三步：解读信息点，推断隐含意义
字面意思：作者在南非长大，“非洲有孩子在挨饿” 这句话对他而言不是空话，而是对事实的 “不舒服的提醒”。
推理分析：“reminder of fact” 说明 “孩子挨饿” 是作者亲身感受到的真实情况，而非虚构或夸张，由此可推断他早年见证了食物短缺，与选项 A 呼应。
二、推断观点态度——是褒是贬分辨清
此类试题考查考生推断作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法的能力。在推断过程中，应特别注意文中的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。解这类题不可掺杂个人观点，不能主观评价作者或他人，要基于原文作出客观的判断。观点态度题的题干常出现“attitude, tone, agree, opinion, think about, develop(展开)”等词(语)。
(一)熟记五类观点常用词汇
肯定 positive 积极乐观的　optimistic 乐观的
hopeful 有希望的 supportive 支持的
promising 有前途的 favourable 赞许的
否定 negative 否定的，消极的
disapproving 不赞成的　 critical 批评的
unfavourable 不赞同的
怀疑 suspicious 　 可疑的，怀疑的
doubtful　　 可疑的
主/客观 subjective 主观的　 objective 客观的
中立 neutral 中立的　 indifferent 漠不关心的
uninterested 不感兴趣的
unconcerned 不关心的
续表
(二)掌握三种解题技法
1．根据文章体裁推断观点、态度
议论文 文章的论点往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度立场
说明文 作者往往采取客观、中立的态度
记叙文 作者往往不直接提出观点，但常常有某种倾向性，读文时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词语
2.学会区分不同的观点，善于找出作者的观点
注意文中出现的直接引语和间接引语，其中体现的一般是当事人的观点，而不是作者的观点。作者的观点一般用in my opinion/view, personally, I think, I believe, as far as I'm concerned等词语引出。
3．通过作者在文章里的措辞以及一些表达感彩的词汇判断作者的态度
褒义词：useful, interesting, admiring, significant 等；
贬义词：upset, disappointed, critical, unfriendly等。
[例2]　(2024·全国甲卷·阅读C篇节选)
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train's equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，”says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
31．What is Ducke's attitude toward the Saint Lukas' services
A．Appreciative.　　　 B．Doubtful.
C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious.
分析：该题考查对文章中人物观点态度的判断。根据题干中的Ducke可把信息点定位在Ducke说的话这一部分。根据Ducke说的话中表达情感态度的词“impressed”和“best”可以推断出Ducke的态度是正向的。对比四个选项可知，A项“赞赏的”与原文意义相符。
[例3]　(2022·全国甲卷·阅读D篇节选)
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country，” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We've got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It's a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
35．Which statement will the author probably agree with
A．A city can be young and old at the same time.
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C．Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
分析：该题考查议论文中对作者观点态度的判断。根据节选段第一段前两句“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony.”可知，一座新旧交融的城市具有其魅力。再结合节选段第二段中的“He is right”可推断出，作者直接表明赞同安东尼的观点这一立场，即认为一座城市的年轻元素和古老元素可以并存。故选A。
三、推断写作意图——把握规律准推断
写作意图题考查考生揣测作者的写作意图或目的的能力。这类题目要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，还能对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结。写作意图题的题干中常出现“function, purpose, mention, intend to, aim to”等词(语)。
1．根据文章体裁推断写作意图
记叙文 一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性语句，且往往有一定的哲理性，其余大部分的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开的。
新闻 报道 新闻报道通常由导语和主体组成。把握导语就是找到了整篇文章的主旨，进而就可以了解写作意图。
应用文 文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显宣传介绍性的语言。写作意图主要为告知、推销或者吸引读者参观等。
说明文 写作意图依赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。
议论文 提出论点——进行论证——得出结论，作者的写作意图往往隐含于最后结论中。
续表
2．根据写作手法推断写作意图
在文章开头提出问题或介绍与主题有关的其他事物 to bring in/to introduce the topic ...
举例或引用某人的话 to support/to show ...
[例4]　(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·阅读D篇节选)
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI powered future, and this is where AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革)．
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process ...
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super smart ...
Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI ...
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
35．What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To recommend a book on AI.
B．To give a brief account of AI history.
C．To clarify the definition of AI.
D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.
分析：快速浏览文章可知，本文是一篇事物说明文。根据文章首段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives ...posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革)．”和文章尾段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell的新书，该书是应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，且文章从商业视角阐述AI发展的现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。综上可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence这本关于人工智能的书。故A项正确。
[例5]　(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读B篇节选)
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse- like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco -machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
26．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John's research plans.
B．To show an application of John's idea.
C．To compare John's different jobs.
D．To erase doubts about John's invention.
分析：节选部分先提到了约翰的发明取得成功的情形，然后运用举例说明的写作手法进一步展开阐释。由此可推知，下文提到净化福州的运河水是为了举例说明约翰的发明及其理念在实践中的应用，故选 B。
四、推断文章出处或读者对象——“语言特色”是抓手
文章出处题或读者对象题要求考生推断文章选自何处或文章的读者对象是谁。一般来讲，文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的题材和内容来推断，题干中常出现“taken from, come from, part, section”等词(语)。读者对象题要求考生根据内容和措辞推断，题干中常出现“intended readers, potential target readers”等词(语)。
1．由内容判出处和类别
所读文章有极强的时效性 newspaper/news report
新产品/新影片/演出介绍 advertisement
文章中有网址或其他网络典型用语，如click website
旅游景点方面的介绍 travel guide/brochure
时尚、名人或娱乐方面的介绍 magazine/journal/entertainment section
科普知识/研究介绍 science report/study report
教育性的文章 education section
活动介绍 notice/announcement
2．三步确定读者对象
[例6]　(2023·全国乙卷·阅读D篇节选)
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot ...
35．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A．How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B．A Short History of Australia
C．A History of the World in 100 Objects
D．How Art Works Tell Stories
分析：根据本段第一句中的“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that”可知，这本书的一些章节做到了文字和历史实物相结合来讲述历史，由此可推知，这本书的书名应该包含关键词“a history”“texts and objects”等，故C项“《100件实物中的世界历史》”最符合。
[例7]　(2025·东北三省联考·阅读A篇)
SUMMER FARM CAMP
Bring city kids to our hands－on farm for an exciting summer adventure! Immerse them in a unique farm where they connect with nature, learn life skills, and have fun through hands－on activities like animal care, cooking, crafting, and games.
AGE GROUPS & ACTIVITIES
Kindergarten Farm (Ages 4－5): Meet farm animals. Explore barns and gardens through music and games.
Fun at the Farm (Ages 6－8): Adopt a cow, learn animal care, and enjoy nature studies and crafts.
Farm Adventurers (Ages 9－11): Care for rabbits, sheep, and goats. Enjoy games and snacks，
Junior Farmers (Ages 12－14): Adopt a calf. Gain real farming experiences.
CAMP DATES & FEES
Dates Hours Fees Notes
June 23－June 27 9：00 a．m. －4：00 p．m. $410 For Fun at the Farm
June 30－July 4 9：00 a．m.－4：00 p．m. $340 For Kindergarten Farm & Farm
Adventurers
July 7－August 15 9：00 a．m.－4：00 p．m. $410 For Junior Farmers
August 18－August 22 9：00 a．m. －4：00 p．m. $410 For Fun at the Farm& Farm Adventurers
DROP -OFF & PICK UP
Camps run from 9：00 a．m. to 4：00 p．m. with flexible drop－off (8：15 a．m.－9：00 a．m.) and pick－up (4：00 p．m.－4：45 p．m.). Do remember to send and pick up your kids at the scheduled time.
REGISTRATION
Registration is now open. Camp spots are available on a first come, first served basis. Check our website regularly for updates.
23．Who is the text intended for
A．Farmers.　　　　　 B．Parents.
C．Teachers. D．Researchers.
分析：首先，通读全文，快速把握文章的核心内容。这篇文章的标题是“SUMMER FARM CAMP”，开篇第一句“Bring city kids to our hands on farm for an exciting summer adventure！”就点明主题。由此可以明确，本文的主题是一则为儿童举办的“夏令营招生广告”。
其次，看文章内容和语言适合什么群体。从内容信息来看，文章提供的信息完全是围绕“为孩子报名”这一决策过程而设置的。从语言风格来看，文章使用了“exciting adventure” “unique farm” “have fun”等充满吸引力的词汇，旨在激发读者的兴趣，让他们相信这是一个对孩子有益且有趣的活动。这是典型的广告语言。最关键的证据出现在“DROP－OFF & PICK－UP”部分：“Do remember to send and pick up your kids at the scheduled time.”这里的物主代词“your”和名词“kids”组合在一起，直接点明了文章是在与“有孩子的人”对话，从而可以确定读者身份。
最后，依文章特点对号入座。B选项Parents完美匹配。文章的主题(儿童夏令营)、内容(年龄、费用、安全接送等)和语言(直接称呼“your kids”)都精准地指向了正在为孩子寻找暑期活动的家长。故选B。
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2 第2课时　从命题设误手段角度反观推理判断题
提高阅读理解“推理判断题”的正答率，本部分从命题人常采用的设误手段、考生常犯的答题错误等方面给予揭示、指正。“知错”方能“改错”。明白了题目从何处来，才能知道解题往何处去。
易错点1　脱离原文文字信息，主观臆断
推理判断要求在理解原文的基础上，领会文章的隐含意义和深层意义，作出正确的推理判断。推理判断必须依据文中相关信息，绝不能主观臆断。
[例1]　(2025·全国Ⅰ卷·阅读B篇节选)
In my ninth- grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A's, and a modern- day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life.More than once, I found myself wondering just how my students, who'd created these people, knew their subjects so well.
But things were different for their first essay, which was about the question: “Why is writing important？” Most of the essays filled less than one page, and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis (论点) statement.I was shocked.Then I realized that the problem was the question itself.They could have written pages on the necessity of computers, but writing, in and of itself, simply didn't strike them as important.This would have to change.
25．Why did the students perform poorly in writing their first essay
A．They were not given enough time.
B．They had a very limited vocabulary.
C．They misunderstood the question.
D．They had little interest in the topic.
错因：考生容易根据常识进行推测而误选A(他们没有被给予足够的时间)或B(他们的词汇量非常有限)。这两项内容原文中未被提及，属于主观臆断。
分析：根据题干中的their first essay定位到节选部分第二段，根据第二段最后两句可知，学生表现不佳，问题就出在这个问题(Why is writing important？)本身上——他们本可以就电脑的必要性写上好多页，但写作本身对他们而言实在算不上重要。由此推知，学生对话题缺乏兴趣导致表现不佳。故选D。
易错点2　整体表达与原文信息吻合度高，仅局部不一致，偷换概念
偷换概念一般指干扰项的表达与原文信息句吻合程度较高，仅有部分词汇原文中没有体现或者和原文不一致，这容易给考生造成一种错觉，从而误选。针对此类选项，考生在解题时要根据题干中的关键词回原文定位，字斟句酌，准确理解原文。
[例2]　(2025·全国Ⅰ卷·阅读C篇节选)
Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back.Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty- six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
30．What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A．They boosted the sales of cars.
B．They turned out largely ineffective.
C．They won government support.
D．They advocated building new parks.
错因：本题易误选D。原文提到Jane Jacobs反对用高速公路取代公园(stop the destruction of her local park)，但并未说澳大利亚的运动主张建新公园(advocated building new parks)，故干扰选项D(它们倡导建设新的公园)属于典型的偷换概念。
分析：根据节选部分的第一段最后一句可知，20世纪60年代和70年代澳大利亚也发生了抗议“城市规划优先道路而牺牲社区”的活动。选段的第二段描述了尽管这些抗议活动的范围广泛，但根据“the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car”“The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly”“the highest rate of car ownership”可知，西方国家城市规划仍关注汽车出行的需求，尤其是澳大利亚汽车拥有率最高，由此可以推断城市规划仍以道路为中心，故这些抗议收效甚微。 故选B。
易错点3　原文虽提及，但与选项意思大相径庭，颠倒是非
颠倒是非是指选项涉及了原文中提及的内容，但是选项意思与之恰恰相反。因此，在解题时，对于选项要仔细斟酌比对，注意选项意思和原文意思的一致性。
[例3]　(2024·全国甲卷·阅读C篇节选)
Russia's public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
29．What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A．It is heavily populated.
B．It offers training for doctors.
C．It is a modern city.
D．It needs medical aid.
错因：本题易误选C。部分考生根据第一句中的“modernization”以及下文中的“by video chat”等信息而误选。文中虽然提及了这些现代化的手段，但是Krasnoyarsk却不是一个现代化的城市，而是一个“偏远的”地区。
分析：根据本段内容可知，俄罗斯政府在贫困的农村地区，如伏尔加河以东的克拉斯诺亚尔斯克，采取了一些措施来解决公共医疗服务现代化的问题，包括视频预约医生和扩展财政援助项目以激励医生在偏远地区行医。这表明克拉斯诺亚尔斯克需要医疗援助。故选D项。
易错点4　忽视语境逻辑，过度推断
有时作者仅简单、客观地叙述事实，并未作出评论，而部分选项却扩大作者的叙述范围，进行过度推断。
[例4]　(2021·天津3月高考·阅读D篇节选)
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. “I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit.”
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
错因：本题易误选C项。选项C说每个人都有成功的机会，而原文中只提到Toni 正在追求自己的兴趣，并未评价是否成功，更不能推断出所有人都有希望成功，C项属于过度推断。
分析：根据本段中“Some of your interests ... that they are.”可知，作者引用Toni的例子旨在说明有些兴趣爱好看似互不相干，但一旦你深度探究就会发现它们之间是有关联的。故选D。
易错点5　用个人观点取代作者观点
在推断作者观点态度的试题中，考生由于思维定式，或受到文中某些非关键信息的干扰很容易凭主观臆断做出错误的选择。做该类题目时，如果文中没有直接表明作者观点态度的词句，考生要根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达情感色彩的词，以及作者所举的事例，读懂弦外之音，来正确推断其观点态度，不能主观臆断，用个人观点取代作者的观点。
[例5]　(2023·全国乙卷·阅读D篇节选)
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
33．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific.
B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay.
D．His record was one- sided.
错因：本题易误选A项。部分考生仅根据“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day.”就主观臆断做出错误的判断。
分析：根据选段首句以及最后一句可知，作者认为历史应该是文字和实物相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到这一点。中间部分通过举例说明库克船长的记录是片面的。故选D。
随堂训练·应用体验
A
(2025·哈尔滨二模)Every great idea begins with a spark (火花) of realization — and for Snehha Naarsaria, an accountant and a mom in Portugal，that spark came from her own home.
Financial literacy (专业知识) is no longer a skill reserved for adults; it is becoming a fundamental part of a child's education.But teaching financial concepts to a child turned out to be harder than Snehha Naarsaria had expected.There were no engaging tools, no reliable materials, and no clear ways to introduce these basic skills to a young mind.This disconnection between knowledge and application struck her deeply and that was when the idea for Fin Free Kid was born.
Fin Free Kid is an innovative initiative that equips children with necessary money management skills through appealing books, flashcards，DIY kits, posters, and an immersive (沉浸式的) course.It offers comprehensive learning aids which cover different aspects of financial literacy.The resources aren't just about teaching — they're about empowering kids to think independently, make informed decisions, and develop habits that will serve them for life.
With a strong focus on quality and customer satisfaction, the program has earned widespread praise for its exceptional service and transformative impact on young learners.Parents have reported a noticeable shift in their children's attitudes and behavior after using Fin Free Kid's products.Many children have developed the habit of saving money and learned to make more thoughtful spending choices.A feature described Fin Free Kid as “a pioneer in financial education for kids, bridging the gap in a crucial area of learning”．
With its growing popularity and the trust of parents across Portugal, Fin Free Kid plans to introduce advanced learning materials for older children and expand its partnerships with schools to integrate financial literacy into courses.“Our mission is to make sure that every child has the tools and knowledge to deal with the complexities of the financial world，” says Snehha Naarsaria.“The changes we've seen in children so far are just the beginning.Together, we're building financially literate generations.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Snehha Naarsaria因在教育孩子金融知识时发现缺乏有效资源，从而创立了Fin Free Kid项目，该项目通过多种方式帮助孩子培养理财技能，获得了广泛赞誉，并计划进一步发展。
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段的“There were no engaging tools, no reliable materials, and no clear ways to introduce these basic skills to a young mind ...Fin Free Kid was born”可知，缺乏有效的教育资源促使Snehha Naarsaria萌生了创建Fin Free Kid的想法。B项“Lack of effective educational resources”是对文中的“no engaging tools, no reliable materials, and no clear ways”的概括。
1．What inspired Snehha Naarsaria to create Fin Free Kid
A．Rising concerns about overspending.
B．Lack of effective educational resources.
C．Her success as a professional accountant.
D．Children's desire to learn financial concepts.
√
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The resources aren't just about teaching — they're about empowering kids ...develop habits that will serve them for life.”可知，Fin Free Kid的资源有助于孩子独立思考、做出明智决策并养成终身受用的习惯，即有助于孩子的终身发展。D项的“contributes to lifelong development”与文中的“develop habits that will serve them for life”表述一致，为同义转换。
2．What is an advantage of Fin Free Kid
A．It improves reading skills.
B．It guarantees financial success.
C．It attaches importance to theories.
D．It contributes to lifelong development.
√
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“A feature described Fin Free Kid as ‘a pioneer in financial education for kids, bridging the gap in a crucial area of learning’．”可知，作者引用此报道是为了突出该项目在儿童金融教育领域的开创性作用。C项的“groundbreaking role”与文中的“a pioneer”是同义转换。
3．Why does the author quote the feature
A．To criticize traditional financial education.
B．To compare Fin Free Kid with other programs.
C．To highlight the program's groundbreaking role.
D．To illustrate the significance of financial education.
√
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段Snehha Naarsaria的话“Our mission is to make sure that every child has the tools and knowledge to deal with the complexities of the financial world”“Together, we're building financially literate generations”可知，Snehha认为他们的使命是确保每个孩子都有能力应对金融世界的复杂性，共同培养具备金融素养的几代人。C项“To promote financial literacy for generations”与文中的“building financially literate generations”表达的意思一致。
4．What is the ultimate goal of Fin Free Kid according to Snehha
A．To strengthen its cooperation with schools.
B．To make it influential throughout the world.
C．To promote financial literacy for generations.
D．To prepare kids to handle real world challenges.
√
B
(2025·合肥二模)Precision agriculture is one of the most significant trends in modern farming.One particularly promising application involves the use of real time imaging to visualize how tiny drops of liquid are forming on plant surfaces.Unlike conventional agriculture where farmers often rely on general estimates and uniform application of pesticides (杀虫剂) across the entire field, this technology helps farmers maximize productivity while minimizing inputs.
This development originated from the work of Vishnu Jayaprakash, who had some family exposure to the process of spraying (喷洒) crops and recognized that the main challenge in that process is how to make water- based sprays interact effectively with surfaces of plants.Several factors influence this process, including the pressure, flow and nozzle (喷嘴) design of the application device, and the temperature, sunlight intensity, wind and other conditions at the time of spraying.
To effectively address this issue, Jayaprakash developed a two camera system that can be connected to typical spraying equipment and use imaging of the sprayed solution on the target plants to determine necessary adjustments for the best degree of coverage with appropriately sized tiny drops.The system can be used to make on- the go adjustments in order to get the spray coverage “just right”．This allows farmers to use only 20%－30% of the product per acre (英亩) while maintaining key functions like pest control, fertilization, and growth regulation.
The advancement in precision agriculture is helping farmers reduce costs while maintaining crop protection.Susan Scheufele, an extension researcher at the University of Massachusetts, has conducted field trials with this technology on vegetable crops.In trials for cotton leaf removal, it has shown positive results even when used at 50% of the minimum recommended application rate on the product label.
The primary benefit of precision agriculture methods lies beyond cost savings.Despite the fact that this technology still has a long way to go, its adoption ensures that chemical remains in crops are well below harmful levels, safeguarding ecosystems and food safety.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了精准农业中利用实时成像技术来提高喷洒效率、降低成本以及这种技术对生态系统和食品安全的积极影响。
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的“Unlike conventional agriculture ...this technology helps farmers maximize productivity while minimizing inputs.”可知，传统农业中农民常常依赖于大致的估算，并在整块田地里均匀地喷洒杀虫剂，而精准农业能够帮助农民在将投入减至最低的同时实现产量最大化。由此可知，精准农业能够更精准地使用杀虫剂。
5．What can be learned about precision agriculture in paragraph 1
A．It visualizes plants more clearly.
B．It uses pesticides more accurately.
C．It continuously monitors plant growth.
D．It estimates the need of the entire field.
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解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的“Jayaprakash developed a two camera system ...The system can be used to make on -the- go adjustments in order to get the spray coverage‘just right’．”可知，Jayaprakash 开发的双摄像头系统可以连接到典型的喷洒设备上，利用目标植物上喷洒溶液的成像来确定必要的调整，以获得最佳的覆盖程度，即该系统可以进行即时调整以使喷洒覆盖恰到好处。
6．How does Jayaprakash's two- camera system work
A．By guiding spraying equipment to target plant surfaces.
B．By calculating the precise amount of pesticide required.
C．By making real- time adjustments to enhance spray coverage.
D．By using imaging to closely monitor plant growth and health.
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解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的“Susan Scheufele ...it has shown positive results even when used at 50% of the minimum recommended application rate on the product label.”可知，作者提到Susan Scheufele进行的田间试验是在说明精准农业能帮助农民降低成本并保护作物，即这项技术的有效性。
7．Why does the author mention Susan Scheufele's field trials
A．To analyze the responses of different crops.
B．To compare the application rates across crops.
C．To illustrate the effectiveness of the technology.
D．To highlight the limitations of traditional farming.
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解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Despite the fact ...its adoption ensures that chemical remains in crops are well below harmful levels, safeguarding ecosystems and food safety.”以及上文对精准农业在提高效率、降低成本等方面的描述可知，虽然这项技术还有很长的路要走，但作者认为它能确保作物中的化学残留远低于有害水平，保护生态系统和食品安全。因此，作者对精准农业持赞成的态度。
8．What is the author's attitude toward precision agriculture
A．Intolerant. B．Doubtful.
C．Unclear. D．Approving.
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