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INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
实验与探究题的特点和答题方法：实验与探究题要认真审题，多与平时所讲的有关的知识、方法、类型题联系，以求获得突破，要能够提出有价值的问题，作出比较合理的猜想(不是无根据的乱猜)，设计出能操作且能解决问题的测量方法或实验方案；在对数据进行分析论证后得出的结论能够定量的就不要定性；下结论时注意扣题；控制变量法要答出不变的量(前提条件)，一定要先表述条件；对实验的评估，自己首先要根据探究要求确立一个正确的方案和相应的结果，在此基础上对题设方案作出评价并作出正确的解答．
INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．(2024·江苏无锡)用如图所示的电路测量小灯泡的功率，实验原理是________．闭合开关，调节滑动变阻器滑片P，分别使电压表的示数小于、等于和略大于小灯泡的额定电压3.8 V，观察小灯泡的亮度，读出电压表、电流表的示数记录在下表中．则小灯泡L的额定功率为________W，小灯泡的亮度由________决定．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911+.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911+.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911+.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911+.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911+.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
实验序号 电压U/V 电流I/A 小灯泡的亮度
① 3.0 0.28 较亮
② 3.8 0.30 正常发光
③ 4.2 0.32 过亮
答案：P＝UI　1.14　实际功率
2．(2024·福建)探究液体在沸腾前后温度变化的特点，实验装置如图甲所示．取质量相等的水和盐水分别放入两个相同的烧杯中，用相同的酒精灯同时加热，根据实验数据，绘制温度随时间变化的图像，如图乙所示．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-870.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-870.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-870.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-870.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-870.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-871.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-871.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-871.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-871.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-871.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙
(1)实验中除了图甲的器材，还需要的测量工具是天平和________．
(2)分析图乙中水的图线可知：水在沸腾过程中，温度________，水的沸点是________℃.推断当时实验室的气压________一个标准大气压．
(3)对比图乙中两条图线可知，选用________煮蛋可以更快地将蛋煮熟．
答案：(1)秒表　(2)保持不变　98　小于　(3)盐水
3．(2024·湖北武汉)某同学利用如图甲所示的实验装置探究冰熔化时温度的变化规律，得到了如图乙所示的温度随时间变化的图像．实验中要控制好烧杯中的水温．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-872.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-872.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-872.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-872.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-872.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-873.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-873.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-873.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-873.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-873.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙
(1)根据图乙所示的图像中________段温度的变化特点可知冰是晶体，在这段时间内，物质处于________态．
(2)该同学继续探究加有盐的冰块熔化时温度的变化特点．他将冰块放于易拉罐中并加入适量的盐，用筷子搅拌大约半分钟，易拉罐的下部和底部出现白霜，这些白霜是空气中的水蒸气________(填物态变化名称)形成的．用温度计测量罐中冰与盐水混合物的温度，可以看到混合物的温度________0 ℃.
答案：(1)BC　固液共存　(2)凝华　低于
4．(2025·山西)污水净化处理工艺中，气浮技术是利用气泡吸附悬浮污染物的原理，实现对污水的固液分离．小亮查阅资料得知，气泡在污水中上升速度会影响净化效率．他设计了测量气泡在水中运动速度的实验．
INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-181.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-181.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-181.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-181.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-181.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
(1)实验思路：用刻度尺测量气泡运动的路程，用________测量气泡运动的时间，依据公式________可算出气泡运动的速度．
实验过程：在一根透明的玻璃管内注满水，两端用橡胶塞密封，竖直放置；用注射器从玻璃管底部注射一个小气泡，当气泡运动到A点开始计时，并用记号笔做标记；每隔2 s标记气泡到达的位置，获得实验记录如图所示．
(2)气泡从A点运动到B点的平均速度为________cm/s.
(3)分析实验数据可知：气泡在水中沿直线从A点到B点做________运动，你判断的理由是____________________________________________．
答案：(1)秒表　v＝　(2)5　(3)匀速直线运动　气泡在相同时间内通过的路程相等
5．(2024·黑龙江绥化)如图甲所示的是“探究并联电路的电流规律”的实验装置．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-901.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-901.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-901.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-901.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-901.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-902.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-902.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-902.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-902.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-902.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙
实验次数 L1两端电压U1/V L2两端电压U2/V L1、L2两端总电压U/V
1 1.3 1.5 2.8
2 1.2 1.6 2.8
3 1.1 1.7 2.8
(1)连接电路时应________开关．
(2)如图甲所示，电流表测量的是灯泡________的电流，实验中应该选择规格________(选填“相同”或“不同”)的灯泡．
(3)完成实验后，利用已有器材又找来电压表“探究串联电路的电压规律”，设计了如图乙所示电路．闭合开关，发现灯均不亮，电压表示数接近电源电压，故障原因可能是______________．(写出一种即可)
(4)排除故障后，选择合适的器材多次实验并记录数据，如上表所示，由此可得出串联电路的电压规律：________．(用U、U1、U2写表达式即可)
答案：(1)断开　(2)L1　不同　(3)灯泡L1断路(L1灯丝断了或灯泡L1接线柱接触不良)　(4)U＝U1＋U2
6．(2024·内蒙古赤峰)为解决班级拔河比赛如何选队员的问题，物理老师引导学生做了“探究滑动摩擦力大小与哪些因素有关”的实验，他们选择了长木板、棉布、毛巾、木块、相同的钩码若干、弹簧测力计，进行了实验．
(1)如图所示，将木块放在水平长木板上，用弹簧测力计沿水平方向拉动木块，使其做匀速直线运动，根据________知识可知，木块受到滑动摩擦力的大小等于弹簧测力计的示数．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-885.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-885.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-885.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-885.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-885.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
(2)下表是其中一组同学多次实验获得的实验数据．
实验次数 实验条件 弹簧测力计示数F/N
1 木块 长木板 0.7
2 木块上放1个钩码 长木板 0.9
3 木块上放2个钩码 长木板 1.1
4 木块上放1个钩码 铺有棉布的长木板 1.2
5 木块上放1个钩码 铺有毛巾的长木板 1.6
①分析表中________三次实验数据，可以得出在接触面粗糙程度相同的情况下，压力越大，滑动摩擦力越大．据此结论，选队员时应选体重________(选填“大”或“小”)的同学；
②分析表中2、4、5三次实验数据，可以得出______________________，滑动摩擦力越大．
(3)该组同学又探究了不同材质的鞋底对拔河比赛的影响．设计方案如下：选用外形、体积完全相同的实心橡胶块和塑料块(如图所示)，用弹簧测力计拉着橡胶块在水平长木板上做匀速直线运动，测出它与该长木板间的滑动摩擦力；用同样的方法测塑料块与长木板之间的滑动摩擦力；重复上述实验三次；比较实验数据得出结论．请指出此设计方案存在的问题__________________；在不改变器材的情况下提出改进方案__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-886.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-886.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-886.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-886.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-886.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
答案：(1)二力平衡　(2)①1、2、3　大　
②在压力一定时，接触面越粗糙　(3)没有控制压力相同　将橡胶块和塑料块叠放在一起，用弹簧测力计拉着橡胶块在水平长木板上做匀速直线运动，测出它与该长木板间的滑动摩擦力；用同样的方法测塑料块与长木板之间的滑动摩擦力；重复上述实验三次；比较实验数据得出结论
7．(2024·山东滨州)“做中学”是一种重要的学习方法，小滨利用质量可忽略不计的塑料瓶开展实践体验活动．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-887.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-887.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-887.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-887.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-887.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-888.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-888.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-888.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-888.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-888.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-889.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-889.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-889.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-889.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-889.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-890.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-890.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-890.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-890.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-890.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙 丙 丁
(1)装满水的塑料瓶放在水平桌面上，如图甲所示，瓶子对桌面压力的大小等于瓶子所受重力的大小，这是因为瓶子所受的重力和桌面对瓶子的支持力是一对________力，瓶子对桌面的压力和桌面对瓶子的支持力是一对________力．小滨发现塑料瓶对桌面的压力作用效果不明显，于是他拿来了容易发生形变的海绵继续体验．
(2)将装满水的塑料瓶先后正放、倒放在相同的海绵上，如图乙、丙所示，塑料瓶对海绵的压力F正________F倒(选填“>”“<”或“＝”)，观察到海绵形变程度不同，说明压力的作用效果与________有关．
(3)在塑料瓶侧壁上下不同位置钻两个小孔，取下瓶盖，观察到水从小孔喷出的现象如图丁所示，此现象表明：同种液体内部压强的大小与液体的________有关．再次拧紧瓶盖，会看到小孔________(选填“A”“B”或“A和B”)立即停止出水，这是因为________的存在．
(4)塑料瓶停止出水后，再次将塑料瓶正放在海绵上，与图乙相比，会观察到海绵的形变程度更不明显，用这个规律可以解释的事例是________．
A．限制货车超载
B．铁轨下面铺放枕木
C．破窗锤的敲击端做成锥状
答案：(1)平衡　相互作用　(2)＝　受力面积　(3)深度　A和B　大气压　(4)A
8．(2024·山东烟台)橡皮泥可以被捏成各种形状，深受同学们喜欢．学习了力学知识后，小红利用家中的量杯、茶壶和垫块，测出了橡皮泥的密度．已知橡皮泥的密度大于水的密度(橡皮泥的吸水忽略不计)，操作过程如下：
①如图所示，把茶壶的一侧垫起并装满水，将橡皮泥轻轻放入茶壶中，用量杯接住溢出的水；
②倒掉量杯中的水，从茶壶中取出橡皮泥，将量杯和橡皮泥擦干；
③把茶壶重新加满水，将橡皮泥捏成空心碗放入壶中，让其浮在水面上，用量杯接住溢出的水．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-896.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-896.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-896.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-896.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-896.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
(1)操作①是为了获得橡皮泥的________，操作③是为了获得橡皮泥的________．
(2)假设操作①量杯中水的体积为V1，操作③量杯中水的体积为V2，水的密度为ρ0，请写出橡皮泥密度的表达式ρ＝___________________________________________________________________.
(3)如果操作③中茶壶里的水有少量进入橡皮泥捏成的空心碗中，则橡皮泥密度的测量结果________(选填“变大”“变小”或“不变”).
答案：(1)体积　质量　(2)　(3)不变
9．(2025·江苏苏州)小华利用实验室的自来水，探究水在沸腾前后温度变化的特点，实验装置如图甲．
INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182A．tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182B．tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲　 乙 丙
(1)图甲中温度计的示数为________℃；
(2)水温升高到90 ℃开始计时，6分钟后水沸腾，图乙是根据实验数据绘制的温度随时间变化的图像，由图像可知：水在沸腾前，温度升高；沸腾时，温度________；
(3)小华还想探究沸腾的水能否将试管中的水加热至沸腾，她取了同样的自来水倒入试管，利用图丙所示的装置进行实验，水温升高到85 ℃开始计时，得到温度和时间的数据如下表．请你根据数据分析：试管中水的最终温度________(选填“高于”“等于”或“低于”)沸点，试管中的水________沸腾．
时间/min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
温度/℃ 85 89 92 95 97 98 98 98
答案：(1)88　(2)不变　(3)低于　不会
10．(2024·江苏无锡)探究光的反射规律，器材有：激光笔、平面镜、标有刻度的白色硬纸板(可沿中缝折叠)、白板．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-874.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-874.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-874.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-874.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-874.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-875.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-875.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-875.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-875.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-875.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-876.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-876.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-876.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-876.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-876.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙 　丙
(1)如图甲所示，将一束光照射到平面镜上，它的反射光在光屏上形成一个光斑，保持光在平面镜上的入射点不变，减小入射光与平面镜的夹角，则光屏上的光斑向________(选填“上”或“下”)移动．
(2)利用图乙所示的装置进行探究．
①平面镜水平放置，标有刻度的白色硬纸板竖直地立在平面镜上，使一束光紧贴纸板A，射向镜面上的O点，将纸板B绕接缝ON向前或向后翻折，当纸板B和纸板A在________时，纸板B上能呈现反射光束；
②改变入射光的方向，读出入射角和反射角的大小，将测得的数据记录在表格中，由此可知：反射角与入射角大小________；
实验序号 入射角 反射角
① 30° 30°
② 45° 45°
③ 60° 60°
③用另一束光逆着反射光的方向射到镜面，观察到反射后的光会逆着原来入射光的方向射出，这表明：___________________________________________.
(3)利用如图丙所示的装置进行探究．让一束光斜射到平面镜上，在入射点O放置白板并调整位置，发现白板只在某一位置能同时呈现入射光和反射光，测得此时白板与镜面成90°角，说明白板与镜面的位置关系是：________，实验表明：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
(4)自行车尾灯是由许多角反射器组成的反光装置，角反射器是由互相垂直的反光面组成的．当汽车的灯光照在尾灯上时，司机看到尾灯特别亮，原因是________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
答案：(1)下　(2)①同一平面　②相等　③光路可逆　(3)垂直　光的反射定律中，入射光线、反射光线、法线三线在同一个平面内　(4)由于角反射器是由互相垂直的反光面组成的，当汽车的灯光照在尾灯上时，经过两次反射后，光线将平行于入射光线，反射进入司机眼中，司机看到尾灯特别亮
11．(2024·陕西)如图甲所示的是小明做“探究凸透镜成像的规律”的实验装置．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-878.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-878.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-878.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-878.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-878.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲
(1)实验时，调节烛焰中心、凸透镜光心和光屏中心在同一高度，其目的是__________________________________________________________________．
(2)固定凸透镜的位置，将蜡烛放在距离凸透镜较远处，此时应移动________直至出现最清晰的像，记录物距、像距、像的性质．
(3)改变物距，重复上述操作，多次实验，将实验数据记录在下表中．
凸透镜的焦距：f＝5.0 cm
实验次数 物距/cm 像距/cm 像的性质
正立或倒立 放大或缩小 虚像或实像
1 18.0 6.9 倒立 缩小 实像
2 10.0 10.0 倒立 等大 实像
3 7.0 17.7 倒立 放大 实像
4 4.0 / 正立 放大 虚像
分析数据可知：当物距大于凸透镜焦距时，物距减小，像距________．
(4)当光屏上出现清晰的像时，小明不小心用手指尖遮挡住了凸透镜的一部分，这时光屏上________(选填“仍能”或“不能”)成烛焰完整的像．
(5)实验中，小明将自己的眼镜放在蜡烛和凸透镜之间，发现光屏上原来清晰的像变模糊．将光屏适当靠近凸透镜后，光屏上再次出现清晰的像，由此可判断小明佩戴的是________(选填“近视”或“远视”)眼镜．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-879.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-879.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-879.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-879.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-879.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-880.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-880.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-880.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-880.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-880.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
乙 丙
(6)如图乙所示，当无人机在高空拍摄地面场景时，所成的像最靠近丙中凸透镜主光轴上的________(选填“a”“b”“c”或“d”)点．
(7)生活中常用的放大镜应用了表中第________次实验的成像规律．
答案：(1)使像成在光屏中央　(2)光屏　(3)增大　(4)仍能　(5)远视　(6)b　(7)4
12．(2024·四川眉山)一次课外活动中，物理老师让学生自选器材“测量液体密度”．
(1)一小组测量某液体的密度，选择天平及量筒等器材．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-881.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-881.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-881.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-881.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-881.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-882.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-882.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-882.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-882.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-882.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-883.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-883.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-883.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-883.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-883.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-884.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-884.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-884.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-884.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-884.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲　 　　乙 丙　　　 丁
①天平是利用杠杆平衡条件来工作的，它属于________(选填“省力”“费力”或“等臂”)杠杆．天平置于水平台面上，游码移到标尺左端的零刻度线处，指针位置如图甲所示，应该向________旋动平衡螺母，直到天平横梁平衡；
②向烧杯中倒入适量待测液体，用天平测出烧杯和液体的总质量m1，右盘中砝码及游码位置如图乙所示，则m1＝________g；
③将烧杯中液体倒入一部分在量筒中如图丙所示，量筒中液体体积V＝________cm3；再用天平测得烧杯和剩余液体的总质量为133.2 g；
④待测液体的密度ρ＝________g/cm3.
(2)二小组测量橙汁饮料的密度，选择天平和容积为V的两个完全相同瓶子等器材．两个瓶子分别装满水和橙汁，放在已平衡的天平左右两盘，移动游码使天平平衡，游码示数为m0，如图丁所示．则橙汁的密度ρ＝________(用字母V、m0和ρ水来表示).
答案：(1)①等臂　右　②165　③30
④1.06
(2)
13．(2024·湖北武汉)某同学利用若干个质量为50 g的钩码和弹簧测力计探究杠杆的平衡条件．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-900.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-900.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-900.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-900.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-900.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
(1)调节平衡螺母，使杠杆在不挂钩码时，保持水平并________，达到平衡状态，如图所示．
(2)在杠杆左侧15 cm刻度线处挂上4个钩码，在杠杆右侧挂上6个钩码，移动右侧钩码到________cm刻度线处使杠杆重新在水平位置平衡．这时动力或阻力是________________(选填“钩码受到的重力”“钩码对杠杆的拉力”或“杠杆对钩码的拉力”).
(3)保持杠杆左侧钩码的数量和位置不变，取下右侧钩码，改用弹簧测力计拉杠杆使杠杆在水平位置平衡，当弹簧测力计的示数为3 N时，该拉力的作用点可能在杠杆________(填序号)刻度线处．
①左侧10 cm
②右侧5 cm
③右侧15 cm
答案：(1)静止
(2)10　钩码对杠杆的拉力
(3)①③
14．(2024·江苏无锡)用如图所示的装置探究影响电流热效应的因素．甲、乙、丙三个相同的容器内均装有质量相等的煤油，电阻丝R1、R2、R3浸没在煤油中，其中R1＝R2＝5 Ω、R3＝10 Ω.闭合开关前，记录下煤油的初温度t0，开关S接a、调节滑动变阻器滑片P，使电流表的示数为1 A，记录下第100 s和第200 s时甲容器中煤油的末温度t；开关S接b，调节滑片P，使电流表的示数为0.5 A，记录下第200 s时乙、丙容器中煤油的末温度t，断开开关，结果如下表，比较序号①②可得：当通过导体的电流和导体的________相等时，导体产生的热量与通电________有关．比较序号②和________可知导体产生的热量与电流大小有关．实验中，电阻R2产生的热量为________J.
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
序号 电阻 I/A 时间/s t0/℃ t/℃
① R1 1 100 20 34
② R1 1 200 20 48
③ R2 0.5 200 20 27
④ R3 0.5 200 20 34
答案：电阻　时间　③　250
15．(2024·甘肃临夏)科技兴趣小组测量额定电压为2.5 V的灯泡L正常发光时的电阻，实验装置如图甲所示．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-903.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-903.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-903.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-903.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-903.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-904.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-904.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-904.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-904.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-904.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙
(1)请用笔画线代替导线，将如图甲所示的实物图连接完整．
(2)正确连接电路后，滑动变阻器的滑片从一端移到另一端的过程中(实验过程中曾改变电压表的量程)，测得了如下表所示的实验数据，根据第________次数据可知，电路出现故障，故障原因是____________，由此也可知电源电压是________V.
实验次数 电压表示数/V 电流表示数/A 灯泡亮度
1 1 0.2 较暗
2 2.5 正常发光
3 2.8 0.32 强烈发光
4 6 0 不发光
(3)实验中滑动变阻器的作用：________________、________________．小灯泡正常发光时，电流表的示数如图乙所示，则灯泡L正常发光时的电阻约为________Ω(结果保留一位小数).
(4)兴趣小组的其中一位同学对灯泡的电阻提出了不同看法，他认为应将所测电阻取平均值以减小实验误差，你同意该同学的看法吗？________；说说自己的理由：________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
(5)实验装置中有“20 Ω　1.5 A”“50 Ω　2.0 A”两种规格的滑动变阻器，此实验中选用的滑动变阻器规格应为________．
答案：(1)如图所示
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-905.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-905.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-905.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-905.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-905.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
(2)4　灯泡L断路　6　(3)限制电流，保护电路　改变灯泡两端的电压　8.3　(4)不同意　灯泡的电阻不是一个固定值，受灯丝温度的影响，灯丝温度越高，灯泡的电阻越大　(5)“50 Ω　2.0 A”
16．(2024·贵州)小明观察到如图甲所示的组合式滑梯，各个滑梯的高度都有所不同，小朋友从不同的滑梯滑至底端时的快慢也有所不同，速度快的甚至会冲出滑梯摔在地上．这一现象引起了小明的思考：人沿滑梯滑至底端时速度的大小与什么因素有关呢？
他猜想：与人开始下滑的起点高度有关．
小明用木块、硬纸板、垫块进行模拟实验，如图乙所示．纸板一端置于垫块上，另一端置于水平桌面上模拟滑梯，用纸板上从静止开始下滑的木块模拟人，通过观察木块在水平桌面上运动的距离来反映木块滑至底端O点时速度的大小，距离越长表明速度越大．
请你回答下列问题：
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-897.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-897.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-897.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-897.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-897.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-898.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-898.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-898.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-898.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-898.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-899.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-899.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-899.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-899.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-899.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
丙
(1)若释放后木块保持静止，是因为木块受到沿纸板向________的摩擦力，若要让木块下滑，写出一种操作方法：_________________________________________________________________.
(2)解决上述问题后继续探究．如图丙①所示，从纸板顶端释放木块，木块运动至桌面上的M点；如图丙②所示，从纸板中部释放木块，木块运动至桌面上的N点．比较木块两次在桌面上的运动距离，可以得出结论：木块沿纸板下滑的起点越高，__________________．
(3)根据上述探究，小明认为，要保证人不因速度过大冲出滑梯，设计时可以考虑在滑梯底端再连接一段________方向放置的滑梯，结合上述实验现象和所学物理知识说明这样设计的必要性________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
(4)结合你坐滑梯的经历，谈谈还有哪些因素可能会影响人沿滑梯下滑的快慢？(写出两个因素即可)___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
答案：(1)上　增大斜面的坡度
(2)滑至底端时速度越大
(3)斜向上　由于人的速度较大容易冲出滑梯，即人此时的动能较大，因此可以将人的动能转化为重力势能，以防止人冲出滑梯
(4)滑梯的粗糙程度、滑梯的倾斜程度
17．(2025·四川南充)在“探究导体在磁场中运动时产生感应电流条件”实验中，某小组利用电流计、开关、U形磁铁、导线、导体棒组成了如图甲所示电路．
INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189A．tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189B．tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189C．tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189C．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189C．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189C．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189C．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙 丙 丁
(1)探究小组将观察到的现象记录在下表中：
开关闭合 导体棒运动方向 电流表指针偏转情况 开关断开 导体棒运动方向 电流表指针偏转情况
竖直上下(乙图) 不偏转 竖直上下(乙图) 不偏转
垂直里外(丙图) 不偏转 垂直里外(丙图) 不偏转
水平左右(丁图) 偏转 水平左右(丁图) 不偏转
分析表中信息可知导体在磁场中运动产生感应电流的条件：闭合电路的一部分导体在磁场中做________________运动；
(2)探究小组观察到磁体不动时，导体棒向右运动指针向右偏转，向左运动指针向左偏转；若导体棒静止不动，磁体向右运动时，观察到电流表指针向________偏转；
(3)探究小组发现实验中电流表的指针偏转角度较小，你有什么方法使指针偏转角度变大？答：________________________________________________________
(写出一种即可).
答案：(1)切割磁感线　(2)左　(3)增大导体切割磁感线的速度或换用磁场更强的U形磁铁
18．(2024·黑龙江绥化)在“探究浮力的大小跟哪些因素有关”的实验中，实验操作如下，实验过程中弹簧测力计的示数如图所示．(图中所用容器底面积是50 cm2，均为相同的平底薄壁圆柱形容器，物块不吸水和另一种液体)
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-891.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-891.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-891.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-891.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-891.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-892.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-892.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-892.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-892.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-892.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-893.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-893.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-893.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-893.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-893.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-894.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-894.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-894.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-894.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-894.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-895.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-895.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-895.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-895.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-895.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
A B C D E
(1)测量前，需沿________方向将弹簧测力计调零．
(2)实验中，物块浸没在水中受到的浮力是________N.
(3)如果对比B、E两次实验，得出“浮力的大小与液体密度有关”的结论，那么这种做法________(选填“正确”或“不正确”)，理由是___________________________________________________________________．
(4)由________两次实验可得出结论：浮力的大小与物体浸没在液体中的深度无关．
(5)完成E实验操作后，用弹簧测力计将物块向上拉出液面一小部分，弹簧测力计示数变为2.8 N，此操作会使容器中的液面下降________cm.
答案：(1)竖直　(2)2　(3)不正确　未控制物体排开液体的体积相同　(4)C、D　(5)1INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "专题四S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "方法指导S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
实验与探究题的特点和答题方法：实验与探究题要认真审题，多与平时所讲的有关的知识、方法、类型题联系，以求获得突破，要能够提出有价值的问题，作出比较合理的猜想(不是无根据的乱猜)，设计出能操作且能解决问题的测量方法或实验方案；在对数据进行分析论证后得出的结论能够定量的就不要定性；下结论时注意扣题；控制变量法要答出不变的量(前提条件)，一定要先表述条件；对实验的评估，自己首先要根据探究要求确立一个正确的方案和相应的结果，在此基础上对题设方案作出评价并作出正确的解答．
INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "针对训练S.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．(2024·江苏无锡)用如图所示的电路测量小灯泡的功率，实验原理是________．闭合开关，调节滑动变阻器滑片P，分别使电压表的示数小于、等于和略大于小灯泡的额定电压3.8 V，观察小灯泡的亮度，读出电压表、电流表的示数记录在下表中．则小灯泡L的额定功率为________W，小灯泡的亮度由________决定．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911+.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911+.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911+.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911+.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911+.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
实验序号 电压U/V 电流I/A 小灯泡的亮度
① 3.0 0.28 较亮
② 3.8 0.30 正常发光
③ 4.2 0.32 过亮
2．(2024·福建)探究液体在沸腾前后温度变化的特点，实验装置如图甲所示．取质量相等的水和盐水分别放入两个相同的烧杯中，用相同的酒精灯同时加热，根据实验数据，绘制温度随时间变化的图像，如图乙所示．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-870.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-870.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-870.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-870.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-870.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-871.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-871.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-871.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-871.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-871.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙
(1)实验中除了图甲的器材，还需要的测量工具是天平和________．
(2)分析图乙中水的图线可知：水在沸腾过程中，温度________，水的沸点是________℃.推断当时实验室的气压________一个标准大气压．
(3)对比图乙中两条图线可知，选用________煮蛋可以更快地将蛋煮熟．
3．(2024·湖北武汉)某同学利用如图甲所示的实验装置探究冰熔化时温度的变化规律，得到了如图乙所示的温度随时间变化的图像．实验中要控制好烧杯中的水温．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-872.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-872.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-872.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-872.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-872.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-873.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-873.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-873.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-873.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-873.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙
(1)根据图乙所示的图像中________段温度的变化特点可知冰是晶体，在这段时间内，物质处于________态．
(2)该同学继续探究加有盐的冰块熔化时温度的变化特点．他将冰块放于易拉罐中并加入适量的盐，用筷子搅拌大约半分钟，易拉罐的下部和底部出现白霜，这些白霜是空气中的水蒸气________(填物态变化名称)形成的．用温度计测量罐中冰与盐水混合物的温度，可以看到混合物的温度________0 ℃.
4．(2025·山西)污水净化处理工艺中，气浮技术是利用气泡吸附悬浮污染物的原理，实现对污水的固液分离．小亮查阅资料得知，气泡在污水中上升速度会影响净化效率．他设计了测量气泡在水中运动速度的实验．
INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-181.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-181.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-181.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-181.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-181.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
(1)实验思路：用刻度尺测量气泡运动的路程，用________测量气泡运动的时间，依据公式________可算出气泡运动的速度．
实验过程：在一根透明的玻璃管内注满水，两端用橡胶塞密封，竖直放置；用注射器从玻璃管底部注射一个小气泡，当气泡运动到A点开始计时，并用记号笔做标记；每隔2 s标记气泡到达的位置，获得实验记录如图所示．
(2)气泡从A点运动到B点的平均速度为________cm/s.
(3)分析实验数据可知：气泡在水中沿直线从A点到B点做________运动，你判断的理由是____________________________________________．
5．(2024·黑龙江绥化)如图甲所示的是“探究并联电路的电流规律”的实验装置．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-901.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-901.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-901.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-901.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-901.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-902.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-902.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-902.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-902.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-902.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙
实验次数 L1两端电压U1/V L2两端电压U2/V L1、L2两端总电压U/V
1 1.3 1.5 2.8
2 1.2 1.6 2.8
3 1.1 1.7 2.8
(1)连接电路时应________开关．
(2)如图甲所示，电流表测量的是灯泡________的电流，实验中应该选择规格________(选填“相同”或“不同”)的灯泡．
(3)完成实验后，利用已有器材又找来电压表“探究串联电路的电压规律”，设计了如图乙所示电路．闭合开关，发现灯均不亮，电压表示数接近电源电压，故障原因可能是______________．(写出一种即可)
(4)排除故障后，选择合适的器材多次实验并记录数据，如上表所示，由此可得出串联电路的电压规律：________．(用U、U1、U2写表达式即可)
6．(2024·内蒙古赤峰)为解决班级拔河比赛如何选队员的问题，物理老师引导学生做了“探究滑动摩擦力大小与哪些因素有关”的实验，他们选择了长木板、棉布、毛巾、木块、相同的钩码若干、弹簧测力计，进行了实验．
(1)如图所示，将木块放在水平长木板上，用弹簧测力计沿水平方向拉动木块，使其做匀速直线运动，根据________知识可知，木块受到滑动摩擦力的大小等于弹簧测力计的示数．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-885.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-885.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-885.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-885.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-885.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
(2)下表是其中一组同学多次实验获得的实验数据．
实验次数 实验条件 弹簧测力计示数F/N
1 木块 长木板 0.7
2 木块上放1个钩码 长木板 0.9
3 木块上放2个钩码 长木板 1.1
4 木块上放1个钩码 铺有棉布的长木板 1.2
5 木块上放1个钩码 铺有毛巾的长木板 1.6
①分析表中________三次实验数据，可以得出在接触面粗糙程度相同的情况下，压力越大，滑动摩擦力越大．据此结论，选队员时应选体重________(选填“大”或“小”)的同学；
②分析表中2、4、5三次实验数据，可以得出______________________，滑动摩擦力越大．
(3)该组同学又探究了不同材质的鞋底对拔河比赛的影响．设计方案如下：选用外形、体积完全相同的实心橡胶块和塑料块(如图所示)，用弹簧测力计拉着橡胶块在水平长木板上做匀速直线运动，测出它与该长木板间的滑动摩擦力；用同样的方法测塑料块与长木板之间的滑动摩擦力；重复上述实验三次；比较实验数据得出结论．请指出此设计方案存在的问题__________________；在不改变器材的情况下提出改进方案__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-886.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-886.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-886.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-886.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-886.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
7．(2024·山东滨州)“做中学”是一种重要的学习方法，小滨利用质量可忽略不计的塑料瓶开展实践体验活动．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-887.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-887.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-887.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-887.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-887.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-888.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-888.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-888.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-888.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-888.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-889.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-889.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-889.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-889.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-889.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-890.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-890.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-890.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-890.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-890.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙 丙 丁
(1)装满水的塑料瓶放在水平桌面上，如图甲所示，瓶子对桌面压力的大小等于瓶子所受重力的大小，这是因为瓶子所受的重力和桌面对瓶子的支持力是一对________力，瓶子对桌面的压力和桌面对瓶子的支持力是一对________力．小滨发现塑料瓶对桌面的压力作用效果不明显，于是他拿来了容易发生形变的海绵继续体验．
(2)将装满水的塑料瓶先后正放、倒放在相同的海绵上，如图乙、丙所示，塑料瓶对海绵的压力F正________F倒(选填“>”“<”或“＝”)，观察到海绵形变程度不同，说明压力的作用效果与________有关．
(3)在塑料瓶侧壁上下不同位置钻两个小孔，取下瓶盖，观察到水从小孔喷出的现象如图丁所示，此现象表明：同种液体内部压强的大小与液体的________有关．再次拧紧瓶盖，会看到小孔________(选填“A”“B”或“A和B”)立即停止出水，这是因为________的存在．
(4)塑料瓶停止出水后，再次将塑料瓶正放在海绵上，与图乙相比，会观察到海绵的形变程度更不明显，用这个规律可以解释的事例是________．
A．限制货车超载
B．铁轨下面铺放枕木
C．破窗锤的敲击端做成锥状
8．(2024·山东烟台)橡皮泥可以被捏成各种形状，深受同学们喜欢．学习了力学知识后，小红利用家中的量杯、茶壶和垫块，测出了橡皮泥的密度．已知橡皮泥的密度大于水的密度(橡皮泥的吸水忽略不计)，操作过程如下：
①如图所示，把茶壶的一侧垫起并装满水，将橡皮泥轻轻放入茶壶中，用量杯接住溢出的水；
②倒掉量杯中的水，从茶壶中取出橡皮泥，将量杯和橡皮泥擦干；
③把茶壶重新加满水，将橡皮泥捏成空心碗放入壶中，让其浮在水面上，用量杯接住溢出的水．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-896.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-896.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-896.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-896.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-896.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
(1)操作①是为了获得橡皮泥的________，操作③是为了获得橡皮泥的________．
(2)假设操作①量杯中水的体积为V1，操作③量杯中水的体积为V2，水的密度为ρ0，请写出橡皮泥密度的表达式ρ＝___________________________________________________________________.
(3)如果操作③中茶壶里的水有少量进入橡皮泥捏成的空心碗中，则橡皮泥密度的测量结果________(选填“变大”“变小”或“不变”).
9．(2025·江苏苏州)小华利用实验室的自来水，探究水在沸腾前后温度变化的特点，实验装置如图甲．
INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182A．tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182B．tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-182B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲　 乙 丙
(1)图甲中温度计的示数为________℃；
(2)水温升高到90 ℃开始计时，6分钟后水沸腾，图乙是根据实验数据绘制的温度随时间变化的图像，由图像可知：水在沸腾前，温度升高；沸腾时，温度________；
(3)小华还想探究沸腾的水能否将试管中的水加热至沸腾，她取了同样的自来水倒入试管，利用图丙所示的装置进行实验，水温升高到85 ℃开始计时，得到温度和时间的数据如下表．请你根据数据分析：试管中水的最终温度________(选填“高于”“等于”或“低于”)沸点，试管中的水________沸腾．
时间/min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
温度/℃ 85 89 92 95 97 98 98 98
10．(2024·江苏无锡)探究光的反射规律，器材有：激光笔、平面镜、标有刻度的白色硬纸板(可沿中缝折叠)、白板．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-874.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-874.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-874.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-874.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-874.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-875.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-875.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-875.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-875.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-875.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-876.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-876.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-876.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-876.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-876.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙 　丙
(1)如图甲所示，将一束光照射到平面镜上，它的反射光在光屏上形成一个光斑，保持光在平面镜上的入射点不变，减小入射光与平面镜的夹角，则光屏上的光斑向________(选填“上”或“下”)移动．
(2)利用图乙所示的装置进行探究．
①平面镜水平放置，标有刻度的白色硬纸板竖直地立在平面镜上，使一束光紧贴纸板A，射向镜面上的O点，将纸板B绕接缝ON向前或向后翻折，当纸板B和纸板A在________时，纸板B上能呈现反射光束；
②改变入射光的方向，读出入射角和反射角的大小，将测得的数据记录在表格中，由此可知：反射角与入射角大小________；
实验序号 入射角 反射角
① 30° 30°
② 45° 45°
③ 60° 60°
③用另一束光逆着反射光的方向射到镜面，观察到反射后的光会逆着原来入射光的方向射出，这表明：___________________________________________.
(3)利用如图丙所示的装置进行探究．让一束光斜射到平面镜上，在入射点O放置白板并调整位置，发现白板只在某一位置能同时呈现入射光和反射光，测得此时白板与镜面成90°角，说明白板与镜面的位置关系是：________，实验表明：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
(4)自行车尾灯是由许多角反射器组成的反光装置，角反射器是由互相垂直的反光面组成的．当汽车的灯光照在尾灯上时，司机看到尾灯特别亮，原因是________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
11．(2024·陕西)如图甲所示的是小明做“探究凸透镜成像的规律”的实验装置．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-878.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-878.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-878.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-878.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-878.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲
(1)实验时，调节烛焰中心、凸透镜光心和光屏中心在同一高度，其目的是__________________________________________________________________．
(2)固定凸透镜的位置，将蜡烛放在距离凸透镜较远处，此时应移动________直至出现最清晰的像，记录物距、像距、像的性质．
(3)改变物距，重复上述操作，多次实验，将实验数据记录在下表中．
凸透镜的焦距：f＝5.0 cm
实验次数 物距/cm 像距/cm 像的性质
正立或倒立 放大或缩小 虚像或实像
1 18.0 6.9 倒立 缩小 实像
2 10.0 10.0 倒立 等大 实像
3 7.0 17.7 倒立 放大 实像
4 4.0 / 正立 放大 虚像
分析数据可知：当物距大于凸透镜焦距时，物距减小，像距________．
(4)当光屏上出现清晰的像时，小明不小心用手指尖遮挡住了凸透镜的一部分，这时光屏上________(选填“仍能”或“不能”)成烛焰完整的像．
(5)实验中，小明将自己的眼镜放在蜡烛和凸透镜之间，发现光屏上原来清晰的像变模糊．将光屏适当靠近凸透镜后，光屏上再次出现清晰的像，由此可判断小明佩戴的是________(选填“近视”或“远视”)眼镜．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-879.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-879.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-879.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-879.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-879.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-880.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-880.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-880.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-880.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-880.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
乙 丙
(6)如图乙所示，当无人机在高空拍摄地面场景时，所成的像最靠近丙中凸透镜主光轴上的________(选填“a”“b”“c”或“d”)点．
(7)生活中常用的放大镜应用了表中第________次实验的成像规律．
12．(2024·四川眉山)一次课外活动中，物理老师让学生自选器材“测量液体密度”．
(1)一小组测量某液体的密度，选择天平及量筒等器材．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-881.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-881.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-881.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-881.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-881.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-882.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-882.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-882.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-882.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-882.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-883.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-883.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-883.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-883.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-883.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-884.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-884.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-884.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-884.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-884.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲　 　　乙 丙　　　 丁
①天平是利用杠杆平衡条件来工作的，它属于________(选填“省力”“费力”或“等臂”)杠杆．天平置于水平台面上，游码移到标尺左端的零刻度线处，指针位置如图甲所示，应该向________旋动平衡螺母，直到天平横梁平衡；
②向烧杯中倒入适量待测液体，用天平测出烧杯和液体的总质量m1，右盘中砝码及游码位置如图乙所示，则m1＝________g；
③将烧杯中液体倒入一部分在量筒中如图丙所示，量筒中液体体积V＝________cm3；再用天平测得烧杯和剩余液体的总质量为133.2 g；
④待测液体的密度ρ＝________g/cm3.
(2)二小组测量橙汁饮料的密度，选择天平和容积为V的两个完全相同瓶子等器材．两个瓶子分别装满水和橙汁，放在已平衡的天平左右两盘，移动游码使天平平衡，游码示数为m0，如图丁所示．则橙汁的密度ρ＝________(用字母V、m0和ρ水来表示).
13．(2024·湖北武汉)某同学利用若干个质量为50 g的钩码和弹簧测力计探究杠杆的平衡条件．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-900.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-900.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-900.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-900.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-900.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
(1)调节平衡螺母，使杠杆在不挂钩码时，保持水平并________，达到平衡状态，如图所示．
(2)在杠杆左侧15 cm刻度线处挂上4个钩码，在杠杆右侧挂上6个钩码，移动右侧钩码到________cm刻度线处使杠杆重新在水平位置平衡．这时动力或阻力是________________(选填“钩码受到的重力”“钩码对杠杆的拉力”或“杠杆对钩码的拉力”).
(3)保持杠杆左侧钩码的数量和位置不变，取下右侧钩码，改用弹簧测力计拉杠杆使杠杆在水平位置平衡，当弹簧测力计的示数为3 N时，该拉力的作用点可能在杠杆________(填序号)刻度线处．
①左侧10 cm
②右侧5 cm
③右侧15 cm
14．(2024·江苏无锡)用如图所示的装置探究影响电流热效应的因素．甲、乙、丙三个相同的容器内均装有质量相等的煤油，电阻丝R1、R2、R3浸没在煤油中，其中R1＝R2＝5 Ω、R3＝10 Ω.闭合开关前，记录下煤油的初温度t0，开关S接a、调节滑动变阻器滑片P，使电流表的示数为1 A，记录下第100 s和第200 s时甲容器中煤油的末温度t；开关S接b，调节滑片P，使电流表的示数为0.5 A，记录下第200 s时乙、丙容器中煤油的末温度t，断开开关，结果如下表，比较序号①②可得：当通过导体的电流和导体的________相等时，导体产生的热量与通电________有关．比较序号②和________可知导体产生的热量与电流大小有关．实验中，电阻R2产生的热量为________J.
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-911.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
序号 电阻 I/A 时间/s t0/℃ t/℃
① R1 1 100 20 34
② R1 1 200 20 48
③ R2 0.5 200 20 27
④ R3 0.5 200 20 34
15．(2024·甘肃临夏)科技兴趣小组测量额定电压为2.5 V的灯泡L正常发光时的电阻，实验装置如图甲所示．
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-903.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-903.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-903.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-903.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-903.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-904.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-904.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-904.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-904.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-904.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙
(1)请用笔画线代替导线，将如图甲所示的实物图连接完整．
(2)正确连接电路后，滑动变阻器的滑片从一端移到另一端的过程中(实验过程中曾改变电压表的量程)，测得了如下表所示的实验数据，根据第________次数据可知，电路出现故障，故障原因是____________，由此也可知电源电压是________V.
实验次数 电压表示数/V 电流表示数/A 灯泡亮度
1 1 0.2 较暗
2 2.5 正常发光
3 2.8 0.32 强烈发光
4 6 0 不发光
(3)实验中滑动变阻器的作用：________________、________________．小灯泡正常发光时，电流表的示数如图乙所示，则灯泡L正常发光时的电阻约为________Ω(结果保留一位小数).
(4)兴趣小组的其中一位同学对灯泡的电阻提出了不同看法，他认为应将所测电阻取平均值以减小实验误差，你同意该同学的看法吗？________；说说自己的理由：________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
(5)实验装置中有“20 Ω　1.5 A”“50 Ω　2.0 A”两种规格的滑动变阻器，此实验中选用的滑动变阻器规格应为________．
16．(2024·贵州)小明观察到如图甲所示的组合式滑梯，各个滑梯的高度都有所不同，小朋友从不同的滑梯滑至底端时的快慢也有所不同，速度快的甚至会冲出滑梯摔在地上．这一现象引起了小明的思考：人沿滑梯滑至底端时速度的大小与什么因素有关呢？
他猜想：与人开始下滑的起点高度有关．
小明用木块、硬纸板、垫块进行模拟实验，如图乙所示．纸板一端置于垫块上，另一端置于水平桌面上模拟滑梯，用纸板上从静止开始下滑的木块模拟人，通过观察木块在水平桌面上运动的距离来反映木块滑至底端O点时速度的大小，距离越长表明速度越大．
请你回答下列问题：
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-897.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-897.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-897.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-897.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-897.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-898.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-898.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-898.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-898.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-898.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-899.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-899.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-899.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-899.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-899.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
丙
(1)若释放后木块保持静止，是因为木块受到沿纸板向________的摩擦力，若要让木块下滑，写出一种操作方法：_________________________________________________________________.
(2)解决上述问题后继续探究．如图丙①所示，从纸板顶端释放木块，木块运动至桌面上的M点；如图丙②所示，从纸板中部释放木块，木块运动至桌面上的N点．比较木块两次在桌面上的运动距离，可以得出结论：木块沿纸板下滑的起点越高，__________________．
(3)根据上述探究，小明认为，要保证人不因速度过大冲出滑梯，设计时可以考虑在滑梯底端再连接一段________方向放置的滑梯，结合上述实验现象和所学物理知识说明这样设计的必要性________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
(4)结合你坐滑梯的经历，谈谈还有哪些因素可能会影响人沿滑梯下滑的快慢？(写出两个因素即可)___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
17．(2025·四川南充)在“探究导体在磁场中运动时产生感应电流条件”实验中，某小组利用电流计、开关、U形磁铁、导线、导体棒组成了如图甲所示电路．
INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189A．tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189A．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189B．tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189B．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189C．tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189C．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189C．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189C．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "26JXWL-189C．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
甲 乙 丙 丁
(1)探究小组将观察到的现象记录在下表中：
开关闭合 导体棒运动方向 电流表指针偏转情况 开关断开 导体棒运动方向 电流表指针偏转情况
竖直上下(乙图) 不偏转 竖直上下(乙图) 不偏转
垂直里外(丙图) 不偏转 垂直里外(丙图) 不偏转
水平左右(丁图) 偏转 水平左右(丁图) 不偏转
分析表中信息可知导体在磁场中运动产生感应电流的条件：闭合电路的一部分导体在磁场中做________________运动；
(2)探究小组观察到磁体不动时，导体棒向右运动指针向右偏转，向左运动指针向左偏转；若导体棒静止不动，磁体向右运动时，观察到电流表指针向________偏转；
(3)探究小组发现实验中电流表的指针偏转角度较小，你有什么方法使指针偏转角度变大？答：________________________________________________________
(写出一种即可).
18．(2024·黑龙江绥化)在“探究浮力的大小跟哪些因素有关”的实验中，实验操作如下，实验过程中弹簧测力计的示数如图所示．(图中所用容器底面积是50 cm2，均为相同的平底薄壁圆柱形容器，物块不吸水和另一种液体)
INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-891.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-891.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-891.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-891.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-891.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-892.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-892.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-892.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-892.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-892.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-893.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-893.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-893.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-893.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-893.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-894.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-894.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-894.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-894.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-894.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-895.tif" INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-895.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-895.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-895.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "25W-895.tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
A B C D E
(1)测量前，需沿________方向将弹簧测力计调零．
(2)实验中，物块浸没在水中受到的浮力是________N.
(3)如果对比B、E两次实验，得出“浮力的大小与液体密度有关”的结论，那么这种做法________(选填“正确”或“不正确”)，理由是___________________________________________________________________．
(4)由________两次实验可得出结论：浮力的大小与物体浸没在液体中的深度无关．
(5)完成E实验操作后，用弹簧测力计将物块向上拉出液面一小部分，弹簧测力计示数变为2.8 N，此操作会使容器中的液面下降________cm.

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