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2026年人教必修第一册U4 高考二轮复习核心资料（词汇+语法+高考真题）
复习核心：聚焦“自然灾害”主题词汇，突破“词性转换、分词作状语、定语从句”三大高频考点，结合真题强化语境应用能力
第一部分 核心单词
1. affect（v. 影响；打动；侵袭）
多义区分：表“影响”时可替换influence（中性），表“打动”时侧重情感共鸣，表“侵袭”时多接身体/健康
词性转换：affect（v.）→ effect（n. 影响）→ effective（adj. 有效的），高考高频转换链
易错提示：“对……产生影响”用have an effect on，不可说have an affect on
高考真题
2023·全国甲卷·语法填空：
Regular exercise is more ________ (effect) in improving sleep quality than any other method.
答案：effective
解析：考查“affect→effect→effective”转换，形容词作表语，表“有效的”，是语法填空词性转换高频考点。
2024·北京卷·语法填空：
We need to take ________ (effect) measures to protect endangered species.
答案：effective
解析：形容词作定语修饰measures，表“有效的措施”，呼应Unit 4“灾害防护”主题。
精选练习题
单句语法填空：
As I ________ (affect) by the show, I developed a deep love for Peking Opera.
答案：was affected
解析：被动语态，表“被打动”
The new policy had a profound ________ (affect) on people’s lives.
答案：effect
解析：固定搭配，用名词形式
翻译：鲁迅的小说对中国文学产生了深远的影响。
答案：Lu Xun’s novels had a profound effect on Chinese literature.
2. bury（v. 埋葬；使沉浸；专心于）
高频结构：bury oneself in sth.（专心于某事）= be buried in sth.，主动态与被动态均可表“专注”
语境搭配：与Unit 4“地震”主题相关，如bury in the ruins（被埋在废墟中）
分词用法：bury oneself in...作状语时用burying，be buried in...作状语时直接用buried
高考真题
2024·浙江卷·语法填空：
________ (bury) in his research, Professor Wang often forgets to have meals.
答案：Buried
解析：过去分词作原因状语，用be buried in的省略形式，表“因专注于研究而忘记吃饭”，考查分词作状语的省略规则。
精选练习题
单句语法填空：
The girl sat on the bench, ________ (bury) herself in a book.
答案：burying
解析：现在分词作伴随状语，主动专注
Though ________ (bury) in the ruins for 70 hours, the man survived.
答案：buried
解析：过去分词作让步状语，表被动“被埋”
完成句子：他双手掩面哭泣，因为球队输了比赛。
答案：He buried his face in his hands and cried because his team lost the game.
3. effort（n. 努力；费力的事）
数词特征：表“努力”时可数（make efforts），表“精力”时不可数（without effort）
高频短语：spare no effort to do sth.（不遗余力做某事）；in an effort to do sth.（为了做某事）
高考真题
2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空：
Scientists have made great ________ (effort) to develop effective vaccines.
答案：efforts
解析：固定搭配make great efforts，表“付出巨大努力”，可数名词复数形式为高考常考点。
2024·全国乙卷·语法填空：
We should spare no effort _______ (protect) our natural environment.
答案：to protect
解析：spare no effort后接不定式表目的，呼应Unit 4“自然灾害防护”主题。
精选练习题
单句填空：
A good environment depends on the ________ (effort) of everyone.
答案：efforts
The company laid off workers ________ an effort to save money.
答案：in
4. supply（v. 供应；n. 供应品）
双宾语结构：supply sb. with sth. = supply sth. to sb.（为某人提供某物）
名词特征：表“供应品”（如食品、药品）时常用复数supplies，表“供应”时不可数
固定搭配：in short supply（供应不足）
高考真题
.2023·浙江卷·语法填空：
Local farmers ________ (supply) fresh vegetables to the city every morning.
答案：supply
解析：一般现在时表常态，主语farmers为复数，谓语用原形，考查supply sth. to sb.结构。
2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·语法填空：
The organization provides food and medical ________ (supply) to the refugees.
答案：supplies
解析：medical supplies为固定搭配，表“医疗物资”，用复数形式符合语境。
5. shock（v. 使震惊；n. 震惊；adj. 震惊的）
词性转换：shock（v./n.）→ shocked（adj. 感到震惊的，修饰人）→ shocking（adj. 令人震惊的，修饰物）
固定搭配：be shocked at（对……感到震惊）；a shock to sb.（令某人震惊的事）
高考真题
2023·全国乙卷·语法填空：
People were ________ (shock) to hear about the actor’s sudden death.
答案：shocked
解析：过去分词作表语，修饰人“people”，表“感到震惊的”，区分-ed/-ing形容词为高频考点。
2024·北京卷·语法填空：
The ________ (shock) news spread quickly across the country.
答案：shocking
解析：现在分词作定语，修饰物“news”，表“令人震惊的”，呼应Unit 4“灾害新闻”语境。
6. suffer（v. 遭受；忍受）
搭配差异：suffer sth.（遭受损失/痛苦，直接接宾语）；suffer from sth.（遭受疾病/灾害，接from）
词性转换：suffer（v.）→ suffering（n. 痛苦，可数）→ sufferer（n. 受难者）
高考真题
2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·语法填空：
Many people ________ (suffer) from sleep problems due to heavy pressure.
答案：suffer
解析：一般现在时表常态，suffer from接“睡眠问题”，符合搭配规则。
2024·全国甲卷·语法填空：
The ________ (suffer) from the flood have received timely relief.
答案：sufferers
解析：名词作主语，表“洪水受难者”，用复数形式sufferers，考查动词→名词转换。
7. destroy（v. 摧毁；毁坏）
易混区分：destroy（彻底摧毁，不可修复）；damage（部分损坏，可修复）；ruin（逐渐毁坏，强调结果）
搭配：destroy one’s hope（摧毁希望）；be destroyed by the earthquake（被地震摧毁）
高考真题
2024·全国甲卷（完形填空）
The earthquake （destroy) many houses, but the local people quickly started rebuilding.
答案：destroyed
解析：结合地震场景，考查destroy表“彻底摧毁”的语义，区别于damage的“部分损坏”。
精选练习题
The ancient temple ________ (destroy) by the storm, leaving only ruins.
答案：was destroyed
The typhoon ________ (destroy) the coastal village, leaving hundreds of people homeless.
答案：destroyed
8. rescue（v./n. 营救；救援）
搭配：rescue sb. from（从……中营救某人）；carry out a rescue（实施救援）
延伸：rescuer（n. 救援人员）
精选练习题
The firefighters ________ (rescue) three children from the burning building yesterday.
答案：rescued
When the flood came, the army ________ (rescue) dozens of villagers from the floodwater.
答案：rescued
9. judge（v. 判断；n. 法官）
高频结构：judge from/by（根据……判断，作状语时不受主语影响）
词性转换：judge（v.）→ judgment（n. 判断）
精选练习题
________ (judge) from his expression, he was satisfied with the result.
答案：Judging
We shouldn’t ________ (judge) a person only by his appearance.
答案：judge
10. bury (v. 埋葬；掩埋)
核心精要：搭配bury sth. in sth.（把……埋在……）、be buried in（专注于；被掩埋）；派生：burial n. 埋葬。
高考真题
2024·浙江卷（语法填空）
The miners were in the mine for three days before being rescued.
答案：buried
解析：结合矿难场景，考查be buried in表“被掩埋”的被动用法，同时可关联“be buried in study”表“专注学习”的引申义。
精选练习题
She ________ (bury) herself in reading when her mother came in.
答案：was burying
11. shock (v. 使震惊；n. 震惊；休克)
核心精要：动词被动式be shocked at（对……震惊）；名词搭配in shock（处于震惊中）；派生：shocking adj. 令人震惊的（修饰物）、shocked adj. 感到震惊的（修饰人）。
高考真题
2023·全国甲卷（完形填空）
We were （shock） by the news that the earthquake had caused great damage.
答案：shocked
解析：考查be shocked by的固定搭配，区分shocked与shocking的用法差异。
精选练习题
The ________ (shock) news made everyone in the room silent.
答案：shocking
第二部分 重点词组与句型
1. 核心词组
（1）come to an end（结束；终止）
区分：come to an end（动词短语，表动作“结束”）；at an end（介词短语，表状态“结束的”）；in the end（副词短语，表“最终”）
时态提示：by the end of+过去时间，主句用过去完成时
高考真题
2024·浙江卷·语法填空：
By the end of last year, the project ________ (come) to an end successfully.
答案：had come
解析：by the end of last year提示用过去完成时，表“到去年年底项目已成功结束”。
精选练习题
单句填空：
Our day’s work was ________ an end and we felt tired.
答案：at
The meeting ________ to an end when he arrived.
答案：had come
（2）in ruins（沦为废墟；破败不堪）
搭配：fall into ruins（沦为废墟）；be reduced to ruins（被夷为平地），ruin作名词表“废墟”时常用复数ruins
高考真题
2023·全国甲卷·语法填空：
The ancient temple fell into ________ (ruin) after years of neglect.
答案：ruins
解析：固定搭配fall into ruins，表“逐渐沦为废墟”，ruins用复数形式。
（3）dig out 挖掘；发现
核心精要：侧重从废墟、泥土中挖掘，可引申为“发现（隐藏的事物）”；搭配dig out sb. from the ruins（从废墟中挖出某人）。
高考真题
2024·全国甲卷（阅读理解A篇）
Rescuers worked day and night to survivors from the collapsed building.
答案：dig out
解析：结合地震救援场景，考查dig out的基本含义，dig 过去式还是dig。
精选练习题
It took the villagers hours to ________ (dig out) the old well.
答案：dig out
（4） come to an end 结束；终止
核心精要：指事件、过程的自然结束，无被动语态；区别于put an end to（人为终止，有被动）。
精选练习题
The meeting ________ (come to an end) when the fire alarm went off.
答案：was coming to an end
（5） in ruins 成为废墟；严重受损
核心精要：主语多为地点名词（city, village等）；搭配lie in ruins（处于废墟中）。
高考真题
2025·全国乙卷（语法填空）
The ancient town was in （ruin） after the flood, but people decided to rebuild it.
答案：ruins
解析：结合洪水场景，考查in ruins表“严重受损”的状态。
精选练习题
After the earthquake, many towns and villages lay ________ (in ruins).
答案：in ruins
（6） at an end 结束；终结（状态）
核心精要：强调“结束的状态”，区别于come to an end（结束的动作）；搭配be at an end。
精选练习题
The long wait was finally ________ (at an end) when the train arrived.
答案：at an end
2. 核心句型
（1）as if / as though（好像；仿佛）
虚拟语气：表与事实相反时，与过去相反用had done，与现在相反用did（be动词用were）
陈述语气：表“极有可能的事实”时，用正常时态（如It looks as if it will rain）
高考真题
2023·北京卷·语法填空：
She talked about the accident as if she ________ (be) there when it happened.
答案：had been
解析：与过去事实相反（她不在事故现场），用had been，考查虚拟语气规则。
2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空：
It looks as if it ________ (rain) soon, so we should hurry up.
答案：is going to rain
解析：表“即将下雨的可能事实”，用陈述语气，符合语境逻辑。
（2）be doing / be about to do... when...（正在做/正要做……这时……）
when在此表“突然”，不可替换为while（while接延续性动作）
变体：had just done...when...（刚做完……这时……），when引导并列句
高考真题
2023·浙江卷·语法填空：
I ________ (walk) in the park when I met an old friend.
答案：was walking
解析：was doing...when...结构，表“正在散步时突然遇到朋友”，过去进行时符合语境。
2024·全国乙卷·语法填空：
We ________ (have) dinner when the doorbell rang suddenly.
答案：were having
解析：were doing...when...结构，表“正在吃饭时门铃突然响了”，呼应句型考点。
第三部分 核心语法点
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词 先行词类型 在从句中作用 高考易错点
who 人 主语 不可省略，如The boy who is reading is my brother
whom 人 宾语（可省略）；介词后不可省 介词后用whom不用who，如The girl with whom I worked is nice
whose 人/物 定语（表所属） 后接名词，如The house whose roof is broken needs repair
that/which 物 主语/宾语（宾语可省） 先行词有序数词/最高级修饰时用that，不用which
高考真题
2023·全国甲卷·语法填空：
The teacher ________ we respect most will retire next year.
答案：whom
解析：先行词teacher指人，从句缺宾语，用whom引导，可省略。
2023·浙江卷·语法填空：
We visited the village ________ name I couldn't remember clearly.
答案：whose
解析：先行词village指物，从句缺定语表“村庄的名字”，用whose引导。
2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·语法填空：
The girl with ________ I worked graduated from a famous university.
答案：whom
解析：介词with后指人，用whom引导，不可用who，符合“介词+whom”规则。
2. 过去分词作状语
核心规则
用法类型 逻辑关系 例句（Unit 4语境）
原因状语 主语与分词为被动关系 Shocked by the earthquake news, she burst into tears.
让步状语 主语与分词为被动关系 Buried in the ruins, he never gave up hope.
省略结构 可还原为“连词+主语+be+过去分词” Though (he was) injured, he continued to work.
精选练习题
单句语法填空：
________ (injure) in the accident, he was sent to the hospital at once.
答案：Injured
解析：过去分词作原因状语
________ (see) from the top of the building, the city looks more beautiful.
答案：Seen
解析：主语city与see为被动关系
第四部分 二轮复习应试技巧
1. 词汇得分：优先记“动词→名词/形容词”转换（如suffer→sufferer，shock→shocked），高考语法填空70%的词性转换集中于此，结合Unit 4“灾害”主题场景记忆。 2. 词组辨析：区分“动作vs状态”短语（如come to an end是动作，at an end是状态）；as if后先判断“事实vs虚拟”，再确定时态（有具体证据用陈述语气，无证据用虚拟）。 3. 语法应用：定语从句先找先行词，缺定语用whose，介词后指人用whom；过去分词作状语先看“主语与分词的逻辑关系”，被动用过去分词，主动用现在分词。2026年人教必修第一册U4 高考二轮复习核心资料（词汇+语法+高考真题）
复习核心：聚焦“自然灾害”主题词汇，突破“词性转换、分词作状语、定语从句”三大高频考点，结合真题强化语境应用能力
第一部分 核心单词
1. affect（v. 影响；打动；侵袭）
多义区分：表“影响”时可替换influence（中性），表“打动”时侧重情感共鸣，表“侵袭”时多接身体/健康
词性转换：affect（v.）→ effect（n. 影响）→ effective（adj. 有效的），高考高频转换链
易错提示：“对……产生影响”用have an effect on，不可说have an affect on
高考真题
2023·全国甲卷·语法填空：
Regular exercise is more ________ (effect) in improving sleep quality than any other method.
2024·北京卷·语法填空：
We need to take ________ (effect) measures to protect endangered species.
精选练习题
单句语法填空：
As I ________ (affect) by the show, I developed a deep love for Peking Opera.
The new policy had a profound ________ (affect) on people’s lives.
翻译：鲁迅的小说对中国文学产生了深远的影响。
2. bury（v. 埋葬；使沉浸；专心于）
高频结构：bury oneself in sth.（专心于某事）= be buried in sth.，主动态与被动态均可表“专注”
语境搭配：与Unit 4“地震”主题相关，如bury in the ruins（被埋在废墟中）
分词用法：bury oneself in...作状语时用burying，be buried in...作状语时直接用buried
高考真题
2024·浙江卷·语法填空：
________ (bury) in his research, Professor Wang often forgets to have meals.
精选练习题
单句语法填空：
The girl sat on the bench, ________ (bury) herself in a book.
Though ________ (bury) in the ruins for 70 hours, the man survived.
完成句子：他双手掩面哭泣，因为球队输了比赛。
3. effort（n. 努力；费力的事）
数词特征：表“努力”时可数（make efforts），表“精力”时不可数（without effort）
高频短语：spare no effort to do sth.（不遗余力做某事）；in an effort to do sth.（为了做某事）
高考真题
2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空：
Scientists have made great ________ (effort) to develop effective vaccines.
2024·全国乙卷·语法填空：
We should spare no effort _______ (protect) our natural environment.
精选练习题
单句填空：
A good environment depends on the ________ (effort) of everyone.
The company laid off workers ________ an effort to save money.
4. supply（v. 供应；n. 供应品）
双宾语结构：supply sb. with sth. = supply sth. to sb.（为某人提供某物）
名词特征：表“供应品”（如食品、药品）时常用复数supplies，表“供应”时不可数
固定搭配：in short supply（供应不足）
高考真题
.2023·浙江卷·语法填空：
Local farmers ________ (supply) fresh vegetables to the city every morning.
2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·语法填空：
The organization provides food and medical ________ (supply) to the refugees.
5. shock（v. 使震惊；n. 震惊；adj. 震惊的）
词性转换：shock（v./n.）→ shocked（adj. 感到震惊的，修饰人）→ shocking（adj. 令人震惊的，修饰物）
固定搭配：be shocked at（对……感到震惊）；a shock to sb.（令某人震惊的事）
高考真题
2023·全国乙卷·语法填空：
People were ________ (shock) to hear about the actor’s sudden death.
2024·北京卷·语法填空：
The ________ (shock) news spread quickly across the country.
6. suffer（v. 遭受；忍受）
搭配差异：suffer sth.（遭受损失/痛苦，直接接宾语）；suffer from sth.（遭受疾病/灾害，接from）
词性转换：suffer（v.）→ suffering（n. 痛苦，可数）→ sufferer（n. 受难者）
高考真题
2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·语法填空：
Many people ________ (suffer) from sleep problems due to heavy pressure.
2024·全国甲卷·语法填空：
The ________ (suffer) from the flood have received timely relief.
7. destroy（v. 摧毁；毁坏）
易混区分：destroy（彻底摧毁，不可修复）；damage（部分损坏，可修复）；ruin（逐渐毁坏，强调结果）
搭配：destroy one’s hope（摧毁希望）；be destroyed by the earthquake（被地震摧毁）
高考真题
2024·全国甲卷（完形填空）
The earthquake （destroy) many houses, but the local people quickly started rebuilding.
精选练习题
The ancient temple ________ (destroy) by the storm, leaving only ruins.
The typhoon ________ (destroy) the coastal village, leaving hundreds of people homeless.
8. rescue（v./n. 营救；救援）
搭配：rescue sb. from（从……中营救某人）；carry out a rescue（实施救援）
延伸：rescuer（n. 救援人员）
精选练习题
The firefighters ________ (rescue) three children from the burning building yesterday.
When the flood came, the army ________ (rescue) dozens of villagers from the floodwater.
9. judge（v. 判断；n. 法官）
高频结构：judge from/by（根据……判断，作状语时不受主语影响）
词性转换：judge（v.）→ judgment（n. 判断）
精选练习题
________ (judge) from his expression, he was satisfied with the result.
We shouldn’t ________ (judge) a person only by his appearance.
10. bury (v. 埋葬；掩埋)
核心精要：搭配bury sth. in sth.（把……埋在……）、be buried in（专注于；被掩埋）；派生：burial n. 埋葬。
高考真题
2024·浙江卷（语法填空）
The miners were in the mine for three days before being rescued.
精选练习题
She ________ (bury) herself in reading when her mother came in.
11. shock (v. 使震惊；n. 震惊；休克)
核心精要：动词被动式be shocked at（对……震惊）；名词搭配in shock（处于震惊中）；派生：shocking adj. 令人震惊的（修饰物）、shocked adj. 感到震惊的（修饰人）。
高考真题
2023·全国甲卷（完形填空）
We were （shock） by the news that the earthquake had caused great damage.
精选练习题
The ________ (shock) news made everyone in the room silent.
第二部分 重点词组与句型
1. 核心词组
（1）come to an end（结束；终止）
核心用法
区分：come to an end（动词短语，表动作“结束”）；at an end（介词短语，表状态“结束的”）；in the end（副词短语，表“最终”）
时态提示：by the end of+过去时间，主句用过去完成时
高考真题
2024·浙江卷·语法填空：
By the end of last year, the project ________ (come) to an end successfully.
精选练习题
单句填空：
Our day’s work was ________ an end and we felt tired.
The meeting ________ to an end when he arrived.
（2）in ruins（沦为废墟；破败不堪）
核心用法
搭配：fall into ruins（沦为废墟）；be reduced to ruins（被夷为平地），ruin作名词表“废墟”时常用复数ruins
高考真题
2023·全国甲卷·语法填空：
The ancient temple fell into ________ (ruin) after years of neglect.
（3）dig out 挖掘；发现
核心精要：侧重从废墟、泥土中挖掘，可引申为“发现（隐藏的事物）”；搭配dig out sb. from the ruins（从废墟中挖出某人）。
高考真题
2024·全国甲卷（阅读理解A篇）
Rescuers worked day and night to survivors from the collapsed building.
精选练习题
It took the villagers hours to ________ (dig out) the old well.
（4） come to an end 结束；终止
核心精要：指事件、过程的自然结束，无被动语态；区别于put an end to（人为终止，有被动）。
精选练习题
The meeting ________ (come to an end) when the fire alarm went off.
（5） in ruins 成为废墟；严重受损
核心精要：主语多为地点名词（city, village等）；搭配lie in ruins（处于废墟中）。
高考真题
2025·全国乙卷（语法填空）
The ancient town was in （ruin） after the flood, but people decided to rebuild it.
精选练习题
After the earthquake, many towns and villages lay ________ (in ruins).
（6） at an end 结束；终结（状态）
核心精要：强调“结束的状态”，区别于come to an end（结束的动作）；搭配be at an end。
精选练习题
The long wait was finally ________ (at an end) when the train arrived.
2. 核心句型
（1）as if / as though（好像；仿佛）
核心规则
虚拟语气：表与事实相反时，与过去相反用had done，与现在相反用did（be动词用were）
陈述语气：表“极有可能的事实”时，用正常时态（如It looks as if it will rain）
高考真题
2023·北京卷·语法填空：
She talked about the accident as if she ________ (be) there when it happened.
2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空：
It looks as if it ________ (rain) soon, so we should hurry up.
（2）be doing / be about to do... when...（正在做/正要做……这时……）
核心规则
when在此表“突然”，不可替换为while（while接延续性动作）
变体：had just done...when...（刚做完……这时……），when引导并列句
高考真题
2023·浙江卷·语法填空：
I ________ (walk) in the park when I met an old friend.
2024·全国乙卷·语法填空：
We ________ (have) dinner when the doorbell rang suddenly.
第三部分 核心语法点
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词 先行词类型 在从句中作用 高考易错点
who 人 主语 不可省略，如The boy who is reading is my brother
whom 人 宾语（可省略）；介词后不可省 介词后用whom不用who，如The girl with whom I worked is nice
whose 人/物 定语（表所属） 后接名词，如The house whose roof is broken needs repair
that/which 物 主语/宾语（宾语可省） 先行词有序数词/最高级修饰时用that，不用which
高考真题
2023·全国甲卷·语法填空：
The teacher ________ we respect most will retire next year.
2023·浙江卷·语法填空：
We visited the village ________ name I couldn't remember clearly.
2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·语法填空：
The girl with ________ I worked graduated from a famous university.
2. 过去分词作状语
核心规则
用法类型 逻辑关系 例句（Unit 4语境）
原因状语 主语与分词为被动关系 Shocked by the earthquake news, she burst into tears.
让步状语 主语与分词为被动关系 Buried in the ruins, he never gave up hope.
省略结构 可还原为“连词+主语+be+过去分词” Though (he was) injured, he continued to work.
精选练习题
单句语法填空：
________ (injure) in the accident, he was sent to the hospital at once.
________ (see) from the top of the building, the city looks more beautiful.
第四部分 二轮复习应试技巧
1. 词汇得分：优先记“动词→名词/形容词”转换（如suffer→sufferer，shock→shocked），高考语法填空70%的词性转换集中于此，结合Unit 4“灾害”主题场景记忆。 2. 词组辨析：区分“动作vs状态”短语（如come to an end是动作，at an end是状态）；as if后先判断“事实vs虚拟”，再确定时态（有具体证据用陈述语气，无证据用虚拟）。 3. 语法应用：定语从句先找先行词，缺定语用whose，介词后指人用whom；过去分词作状语先看“主语与分词的逻辑关系”，被动用过去分词，主动用现在分词。

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