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讲透高考英语非谓语动词--不定式-2026届高考英语语法重难点专项突破
★知识考情定位
动词不定式（to do）是高考英语非谓语动词的高频核心考点，近10年全国卷及新高考卷考查频率100%，覆盖语法填空、短文改错、完形填空（隐性辨析）、书面表达（句式升级,间接影响写作句式丰富度得分。）四大题型，其考查核心聚焦 “形式变化、句法功能、固定搭配、特殊用法” 四大维度，是学生突破语法难点、提升答题准确率和写作质感的关键模块。
★知识体系构建
一、动词不定式的核心定义与本质
二、动词不定式的核心形式：不定式的时态和语态（高考必考·表格清晰）
1.时态
(1)不定式一般式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者发生在它的后面。
(2)不定式进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
(3)不定式完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
(4)不定式完成进行式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，并延续到那个时候，可能还在进行。
2.语态
(1)主动语态：一般表示主动的意义 ，表示不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作执行者。
被动语态：表示被动的意义，表示不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作承受者。
只有两种：一般式to be done ；完成式：to have been done
注意：动词不定式 主动表被动的情况
1. have （give，show）sth to do
2..在某些“adj +to do ”
It (This,That)+be+a/an/+adj +n +to do
There +be+n +to do （to do 可用主动式可用被动式，只是侧重点不同）
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补+to do
6.某些动词to let ， to blame，to seek 主动表被动
7.with 复合结构用主动表被动
三、不定式的句法作用
1.不定式作主语
2.不定式作宾语
3.不定式作宾语补足语
4.不定式作定语
5.不定式作状语
不定式作表语
7.独立结构：不定式有时独立运用，与句子的其他部分没有特定的语法关系。
四、关于不定式结构的其他注意事项
★知识核心突破
一、动词不定式的核心定义与本质
1. 定义：动词不定式：由“to + 动词原形”构成（否定式为“not to + 动词原形”），属于非谓语动词，不能单独作句子谓语，但保留动词特征（可带宾语、状语），同时具备名词、形容词、副词属性，可在句中承担多种成分。
2. 核心本质（一句话理解）
表 “具体、一次性、将来” 的动作（区别于动名词doing表“抽象、习惯性”动作），
I like to read books tonight.（to do：具体动作，今晚要做的事）
I like reading books.（doing：抽象动作，长期的爱好）
二、动词不定式的核心形式：不定式的时态和语态（高考必考·表格清晰）
时态/语态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing 无
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing 无
1.时态
(1)不定式一般式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者发生在它的后面。
She heard me sing. (“唱”和“听见”同时发生。)
He hopes to come back tomorrow. (“回来”发生在“希望”之后。)
(2)不定式进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
She seems to be thinking about something.
When he came to see me, I happened to be watching TV.
(3)不定式完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
He pretended to have seen the film.
I am glad to have been invited to your birthday party.
(4)不定式完成进行式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，并延续到那个时候，可能还在进行。
He is said to have been living in Shanghai these years.
She seems to have been making an experiment in chemistry.
2.语态
(1)主动语态：一般表示主动的意义 ，表示不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作执行者。
She began to play the piano at the age of four.
Some stars are too far to see.(= to be seen)
被动语态：表示被动的意义，表示不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作承受者。
只有两种：一般式to be done ；完成式：to have been done
The sports meeting is to be held next Friday.
This novel is said to have been translated into many kinds of languages.
注意：动词不定式 主动表被动的情况
have （give，show）sth to do （不定式与前面的动词有动宾关系，又和句中另一名词和代词构成主谓关系）
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.
Have you anything to do this afternoon (to do的逻辑主语是you）
Have you anything to be taken to your mother （谁带不得而知）
.在某些“adj +to do ”结构中（不定式与主语构成动宾关系，常见adj ：important，
pleasant，impossible，easy，simple，hard，difficult ，dangerous，safe等）
S（n）+be +adj +to do： This question is difficult to answer.
S（n）+be +too +adj+to do :The thing is too small to see .
S（n）+be +adj +enough +to do sth ：The box is light enough to carry.
3.It (This,That)+be+a/an/+adj +n +to do （不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系，不定式可改为不 定式的复合结构 for sb to do sth）
This is a difficult question（ for me ）to answer.
4.There +be+n +to do （to do 可用主动式可用被动式，只是侧重点不同）
There is no time to lose .（for us to lose）/There is no time to be lost.（谁lost time
不明确）
There is nothing to do now .=We have nothing to do now.（现在我们没事做）
There is nothing to be done.=We can do nothing now .（现在没办法了）
There is nothing to see.=nothing worth seeing (没有东西值得看）
There is nothing to be seen.(nothing there at all 看不见什么东西）
注意：不定式有逻辑主语，只能用主动语态
There is nothing for me to do today.
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补+to do （宾语是不定式的逻辑主语，句子主语可以是不定式的逻辑主语，
也可以不是）
I found that man hard to get along with.
She makes his lesson easy to understand.
6.某些动词to let ， to blame，to seek 主动表被动
Is there a house to let here？这里有房子出粗吗？
Who is to blame for it ？ 这得怪谁？
The season is not far to seek.这理由不难找到.
with 复合结构用主动表被动
With a lot of difficult problems to settle ，the manage will have a hard time.
三、不定式的句法作用
1.不定式作主语
To stay young mentally is a fine attitude towards life.
保持年轻的心态是一种不错的人生态度。
To play some sports indoors or outdoors in cold winter helps to keep warm.
在寒冷的冬天，从事一些室内或室外的运动有助御寒。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见(眼见为实)。
注意：
1）不定式作主语相当于第三人称单数，常常用 it作形式主语放在句首，不定式后置。
2）句型
a.It+is+ adj+ for+n./ pron.(不定式的逻辑主语)+ to do sth.
It's quite necessary for the young students to learn about the spread and
prevention of AIDS.青年学生非常有必要了解艾滋病的传播与预防。
Where will it be convenient for me to pick you up after work
下班后我在哪儿接你方便呢？
。
b. It+ is+ adj.+ of+n./ pron.(多是人作不定式的逻辑主语)+ to do sth.
It's wise of her to keep calm in time of trouble.(= She is wise to keep calm in time of trouble.)她很理智，在有麻烦的时候能保持冷静。
It was stupid of him to overtake on the expressway.(= He was stupid to overtake
注意：1)不定式的复合结构
“for/of+名词(或代词宾格)+动词不定式”称作动词不定式的复合结构，在这种结构中
for/of 本身无意义，
带for的： important， necessary， natural easy ， safe ， common ， normal ，
hard ， difficult ， dangerous ， unusual， rare ， impossible ，
pleasant等
带；of的： bad ， brave ， careless， clever ， cruel ， foolish ， good
（好心的）， honest ， horrible ， kind ， lazy ， modest ， naughty ，
nice（有教养的）， polite， rude ， silly ， stupid ， wise ， wrong
（错误的）等。
2)有时，不定式的逻辑主语可以省略
It's hard (for/ her) to read the particular look in his eyes.
(她)很难理解他异常的眼神
3)of 和for 句型区别
of sb 句型一般都可以换成sb be+adj +to do sth （用介词后的代词作主语，用介
词前边的形容词作表语，造成一个句子，看是否通顺，通顺就用of 不通顺就用for）
It is stupid of her to do like this.=He is stupid to do like this.
c.It is +a/an +n +to do sth
（n：a crime/a pleasure/a pity /an honour /a shame/one’s duty----）
It’s a great honour to stand here
It’s our goal to enter a key university.
It's no easy job .(for me) to finish marking all the ex amination papers in
two hours.
要在两个小时内批改完所有的这些试卷不是那么简单的事。
d.It’s of +抽象名词 to do sth （importance/value/beneficial---）
It’s of great value to practice speaking English.
e.It requires patience/hard work /confidence/courage----to do sth.
It requires great courage to go through the forest alone.
f.It takes (sb)some time /patience/courage ---to do sth.
It takes much time to finish all of the work.
g.It +vi （happen/occur/seem/appear----）to do sth
It happened to rain when we went out.
2.不定式作宾语
The British couple hope to stay in Shanghai for the rest of their life.
这对英国夫妇希望在上海度过他们的后半生。
I'd like you to go on a trip to Hainan Island together with me some day in the
near future.
我想在不久的将来你能和我一块去海南岛旅游。
注意：
1.)只能用不定式作宾语的动词：
高频必考（优先掌握）
want想要、hope希望、wish希望、decide决定、plan计划、agree同意、refuse拒绝、
promise承诺、expect期待、afford负担得起、offer主动提出、choose选择、fail未能、
manage设法做到、try努力做、pretend假装、prepare准备、learn学习、determine决心、
hesitate犹豫
中频必备（语法填空/写作常用）
arrange安排、tend倾向于、aim旨在、demand要求、beg恳求
attempt尝试、claim声称、desire渴望、struggle努力、volunteer自愿做、long渴望、
strive奋力、resolve决心、aspire渴望、intend打算
低频补全（避免丢分）
undertake承诺；着手、consent同意、dare敢于、venture冒险做、proceed着手做、
pledge承诺、swear发誓、threaten威胁要做、resolve决心、elect选择；决定
2.)不定式作宾语的特殊结构
a.疑问词（除why之外）+to do ，常用动词：ask ，advise，decide，discuss，forget，know，
learn，show，teach，wonder等，构成动词不定式短语，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表
语等。
He has no idea where to be employed / who to ask/ how to send e- emails/ which one to
choose/ what to do next.他不知道去哪儿就业/该去问谁/如何发电子邮件/选择哪一个/下一步
该怎么办。
Where to go on a trip has not been decided.(主语)上哪儿去旅游还没有决定。
Can you tell me when to leave for Paris (宾语)你能告诉我什么时候去巴黎吗？
What I am interested in is what to major in.(表语)我感兴趣的是专修什么。
I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not.
b.动词+ it+宾语补足语+(for sb.)+不定式。
如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用it 作形式宾语，把真主不定式后置，常用的词：
feel, find, make, think, believe, consider + it +adj. / n. + to do sth.（6123法则）
He thought it a great pity not to have invited her.
I find it difficult to understand him.it
We feel it necessary for young students to have enough sleep every day.
我们觉得有必要让年轻的学生每天有足够的睡眠。
They have made it a rule to have a net chat once a week.
他们无论如何每星期要在网上聊一次。
c.不定式可以作少数介词如 but， except的宾语，值得注意的是，若该介词前出现了 do的某种
形式，后面的不定式就省略 to（有do无to，无do加to）
They hope for nothing but to live together forever.他们除了渴望能永远朝夕相处，别无
所求。
I'm powerless to do anything except wait.我除了等，无能为力。
I'm powerless to do anything except wait.我除了等，无能为力。
He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.
The child did nothing except weep.
3.不定式作宾语补足语
Parents expect their children to be back home earlier from the battlefields.
父母亲盼望他们的孩子能从战场早日归来。
注意：
1.）只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词：
①“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause 等。
② “请求”“恳求”等感彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。
③ “希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。
④ “建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。
⑤ “命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。
⑥ 其他：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on ，call on/for等。
*help 在使用不定式作宾补，可带to 也可以不带to
He often helps his mother （to）do his homework.
2）在 see、 hear、 listen to、 watch、 feel、 observe, notice, overhear 等感官动词之
后的宾语补足语，动词不定式的 to省略。但在被动语态中，感官动词后的不定式 to就不能省。
I saw a young man jump into the river and swim towards the drowning child.
=A young man was seen to jump into the river and swim towards the drowning child.
*使用不定式作宾补的句子，改为被动语态之后，宾补就改成了主语补足语，to 不可以省略.
The boss made them work fourteen hours every day.
They were made to work fourteen hours every day.
3）感官动词之后动词不定式和现在分词做宾语补足语之间的不同，
不定式：表示一次性动作或动作的完成；现在分词表示动作正在进行
I feel my love for her grow day by day.我觉得我越来越爱她。
I can feel spring drawing near walking in the country.
漫步在乡村，我能感觉到春天的脚步越来越近。
I heard him tell the children the same story again and again.
我听到他把这个故事给孩子们讲了一遍又一遍。
I heard him telling the children the same story when I passed by.
当我从旁边经过时，他正在给孩子们讲那个故事。
在think ，consider，prove ，find ，suppose，believe，feel，imagine 等动词的宾语后可
以加 to be 结构
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
We believer him to be guilty.
*regard,think ,believe ,take ,consider 等用as 作宾补
We regard Bob as our best teacher.
Mary took him as her father.
4.不定式作定语
不定式作定语，位于所修饰名词的后面。
The State Prime Minister has too much work to deal with every day.
国务院总理总是日理万机。
She is the right person to take charge of the project.她是负责这项工程的合适人选。
In the room they found some wood to make a fire with.
在那屋里，他们发现了一些木柴，那是用来生火的。
Years of hard work, they had little to eat and only a cold room to live in.
多年的劳累，他们食不果腹，只有寒室一间。
注意：
1）所修饰的名词前有the first/last/next, the only, the best, the most等序数词或最高
级等修饰语时, 用不定式作定语.
The next train to arrive is from Washington.
He is the last one to go home every day.
2）做定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，
工具等，不定式后面要有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
There is nothing to worry about
The nurse has five children to look after.
但：不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place,way 是，不定式后面的介词习惯是省去。
He had no money and no place to live (in)
3）能带不定式作宾语的动词，转化成名词时，往往也能带不定式结构做定语
They promised not to do that again.----They made a promise not to do that again.
I don’t wish to quarrel with you.----I have no wish to quarrel with you.
5.不定式作状语
1）作目的状语，可位于句首或句尾。不定式可以置于句首，是区别于其他功能的标志之一。
He got up early to catch the early bus.=To catch the early bus，he got up early.
注意：
表目的，可以在to前加上in order或so as ，特别是to 前you 否定词时。
in order to 和 so as to 可以帮助表示目的，以加强语气，但 so as to 不能位于句首。
I walked out of the room on tiptoe so as not to wake up the baby.
我踮着脚走出房间，以免惊醒婴儿。
In order to be kept informed of what is happening there, he has his cell phone
switched on day and night.为了随时了解那边的情况，他把手机日夜开着。
2）表结果状语，位于句尾。
His brother left his hometown and joined the Red Army at the age of 17,never to
be heard from again.他哥哥17岁时离开家乡参加了红军，从此再也没有音信。
The old man died last at 95, only to survive his wife by ten years.
这位老人一直活到95岁，比他老伴多活了10年。
What has he done to make you so unhappy 他做了什么使你这样生气？
He came round to find himself in hospital.
注意：
1）不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：
① so …as to …
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time
② such (…) as to …
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
③ adj /adv+ enough to do sth …
The boy is old enough to go to school.
④ too … to …
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
2）不定式的特殊句型too…to…
a too…to　 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you 需要我帮忙吗
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all
the same.　不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
b.如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，
意 为"不太"。
It's never too late to mend.　(谚语)　改过不嫌晚。
c.当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。不表示结果，也无否定含
义，
I’m only too glad to go. (= I’m very glad to go.)
I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.)
d.only to do 表事先没有预料的结果，不定式要放在句子的后面，加强语气，如：
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
*不定式做结果状语常常表示出乎意料的结果，而用现在分词做结果状语则表示自然的结果
He hurried to the station ,only to find the train had gone.
A lot of good land has gone with them ,leaving only desert.
*区别：目的和结果
He arrived late to find the others had gone home.
(=He arrived late and found the others had gone home.)
He arrived late to avoid meeting his teacher.
(He arrived late in order to avoid meeting his teacher )
3） 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）
She wept to hear the news.
I pretend to be happy to know him.
He laughed to see such fun.
She seemed surprised to meet us.
He is very glad to hear the news.
6.不定式作表语
不定式做表语，一般紧跟在系动词be，remain，appear，get 等后面，用来说明主语的具体的
内容或表示目的。
主语多数是以aim ，dream，suggestion，duty，plan，proposal，job，idea，intention，
mistake，hope 等名词短语或以what 引导的名词性从句，说明主语的内容
As a school boy, his dream was to become a diplomat. Nowadays his dream has finally
come true.在学生时代，他就梦想着将来做名外交官。如今，他终于如愿以偿。
The purpose of the exchange visit is to promote the cooperation of education and
friendship between the two schools.这次互访的目的就是要促进两校的教育合作与友谊。
The first step will be to accustom yourself to the new surroundings.
第一步要做的就是使自己在较短的时间内适应新的环境。
All we have to do is to keep calm and be confident.我们只要保持冷静和自信就行了。
2）主语和表语都是不定式，一是条件，一是结果
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
在连系动词 sound， seem， prove， appear， turn out之后的不定式 to be 可以省略，还
可以用“It+动词+ that”句型来改写，意思不变。例如：
He appears (to be) very young.(= It appears that he is very young.)他显得很年轻。
She lived next to me for years. She turned out (to be) a spy.(= It turned out that
he was a spy.)她曾是我多年的邻居。原来她是一名间谍。
The experiment proved (to be) a success.(= It proved that the experiment was a
success.)结果证明，这项实验是成功的。
7.独立结构：不定式有时独立运用，与句子的其他部分没有特定的语法关系。
To tell (you) the truth, he doesn’t agree with you.
To begin with, Beijing is a very beautiful city.
needless to say不用说 , to be sure 的确, to be frank坦率地说 ,
to be exact准确的说 , to sum up总之, to be brief 简单地说,
to make matters worse 更糟的是, to make a long story长话短说,
strange to say说来也怪, not to speak of 更不用说to be fair 说句公道话
To begin with/ To start with, you should be brave enough to challenge yourself.
首先，你要勇于挑战自我。
To tell you the truth, I show no interest at all in what you told me.
说实话，我对你所告诉我的一切没有一点儿兴趣。
Needless to say, a singer should have a pleasing voice.
不用说，作为一名歌手，应该有动听的声音。
四、关于不定式结构的其他注意事项
1. wish. hope, want. intend等动词的过去式加不定式完成时( to have done),表示未曾实现的希
望、意图，相当于这些词的过去完成时加不定式的一般式( to do)。
I intended to have gone to see you last weekend. but I had an unexpected visitor.
(=I had intended to go to see…)上周末，我本想去看你，但来了一位不速之客。
He planned to have come to the party. but he didn't. I wonder why.
(=He had planned to come to .)他计划来参加晚会的，但没来，我觉得奇怪。
2..不定式省略 to的情况
1)在感官动词和使役动词之后的宾语补足语，动词不定式的 to省略。但在被动语态中，感官动词后
的不定式 to就不能省。
2)在以 why (not)起首的省略疑问句中，不定式不带 to。
Why not look up the word in the dictionary
Why go there alone
3)在 had better, would rather …(than), cannot but, do nothing but 等后面，不定式省略 to。
You'd better not disturb me.
Liu Hulan would rather die than surrender.刘胡兰宁死也不投降。
We can't but let him try.我们不得不让他试一下。
The girl could do nothing but cry.这女孩没有别的办法，只好哭。
4)在动词 know 后面不定式作宾语补足语，有时可以省略 to，但在被动结构中，不能省略 to。
I have never known him tell a lie.我从来没听说他撒过谎。
I never knew her act without thinking.我从未发现她轻率行事过。
rather than 位于句首时，其后的不定式不带 to，但位于句尾时，其后的不定式可以不带 to，
也可以保留 to。
Rather than cause trouble, he left.他宁可走开而不愿引起麻烦。
She walks to her office every day rather than (to) go by bus.她宁可每天步行上班而不愿坐
公共汽车。
主语部分含有动词 do的一定形式时，作表语的不定式可以省去 to，也可保留 to。
The only thing he could do was (to) wait there.他唯一能做的事情是等在那里。
The thing to do is (to) clean the classroom.要做的事是打扫教室。
7) dare用作行为动词时，用于否定句可省略 to，也可保留 to。
They don't dare (to) make a sound.他们一点声音都不敢出。
I have never dared (to) disturb him.我从来不敢打扰他。
3.一句话的意思很清楚时，有时特地重复使用同一动词，将其省略而保留 to。
You can go if you want to.如果你想去你就去吧。
— Would you like to leave a message 你要不要留个话？
—— Yes, I'd like to.好的，麻烦你了。
Now he doesn't work so hard as he used to.他现在不像以前那么肯吃苦了。
4.有些动词短语中的 to 是介词，而不是构成不定式的 to。
We have been looking forward to a meeting since our graduation from university 18years ago.
自从十八年前大学毕业以来，我们就一直在盼望着有一次相逢的机会。
He objects to being treated like a child.他反对别人把他当孩子来看待。
注意类似的短语pay attention to, prefer . to ..., devote oneself to, contribute to,
help oneself to，stick to ，be close to ，get/be/become used to 等。
5.“形容词+不定式”结构
部分形容词可后接不定式，与句子主语在逻辑上构成主谓关系，这类形容词多是表示思想感情的，
常见的有： eager, sure, glad, sorry, lucky, angry, afraid, anxious, happy,careful, foolish,
clever, willing, kind, slow, quick, ready, likely, free, good等；有的语法家把这种不定式
叫做宾语，也有的语法家认为形容词后接的不定式是状语，表示原因等。
We are sure to master at least a foreign language in high school.我们一定能在中学阶段至
少掌握一门外语。
I am glad to have heard from you.我很高兴收到了你的来信。
She is quick to answer my question.她很快回答了我的问题

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