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初中英语语法中考专项复习——动词
动词的重要性
句子灵魂：每个句子必须有一个动词 时态载体：通过动词变化表达时间关系 语态体现：主动语态与被动语态 语气表达：陈述、疑问、祈使、虚拟
一、动词中考核心考点总览
考点1：动词的分类（实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词） 考点2：动词的基本形式（原形、三单、过去式、过去分词、现在分词） 考点3：及物动词与不及物动词的区分 考点4：动词的时态变化（八大时态） 考点5：动词的语态（主动语态与被动语态） 考点6：非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）
二、动词考点系统讲解
考点1：动词的分类 中考要求： 掌握动词的四大分类及各自特点 理解各类动词在句中的功能 掌握常见系动词和情态动词的用法 动词分类详解表： 类别特点功能常见动词例句实义动词有实际意义作谓语，表示动作或状态run, study, eat, workHe runs fast.系动词连接主语和表语与表语构成谓语be, become, seem, look, feelShe is a teacher.助动词无实际意义帮助构成时态、语态、疑问、否定do, does, did, have, has, willDo you like apples 情态动词有情态意义表示能力、许可、义务等can, may, must, should, couldYou must finish your homework.
系动词分类： 1. 状态系动词：be（是） 2. 感官系动词：look（看起来），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（感觉） 3. 变化系动词：become（变成），get（变得），turn（变得），grow（变得） 4. 持续系动词：keep（保持），stay（保持），remain（仍然） 情态动词特点： 1. 无人称和数的变化 2. 后接动词原形 3. 两个情态动词不能连用 4. 有过去式形式（can→could, may→might, will→would等） 动词分类口诀： 动词分为四大类，实义系动助动情。 实义动词有意义，系动连接主和表。 助动帮忙构时态，情态语气加意愿。
中考真题再现： 例1： The cake ______ delicious. Would you like some A. looks B. smells C. tastes D. sounds 答案：B 解析：蛋糕应该是"闻起来"香，用smells。 例2： You ______ finish your homework before watching TV. A. can B. may C. must D. could 答案：C 解析：表示"必须"用must。
考点2：动词的基本形式 中考要求： 掌握动词的五种基本形式 掌握动词第三人称单数的变化规则 掌握动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则 动词五种基本形式： 1. 原形：do, go, study 2. 第三人称单数：does, goes, studies 3. 过去式：did, went, studied 4. 过去分词：done, gone, studied 5. 现在分词：doing, going, studying 第三人称单数变化规则： 规则原形三单形式示例一般加-sworkworksHe works hard.以s/x/ch/sh/o结尾加-esgogoesShe goes to school.辅音字母+y结尾变y为i加-esstudystudiesHe studies English.特殊变化havehasShe has a book.
过去式和过去分词变化规则： 规则原形过去式过去分词示例规则变化（加-ed）workworkedworkedHe worked yesterday.以e结尾加-dlivelivedlivedThey lived here.辅音字母+y结尾变y为i加-edstudystudiedstudiedShe studied hard.重读闭音节双写尾字母加-edstopstoppedstoppedThe car stopped.
不规则动词变化（需特别记忆）： 类型原形过去式过去分词记忆技巧AAA型cutcutcut三式同形ABB型buyboughtbought过去式和分词相同ABA型becomebecamebecome原形和分词相同ABC型gowentgone三式都不同
动词变化口诀： 动词变化有规则，三单-es加后头。 过去分词-ed跟，重读闭音双写尾。 不规则变化单独记，AAA ABB ABC。
中考真题再现： 例3： My mother often ______ shopping on weekends. A. go B. goes C. went D. going 答案：B 解析：often表示经常，用一般现在时，主语三单用goes。 例4： I have ______ my homework already. A. finish B. finished C. finishing D. finishes 答案：B 解析：现在完成时用have+过去分词。
考点3：及物动词与不及物动词 中考要求： 区分及物动词和不及物动词 掌握动词带宾语的情况 理解短语动词的用法 及物动词（vt.）与不及物动词（vi.）对比： 特征及物动词不及物动词能否带宾语必须带宾语不能带宾语被动语态可用于被动语态不能用于被动语态示例love, buy, seearrive, go, come例句I love you.（带宾语）He arrived.（不带宾语）
需要注意的情况： 1. 有些动词既可作vt.也可作vi.： begin：The meeting began.（vi.） begin：He began his speech.（vt.） 2. 不及物动词+介词=及物动词短语： look at：Please look at the blackboard. listen to：Listen to me carefully. 3. 及物动词+副词=不及物动词短语： give up：Don't give up. turn off：Please turn off the light. 动词带宾语的情况： 1. 单宾语：I read a book. 2. 双宾语：He gave me a gift.（间接宾语+直接宾语） 3. 复合宾语：We made him monitor.（宾语+宾补） 及物不及物口诀： 及物动词带宾语，不及物动独自立。 有些动词两相宜，看其后有无宾语。 动词短语要牢记，介词副词不分离。
中考真题再现： 例5： The train ______ at the station ten minutes ago. A. arrived B. reached C. got D. came 答案：A 解析：arrive是不及物动词，后接at+地点；reach是及物动词直接加地点。 例6： Please ______ the light before you leave. A. turn on B. turn off C. turn up D. turn down 答案：B 解析：turn off是及物动词短语。
考点4：动词的时态变化 中考要求： 掌握八大时态的构成和用法 理解时态的时间状语标志 掌握时态在复合句中的一致原则 八大时态总表： 时态构成时间状语用法例句一般现在时do/doesoften, usually, always经常性动作，真理He goes to school every day.一般过去时didyesterday, last week, ago过去发生的动作I saw him yesterday.一般将来时will do/be going to dotomorrow, next week将来发生的动作I will call you tomorrow.现在进行时am/is/are doingnow, at the moment现在正在进行的动作He is reading now.过去进行时was/were doingat this time yesterday过去某一时刻正在进行的动作I was watching TV at 8 last night.现在完成时have/has donealready, yet, just, for, since过去发生对现在有影响I have finished my homework.过去完成时had doneby the time, before过去的过去He had left when I arrived.过去将来时would do/was going to do常用于宾语从句从过去看将来He said he would come.
时态使用要点： 1. 一般现在时：三单加-s/es，疑问否定用do/does 2. 一般过去时：规则动词加-ed，不规则需记忆 3. 现在完成时：have/has+过去分词，不与具体过去时间连用 4. 时态一致：主句过去时，从句也要用相应过去时 时态时间标志词： 现在完成时：already, yet, just, ever, never, for, since 一般过去时：yesterday, last week, ago, in 1990 一般将来时：tomorrow, next week, in the future 进行时：now, at the moment, at this time 时态口诀： 时态八大要记清，时间状语是标志。 现在过去将来分，进行完成加其中。 主从句中时态同，时间状语指方向。
中考真题再现： 例7： I ______ my homework when my mother came back. A. do B. did C. was doing D. have done 答案：C 解析：过去某一时刻正在进行的动作用过去进行时。 例8： By the time I got to the station, the train ______. A. left B. has left C. had left D. leaves 答案：C 解析："过去的过去"用过去完成时。
考点5：动词的语态 中考要求： 掌握主动语态和被动语态的构成 理解被动语态的使用场合 掌握含情态动词的被动语态 常见时态被动语态构成： 时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesam/is/are done一般过去时didwas/were done一般将来时will dowill be done现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are being done现在完成时have/has donehave/has been done含情态动词can/must docan/must be done
被动语态使用场合： 被动语态使用场合： 1. 不知道动作执行者： The window was broken.（不知道谁打破的） 2. 不必指出动作执行者： English is spoken all over the world. 3. 强调动作承受者： The book was written by him.（强调书是他写的） 4. 出于礼貌或委婉： You are requested to be quiet. 主动变被动步骤： 1. 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语 2. 把主动语态的谓语变为be+过去分词 3. 把主动语态的主语变为by短语（可省略） 语态口诀： 主动被动要分清，be加过去分词成。 不知道者不必提，强调承受用被动。 情态动词也适用，后加be加过分。
中考真题再现： 例9： Many trees ______ on the hill every year. A. plant B. planted C. are planted D. were planted 答案：C 解析：树被种，用被动语态，every year用一般现在时。 例10： The room ______ every day. A. cleans B. is cleaned C. cleaned D. has cleaned 答案：B
考点6：非谓语动词 中考要求： 掌握不定式、动名词、分词的基本用法 理解非谓语动词在句中的成分 掌握非谓语动词的时态和语态 非谓语动词三种形式： 形式构成句法功能示例不定式to do主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语I want to go.动名词doing主语、宾语、表语、定语Swimming is good for health.分词doing/done定语、状语、补语、表语The boy standing there is my brother.
不定式用法要点： 1. 作主语：To see is to believe. 2. 作宾语：want to do, decide to do, like to do 3. 作定语：I have something to say. 4. 作状语：He came to see me. 5. 作补语：I want you to come. 动名词用法要点： 1. 作主语：Smoking is harmful. 2. 作宾语：enjoy doing, finish doing, mind doing 3. 作表语：His job is teaching. 4. 作定语：a swimming pool 分词用法要点： 1. 现在分词：表示主动、进行 The story is interesting.（表语） The girl singing is my sister.（定语） 2. 过去分词：表示被动、完成 I'm interested in music.（表语） The book written by him is popular.（定语） 非谓语动词口诀： 非谓动词有三种，不定动名分词分。 不定式to加原形，动名词ing形式成。 现在分词表主动，过去分词被动成。 句中成分各不同，具体用法要记清。
中考真题再现： 例11： It's important ______ English well. A. learn B. to learn C. learning D. learned 答案：B 解析：It's important to do sth. 固定句型。 例12： I enjoy ______ to music. A. listen B. to listen C. listening D. listened 答案：C 解析：enjoy后接动名词doing。
三、动词否定式
中考高频考点 三单否定：doesn't + 动词原形（× doesn't goes → √ doesn't go） 过去式否定：didn't + 动词原形（× didn't went → √ didn't go） 情态动词否定：can't, mustn't, shouldn't（后接动词原形） 完成时否定：haven't/hasn't + 过去分词 祈使句否定：Don't开头（× Not go → √ Don't go）
练习题精选 He ______ (not like) math. They ______ (not watch) TV last night. You ______ (must not) play with fire. ______ (not be) late for school. I told her ______ (not wait) for me. 答案： doesn't like didn't watch mustn't Don't be not to wait
四、动词易错点考前速查
易错点错误示例正确形式记忆技巧三单忘记加sHe go to school.He goes to school.三单主语动词加s时态混淆I have seen him yesterday.I saw him yesterday.现在完成时不与具体过去时间连用被动语态be缺失The window broken.The window was broken.被动语态必须用be不定式漏toHe made me to cry.He made me cry.make/let等使役动词后省to动名词误用I enjoy to swim.I enjoy swimming.enjoy后接动名词情态动词后加toHe can to swim.He can swim.情态动词后接动词原形系动词用副词The food tastes well.The food tastes good.系动词后接形容词动词形式错误He has came.He has come.过去分词形式要正确
五、动词中考模拟测试
一、单项选择 1. 动词分类（系动词） The music ______ beautiful. A. listens B. hears C. sounds D. feels 2. 三单变化 My sister often ______ to music after school. A. listen B. listens C. listened D. listening 3. 及物不及物动词 The meeting will ______ at 3 p.m. A. begin B. began C. begun D. beginning 4. 一般现在时 Water ______ at 0℃. A. freeze B. freezes C. froze D. frozen 5. 一般过去时 I ______ a film with my parents last night. A. see B. saw C. seen D. seeing 6. 一般将来时 They ______ a party next Saturday. A. have B. had C. will have D. are having 7. 现在进行时 Look! The boys ______ basketball on the playground. A. play B. played C. are playing D. have played 8. 过去进行时 I ______ dinner when the phone rang. A. cook B. cooked C. was cooking D. am cooking 9. 现在完成时 She ______ in Beijing for ten years. A. lives B. lived C. has lived D. had lived 10. 过去完成时 By the time I got home, my mother ______ dinner. A. cooks B. cooked C. has cooked D. had cooked 11. 被动语态（一般现在） English ______ all over the world. A. speaks B. spoke C. is spoken D. was spoken 12. 被动语态（一般过去） The bridge ______ last year. A. builds B. built C. is built D. was built 13. 含情态动词被动 The work ______ before Friday. A. must finish B. must be finished C. must finished D. must be finish 14. 不定式用法 It's time ______ lunch. A. have B. to have C. having D. had 15. 动名词用法 He is good at ______ stories. A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. told 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 16. He usually ______ (get) up at 6:30. 17. I ______ (read) a book at this time yesterday. 18. They ______ (build) a new school next year. 19. The house ______ (clean) every week. 20. She ______ (teach) English since 2010. 21. If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, we'll stay at home. 22. The teacher made me ______ (stand) up. 23. I enjoy ______ (play) football after school. 24. By the end of last month, I ______ (learn) 1,000 English words. 25. The film is worth ______ (see). 三、改错题 26. He can speaks English well. → ______ 27. I have bought the book two days ago. → ______ 28. The room needs cleaned. → ______ 29. She enjoys to watch TV. → ______ 30. He was made work ten hours a day. → ______
测试答案及解析 一、单项选择 1. C 音乐"听起来"用sounds 2. B often用一般现在时，主语三单用listens 3. A 会议"开始"用begin，will后接动词原形 4. B 客观真理用一般现在时，water三单用freezes 5. B last night用一般过去时saw 6. C next Saturday用一般将来时will have 7. C Look!提示用现在进行时are playing 8. C when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时 9. C for ten years用现在完成时has lived 10. D By the time提示用过去完成时had cooked 11. C 英语被说，用被动语态，一般事实用一般现在时 12. D 桥被建，用被动语态，last year用一般过去时 13. B 含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+过去分词 14. B It's time to do sth.固定句型 15. C be good at doing固定搭配 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 16. gets 17. was reading 18. will build/are going to build 19. is cleaned 20. has taught 21. rains（主将从现） 22. stand（make sb do sth） 23. playing 24. had learned 25. seeing（be worth doing） 三、改错题 26. speaks → speak（情态动词后接动词原形） 27. have bought → bought（two days ago用一般过去时） 28. cleaned → cleaning（need doing=need to be done） 29. to watch → watching（enjoy doing） 30. work → to work（be made to do sth被动语态中to要恢复）

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