资源简介

Section C　Extended reading & Project & Assessment
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．____________ n. 居民，住户
2．____________ n. 首领，最高领导人
adj. 主要的；首席的
3．____________ n. 委员会
4．____________ vi. 反对，抗议
vt. 反对；坚持声称；申辩
5．____________ n. 过程，进程；步骤，流程
vt. 加工，处理
6．____________ n. 政策，方针；原则
7．____________ n. (政府或机构)部门；分
部；树枝；分流；分支
8．____________ n. 策略，行动计划；策划，部署
9．____________ n. 地铁；地下人行道
10．____________ adj. 昔日的，前任的；以前的，从前的
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ adv.完全地，全部地，完整地→________ adj.全部的，整个的
2．________ n．雾霾，烟雾→________ adj.烟雾弥漫的
3．________ n．利润，收益；好处 vi. & vt.获益，得到好处→________ adj.有利可图的；有益的→________ adj.无利的；无益的
4．________ n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守→________ vt.& vi.防御，保卫→________ adj.防御性的
5．________ adj.经济的，经济上的；可赚钱的→________ adj.经济的；节约的；实惠的→________ n．经济；节约
6．________ vt.回收利用，再利用→________ adj.可回收利用的→________ n．& vt.& vi.(使)循环
7．________ n．贫穷，贫困；贫乏→________ adj.贫穷的
8．________ vt.污染；毒死，毒害 n．毒物，毒药→________ adj.有毒的
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．________________ 户外活动
2．________________ 摆脱，丢弃，扔掉
3．________________ 反对某事物
4．________________ 倾向于，往往会
5．________________ 把……和……联系起来
6．________________ 渴望做某事
7．________________ 获得巨额利润
8．________________ 为……作解释或辩护
9．________________ 代表某人讲话
10．________________ 很关切……，很担心……
11．________________ 生产过程
12．________________ 使某人注意
13．________________ 在增加，在上涨
14．________________ 携手合作
15．________________ 环保的，不损害环境的
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．今晚来到我们演播室的有本地居民詹姆斯·史密斯、本地一家工厂的高管文森特·布朗，还有诺盖特环境保护委员会的负责人朱莉·阿彻。
______________________________________ are James Smith, a local resident; Vincent Brown, senior manager of a local factory; and Julie Archer, chief of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee.
2．我们一直在采取各种各样的措施，包括新科技手段的运用，来减少生产过程中产生的污染，尽管这些措施会增加我们的生产成本。
We've been taking various measures, including the use of new technologies, to reduce pollution in the production process, ________________________________________________．
3．鉴于污染程度不断加重，诺盖特环境保护委员会正在设法应对这个问题。
______________________________________， the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee is searching for ways to fight the problem.
文本研析·语篇理解
Ⅰ.语篇结构
Ⅱ.根据课文内容选择正确答案
1．How many characters are there in the studio according to the passage
A．2. B．3.
C．4. D．5.
2．From what James Smith said, what can we know
A．How heavy industry produced the pollution.
B．How he protested against the pollution.
C．Why human beings should fight against pollution.
D．Why the population of animals is decreasing.
3．Which of the following is NOT mentioned in Vincent Brown's speech
A．People have a tendency to connect factories with pictures of clouds of dirty smoke.
B．Factories producing poisonous chemicals should be closed down.
C．The businessmen try to control the amount of pollution they produce.
D．The businessmen have been taking various measures to reduce pollution.
4．Which of the following statements is wrong according to the passage
A．James Smith is for the idea that heavy industry has to go to protest against the pollution in his living place.
B．Vincent Brown wants to draw our attention to the environmental benefits factories have brought to Norgate.
C．The Norgate Environmental Protection Committee has a major role to play in maintaining air and water quality.
D．Many people are willing to take various measures for things that are friendly to the environment.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
The topic today is pollution in Norgate. James Smith, 1.________ local resident, believes that heavy industry factories contribute 2.________ pollution, and they have to go for health and safety reasons. Vincent Brown, senior manager of a local factory, argues that people should pay attention to the economic benefits factories have brought to Norgate and that factories 3.________ (create) many jobs for local residents and helped the city's economy grow. The factories have been taking various 4.________ (measure), including the use of new technologies, 5.________ (reduce) pollution in the production process.
Julie Archer, head of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee, says they have to achieve a balance between environmental protection 6.________ economic development. They also work together with other departments of government to ensure that development strategies 7.________ (follow) in an environmentally friendly way. Everyone can help by following the golden rule: reduce, reuse and recycle.
The fortunes of the environment and the economy are inseparable. 8.________ is our duty to protect our environment, to leave a better, cleaner and 9.________ (healthy) planet to our children and to build a community with a 10.________ (share) future for mankind.
教材助读·开放课堂
[词汇注释]
①matter vi.要紧，事关紧要，有重大影响
count vi.要紧，重要
②resident/'rez d nt/n.居民，住户
a local resident一位当地居民
③senior manager高级经理
be senior to sb.比某人级别高；比某人年长
④chief/t i f/n.首领，最高领导人　adj.主要的；首席的
⑤committee/k 'm ti/n.委员会
⑥cost [熟词生义]n.代价；牺牲
⑦entirely/ n'ta li/adv.完全地，全部地，完整地
entirely different完全不同
⑧not...any more不再……
not...any longer不再……
no more/longer不再……
⑨smelly adj.有难闻气味的；有臭味的
⑩smog/sm ɡ/n.雾霾，烟雾
smoke和fog各取一部分→smog
colour [熟词生义]vt.为……着色，给……染色
get rid/r d/ of摆脱，丢弃，扔掉
be rid of摆脱
rid...of...使……摆脱/除掉……
for...reasons出于……原因
protest/pr 'test/vi.反对，抗议　vt.反对；坚持声称，申辩/'pr test/n.抗议，反对
protest against抗议……
tend to do sth.倾向于做某事
connect...with...把……与……联系起来
irresponsible adj.不负责任的；无责任感的
be eager to do sth.急于做某事
be eager for sth.渴望某物
profit/'pr f t/n.利润，收益；好处　vi.& vt.获益，得到好处
make/turn/earn a profit赚取利润
in defence of 为……作解释或辩护
defence/d 'fens/(AmE defense) n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守
point out指出
speak for sb.代(表)某人讲话
be concerned about关心；挂念
various/'ve ri s/adj.各种不同的，各种各样的
take various measures 采取各种各样的措施
process/'pr ses/
n．过程，进程；步骤，流程
vt.加工，处理
in the process of (doing) sth.在(做)某事的过程中
draw one's attention to吸引某人的注意力到……上
economic/ i k 'n m k/adj.经济的，经济上的；可赚钱的
on the rise在增加，在上升
search for寻找；搜索
deal with处理；涉及
deal with与how连用；do with与what连用。
have a major role to play in doing sth.在做某事中起主要作用
achieve a balance between A and B实现A与B的平衡
policy/'p l si/n.政策，方针；原则
make policies制定政策
observe vt.遵守
hand in hand手拉手
arm in arm臂挽着臂
side by side肩并肩地
shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地
branch/brɑ nt /n.(政府或机构)部门；分部；树枝；支流；分支
strategy/'str t d i/n.策略，行动计划；策划，部署
environmentally friendly环保的
in an environmentally friendly way以一种环保的方式
recycle/ ri 'sa kl/vt.回收利用，再利用
3R原则包括减少使用、重复使用和回收利用三个方面。
subway/'s bwe /n.地铁；地下人行道
former/'f m (r)/adj.昔日的，前任的；以前的，从前的
the former...the latter...前者……后者……
official/ 'f l/n.官员，要员
adj.公务的；正式的，官方的
poverty/'p v ti/n.贫穷，贫困；贫乏
lift people out of poverty 让人们摆脱贫困
one and the same同一个(人或物)，表示强调。
inseparable adj.不可分离的，分不开的
aim for瞄准；以……为目标
shared adj.共有的，共享的
[教材原文]
News that Matters①： pollution in NorgateHOST：Good evening and welcome to News that Matters. Our topic today is pollution in Norgate. Joining us in the studio tonight are James Smith, a local resident②； Vincent Brown, senior manager③ of a local factory; and Julie Archer, chief④ of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee⑤ [1]. Welcome.
Norgate's rapid development has had significant environmental costs⑥. Mr Smith, you've lived in this city for over 20 years. How would you describe the effects of pollution over that time
[1]该句主语较长，为保持句子平衡和出于表达需要，使用了倒装语序。正常语序：James Smith...Vincent Brown...and Julie Archer are joining us in...
SMITH：It's been awful, really. When I first moved here, the air was fresh, the grass green and the water clear. Then heavy industry factories moved in, and things became entirely⑦ different. I don't enjoy outdoor activities any more⑧. The river is dirty and smelly⑨. The smog⑩ in the air has coloured the sky a smoky grey; it's also given me a cough that I can't get rid of [2]. For health and safety reasons alone, heavy industry has to go.
[2]that引导定语从句，修饰a cough
HOST: Mr Smith protested against heavy industry. Mr Brown, would you like to respond
BROWN: Well, I'm sorry you feel that way, Mr Smith. People tend to connect factories with pictures of clouds of dirty smoke and irresponsible businessmen eager to make huge profits . In defence of the factories, however, I'd like to point out that we also try to control the amount of pollution we produce[3]. I think I speak for all factory managers when I say we're deeply concerned about the environment. We've been taking various measures, including the use of new technologies, to reduce pollution in the production process ， even though these measures raise our production costs. I'd also like to draw your attention to the economic benefits factories have brought to Norgate. We've created many jobs for local residents and helped the city's economy grow.
[3]that引导宾语从句，作point out的宾语。we produce是省略关系代词that或which的定语从句，修饰pollution
HOST: Thank you, Mr Brown. With pollution levels on the rise [4], the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee is searching for ways to fight the problem. Mrs Archer, what are your thoughts on how to deal with pollution
[4]with＋宾语＋宾补（介词短语）
ARCHER: Well, our committee has a major role to play in maintaining air and water quality. We have to achieve a balance between environmental protection and economic development. We've made environmental policies for businesses to observe ， like strict clean-up requirements. We also work hand in hand with other branches of government to ensure that development strategies are followed in an environmentally friendly way. However, fighting pollution isn't just a task for factories and the government. It has to be a community-wide effort, and everyone can help by following the golden rule: reduce, reuse and recycle . For example, you can save energy by taking the bus or the subway ， or using the bike-sharing system.
HOST: Thank you, Mrs Archer, and thanks again to all of our guests. A former UN official once said,“Saving our planet, lifting people out of poverty ，advancing economic growth...these are one and the same fight.” The fortunes of our environment and our economy are inseparable . It's our duty to protect the environment while we aim for economic development [5]. It's our duty to leave a better, cleaner and healthier planet to our children. It's our duty to build a human community with a shared future.
[5]It's one's duty to do sth.“做某事是某人的责任”。其中it是形式主语，后面的不定式短语是真正的主语。while we aim for economic development是while引导的时间状语从句。
[汉语译文]
《焦点新闻》：诺盖特市的污染
主持人：晚上好，欢迎收看《焦点新闻》。我们今天的话题是“诺盖特市的污染”。今晚来到我们演播室的有本地居民詹姆斯·史密斯、本地一家工厂的高管文森特·布朗，还有诺盖特环境保护委员会的负责人朱莉·阿彻。欢迎你们。
诺盖特市的高速发展付出了高昂的环境代价。史密斯先生，您已经在这座城市生活了二十多年。您能说说这二十年间污染造成的影响吗？
史密斯：非常糟糕，真的。我刚搬来时，这里空气清新、草绿水清。后来重工业工厂迁来了，情况变得截然不同了。我再也不喜欢户外活动了。河水又脏又臭。空气中的烟雾把天空都染成了烟灰色；这还让我患上了咳嗽，久治不愈。单是出于健康和安全的原因，重工业也必须迁走。
主持人：史密斯先生反对重工业。布朗先生，您想做出回应吗？
布朗：好吧，对于您那样的感受我很抱歉，史密斯先生。一提到工厂，人们总是将其与浓烟滚滚的画面和急于牟取暴利、不负责任的商人形象联系在一起。不过，我要为工厂说句话，我想指出，我们也在努力控制我们制造的污染。我们对环境问题深感担忧，我想，我是代表所有的工厂负责人说的这句话。我们一直在采取各种各样的措施，包括新科技手段的运用，来减少生产过程中产生的污染，尽管这些措施会增加我们的生产成本。我还希望您能注意到，这些工厂给诺盖特市带来的经济效益。我们为当地居民创造了许多就业岗位，并对这座城市的经济增长起到了助推作用。
主持人：谢谢您，布朗先生。鉴于污染程度不断加重，诺盖特环境保护委员会正在设法应对这个问题。阿彻女士，您对如何处理污染问题有何见解？
阿彻：是的，我们委员会在维护空气质量和水质量方面发挥着重要作用。我们必须在环境保护与经济发展之间求得平衡。我们已经制定了供各行业遵守的环境政策，比如严格的净化要求。我们也与其他政府部门携手，确保以一种环境友好的方式贯彻发展战略。然而，与污染作斗争不仅仅是工厂与政府的任务，应该全社会通力协作，人人都可以通过遵守“减少使用、重复使用、回收利用”这一黄金法则来助力。打个比方，您可以乘坐公交车、地铁，或者使用共享单车来节约能源。
主持人：谢谢您， 阿彻女士，再次感谢我们所有的嘉宾。一位联合国前官员曾经说过：“拯救我们的地球，让人们摆脱贫困，实现经济增长……这是同一场战斗。”我们的环境与经济的命运休戚与共。在追求经济发展的同时保护环境，这是我们的责任。将一个更美好、更清洁、更健康的星球留给我们的后人，这是我们的责任。构建人类命运共同体，这是我们的责任。
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1 get rid of摆脱，丢弃，扔掉
(1)get rid of air pollution 消除空气污染
get rid of the smell of cooking 消除油烟味
get rid of hunger/a headache 摆脱饥饿/头疼
get rid of old toys 扔掉旧玩具
(2)rid...of 使……摆脱或除掉……
be rid of 摆脱……(表示状态)
rid oneself of... 使自己摆脱……
You should get rid of the bad habits.
你应该改掉坏习惯。
It's time we got rid of all these old toys.
我们该把这些旧玩具全部丢掉了。
I can't get rid of this cough.
我咳嗽老是不好。
The dentist rid him of the pain by pulling out his bad tooth.
牙医把他的坏牙拔掉，使他摆脱了疼痛。
I wanted to rid myself of the burden of the secret.
我想把秘密说出来，让自己得到解脱。
He is rid of fever.他不发烧了。
联想拓展
rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人某物
warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事
remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事
inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事
cure sb. of sth.医好某人的病
即学即练　单句语法填空/完成句子
①Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world ________ hunger.
②我们必须想尽一切办法让公司摆脱这些债务。
We must try every way to ______________________________________．
③由于经济原因，车主必须把汽车处理掉，尽管他不情愿。
The owner had to ______________________________ for financial reasons, though he didn't want to do that.
2 protest vi.反对；抗议　vt.坚持声称，申辩　n．抗议；反对；抗议书
protest against sth. 抗议某事
protest that... 坚持说……
make/raise a protest (against...) (对……)提出抗议
hold a mass protest 举行大规模抗议
raise a storm of protest 引起一场抗议风潮
a protest march 抗议游行
lead to a violent/an angry protest 引发强烈抗议
do sth. under protest 不甘心地做某事
Many people rose to their feet to protest against the decision.
许多人站起身来，抗议这项决定。
Sarah protested that she didn't lie to her teacher.
萨拉坚持说自己没有向老师撒谎。
Workers are protesting/making a protest against high unemployment.
工人们正在抗议高失业率。
归纳拓展
protest note拒付通知
no protest无抗议
protest vote投抗议票
即学即练　单句语法填空
①The workers went on strike ________ (protest) against the economic policy of the government.
②There is no point in ________ (protest). It won't help much.
③Thousands of people crowded into the street, ________ (protest) against the war.
3 profit n．利润，收益；好处　vi.& vt.获益，得到好处
a non-profit organization 非营利组织
a big/huge profit 巨额利润
a small/modest profit 微薄的利润
make/earn a profit 盈利
to one's profit 对某人有好处
profit from/by... 从……中获益；从……中得到好处
profit sth. 有益于某事
A profit B (A使B获益)＝B profit from/by A(B从A中获益)
The shop's daily profit is usually around 500 dollars.
这家商店每天的利润一般在500美元左右。
In recent years many football clubs have been run as business to make a profit.
近年来，很多足球俱乐部都进行商业运作，以谋求利润。
You will make progress if you can profit by your mistakes.
你如果能从错误中吸取教训，就会取得进步的。
I hope the lesson will profit you.＝I hope you will profit from the lesson.我希望你能从这次教训中获益。
语境助记
Although she founded her company early on in life, she wasn't driven primarily by profit．虽然她很早就创立了自己的公司，但她不是主要受利润驱动的。
即学即练　完成句子
①这家公司的利润在快速增长。
The company's ________________ are increasing rapidly.
②读这本书你会受益。
You can profit ________________ reading the book.
③我从他的建议中获益匪浅。
I gained a lot of __________________ his advice.
4 defence (AmE defense) n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守　defend v．防御；保卫；为……辩护/辩解　defensive adj.防御的；保护的；保卫的；戒备的
(1)come to sb's defence 来为某人辩护
in sb.'s/sth.'s defence＝in defence of sb./sth.为某人/某事辩护；站在……一边
in defence of... 为……辩解/辩护；为了保卫……
defence works 防御工事，防御工程
a defence satellite 防御卫星
a defence against 对……的防御物
(2)defend against... 防御……
defend oneself 自卫；自我辩护
defend sb. against/from... 保护某人免受……；针对……为某人辩护
defend one's argument 为某人的论点辩护
(3)defensive equipment 防御设备
He realised none of his schoolmates would come to his defence.他意识到没有一个同学会挺身为他辩护。
He has mentioned the name of Martin Luther King in defence of his actions.
他搬出马丁·路德·金的名字来为自己的行为辩解。
The town walls were built as a defence against enemy attacks.
城墙是为防御敌人袭击而修建的。
A good diet helps build up the body's natural defence.
良好的饮食有助于增强身体的自然抵抗能力。
It is impossible to defend against an all-out attack.
防御全面进攻是不可能的。
联想拓展
protect/shelter...from...
保护……免受……
prevent/stop sb. (from) doing sth.
阻止某人做某事
keep sb. from doing sth.
阻止某人做某事
即学即练　单句语法填空
①All our officers are trained to defend themselves ________ knife attacks.
②Like their children, parents are often ________ (defence) about their private lives.
③We must make sure that there is no gap in our ________ (defend).
④What talking points can be raised ________ defence of this argument
5 process n．过程，进程；步骤，流程　vt.加工，处理　processed adj.经加工的，加工过的
(1)in the process 与此同时，在此过程中
in the process of (doing) sth. 在(做)某事的过程中
the learning process 学习过程
(2)process...into... 把……加工成……
process an application 处理申请
processed cheese/meat/fish 加工过的奶酪/肉/鱼
We're in the process of selling our old furniture.
我们正在出售自家的旧家具。
I stood up to say hello and spilled my drink in the process.
我站起来打招呼时把饮料弄洒了。
Most of the food we buy is processed in some way.
我们买的大部分食品都用某种方式加工过。
Processed food loses a lot of nutrition in the process of being processed.
加工食品在被加工的过程中去掉了许多营养。
即学即练　单句语法填空
①I'm afraid getting things changed will be ________ slow process.
②All the information was then ready ____________ (process) into film negatives.
③Care of the soul is a gradual process ________ which even the small details of life should be considered.
④More than 100 applications for travel visas have to be ________ (process).
6 former adj.昔日的，前任的；以前的，从前的
(1)former president/colleague/glory 前总统/以前的同事/昔日的荣耀
in former times 从前
in the former case 在前一种情况下
(2)the former (两者中的)前者
the latter (两者中的)后者
The former...the latter... 前者……后者……
He was very happy to see his former friends in the bookstore.
在书店见到他以前的朋友他很高兴。
Of swimming and football he prefers the former.
在游泳和足球运动中他更喜欢前者。
Alice and Lily are both my close friends. The former is a clerk in a bank and the latter works in a band.
艾丽斯和莉莉都是我亲近的朋友。前者是银行的职员，后者在乐队工作。
语境助记
The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert.
这家人在波特兰市中心租了一座从前的教堂，并安排了一场音乐会。
即学即练　单句语法填空/完成句子
①Of the two articles, I prefer ________ former to the latter.
②我认为前者不比后者好。
I think ________________________ is no better than ________________．
7 official n．官员，要员　adj.公务的，正式的，官方的
a government official 政府官员
bank officials 银行职员
official languages 官方语言
an official announcement/statement/permission 官方公告/声明/许可
make an official visit 进行正式访问
More than one official has served the people heart and soul.
不止一个官员全心全意为人民服务。
In the farmer's view, he is a government official.
在那位农民看来，他是一名政府官员。
To our joy, my daughter's application for promotion has got an official permission.
使我们高兴的是，我女儿升职的申请得到了正式的批准。
联想拓展
officer n．[C]工作人员；军官；警察，执法人员
My father is an officer in the army, while her father is an official in the government.我爸爸是部队的军官，而她爸爸是政府官员。
即学即练　单句语法填空/完成句子
①He was an ________ (office) in the government office.
②How many members have ________ (official) registered in the club
③Anyone, ____________________ (不管他是一名官员还是) a bus driver, should be equally respected.
④Our factory develops and makes ________________ (办公设备) and teaching facilities.
⑤In some countries, there is more than one ______________________ (官方语言).
8 consequence n．结果，后果；重要性
(1)take/suffer/face the consequences (of sth.) 承担/遭受/面临(某事的)后果
(2)as a consequence of＝in consequence of 作为……的结果，因为，由于(＝as a result of)
(3)as a consequence＝in consequence＝consequently 因此，结果(＝as a result)
be a consequence of sth. 是某事的后果
have serious consequences 有严重后果
of little/no consequence 不重要的，无足轻重的
(4)consequent adj. 随之发生的
the consequent increase in spending 随之引起的消费增长
consequently adv. 结果，因此
If you still stick to your point of view, you will take the consequences of failure.
如果你仍旧坚持自己的观点，你将会承担失败的风险。
As a consequence of hunting too much, a variety of wild animals have died out and others are in danger.
由于过度狩猎，很多野生动物都灭绝了，而另一些则处于危险之中。
As a consequence, children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thoughts or creative ideas.
结果，孩子们变得如此依赖他们的父母，以至于他们没有独立的想法或创意。
语境助记
She also approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning. Consequently, she succeeded in making a kind of candy only using natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral bacteria.她还接触了牙医，学习更多关于牙齿清洁的知识。因此，她成功地制造了一种只使用天然甜味剂的糖果，这些甜味剂可以减少口腔细菌。
即学即练　完成句子
①________________________ (由于) his being absent, the manager didn't subscribe to his being promoted.
②The problem of global warming is very serious. ________________ (因此), sea level has risen a little.
③I believe that human cloning is wrong. If we toy with nature, we will have to ________________________ (承担后果).
第二版块|重点句型解构
1 (教材原句)Joining us in the studio tonight are James Smith, a local resident...
今晚来到我们演播室的有当地居民詹姆斯·史密斯……
[句式分析]　本句用的是一个完全倒装句。
完全倒装
完全倒装的几种情况：
(1)分词/形容词/副词/介词短语＋地点状语＋be＋主语
当表语是分词、形容词、副词、介词短语，主语比较长且主语是名词时，为了保持句子平衡，常把表语放在句首，引起句子全部倒装。
Standing inside were lots of strange creatures with white skin and large black eyes.
(飞船)里面站着许多白皮肤的怪物，个个都长着又大又黑的眼睛。
At the foot of the hill lies a small village.
山脚下有一个小村庄。
(2)表示地点/时间/方向/方位等的副词＋谓语＋主语
当把副词there, here, out, in, on, up, down, away, back, now, then放在句首加以强调时，其后常用谓语动词go, come, run, lie, stand等，然后再接主语(名词)构成完全倒装。
Then came the time we had been looking forward to.
我们一直盼望的时刻终于到来了。
(3)there＋存在类动词＋主语
there be句型中的be用表示“存在”的动词live, exist, lie, stand, seem, rise, remain, happen, come, go等替代时，构成完全倒装。
There remains a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.
人们对于这个项目的实际价值仍然有一定的疑问。
特别提示
在倒装结构中，当主语是代词时，主谓一般不用倒装。
即学即练　单句语法填空/完成句子
①________ (bury) in the sands was an ancient village.
②East of the city ________ (lie) our beautiful school, in which there are many flowers and trees.
③____________________ (出席会议的) scientists from all over the world.
④Once upon a time there __________________ (有个名医) known by the name of Hua Tuo.
⑤Look at the little dog! ________________________ (它跑过来了).
⑥At the school gate __________________________ (坐着一位老太太), waiting to see her grandson.
⑦中国和美国的高等教育有很多不同。
There ________________________ in higher education between China and America.
2 (教材原句)We've been taking various measures, including the use of new technologies, to reduce pollution in the production process, even though these measures raise our production costs．
我们一直在采取各种各样的措施，包括新科技手段的运用，来减少生产过程中的污染，尽管这些措施会增加我们的生产成本。
[句式分析]　本句是主从复合句。主句使用了现在完成进行时have been doing，表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去；even though引导让步状语从句。
even though引导的让步状语从句
even though (＝even if)意为“即使，纵然，虽然”，引导让步状语从句，从句常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
Even though/if I fail this time, I will try again.
我即使这次失败了，也会再次尝试。
They won't go to the party even though/if they are invited.
他们即使受到邀请，也不会去参加那个聚会。
名师点津
even though的易混短语为as though。as though(＝as if)意为“好像，仿佛”，引导表语从句或方式状语从句。
当说话人认为所说的情况是事实时，就用陈述语气；当说话人认为所说的情况可能不是事实时，则用虚拟语气。
语境助记
It looks as though/if it is going to rain.
看起来好像要下雨。(陈述语气)
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.(虚拟语气)
整个事情我都记得很清楚，就像发生在昨天一样。
即学即练　完成句子
①________________ (尽管) the forest park is far away, a lot of tourists visit it every year.
②Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ____________ (即使) they are different from your own.
3 (教材原句)With pollution levels on the rise, the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee is searching for ways to fight the problem.
鉴于污染程度不断加重，诺盖特环境保护委员会正在设法应对这个问题。
[句式分析]　本句中用到“with＋宾语＋介词短语”复合结构。
with复合结构
“with＋复合宾语”又称“with复合结构”，复合宾语中的宾语由名词或代词充当，宾语补足语由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词充当。该结构在句中表示状态或说明背景情况，常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。具体结构如下：
(1)with＋名词/代词＋名词
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl.
他去世时，女儿还在上学。
(2)with＋名词/代词＋介词短语
She said goodbye with tears in her eyes.
她含着眼泪说了再见。
He was asleep with his head on his arms.
他头枕着胳膊睡着了。
(3)with＋名词/代词＋形容词(强调名词/代词的特性或状态)
Don't speak with your mouth full.
嘴巴里塞满食物时不要说话。
(4)with＋名词/代词＋副词
He stood before his teacher with his head down.
他低着头站在老师面前。
(5)with＋名词/代词＋-ed分词(强调名词/代词是-ed分词动作的承受者或动作已经发生)
The girl stood there still, with eyes fixed on the wall.
女孩一动不动地站在那里，眼睛盯着墙。
(6)with＋名词/代词＋-ing分词(强调名词/代词是-ing分词动作的发出者或某动作、状态正在进行)
I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.
因为妈妈生病，我无法去度假。
(7)with＋名词/代词＋to do(强调不定式动作尚未发生)
I can't go out with all these clothes to wash.
有这些衣服要洗，我不能出门。
语境助记
We were driving along a river with trees on both sides．
我们正开车沿着一条两岸都是树的小河前行。
即学即练　单句语法填空
①The square looks more beautiful than ever ________ all the lights on.
②All the afternoon he worked with the door ________ (lock).
③He felt uneasy with the whole class ________ (stare) at him.
④With the field levelled and irrigation channels ________ (control) the volume of water (水量), no such problem arose again.
⑤So in the afternoon, with nothing ________ (do), I went to the cinema.
⑥________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Nearly one-quarter of the ________ (住户) in the harbor earn their living on the water.
2．For those who come to the exhibition, the attraction of china is ________ (完全地) beyond expression.
3．It is obvious that the old ________ (政策) is a barrier to promoting economic growth in the area.
4．It will take a long time for the city to recover from the harm caused by the one-week-long violent ________ (抗议).
5．Towering town walls were built as a ________ (防御) against enemy attacks.
6．The business agreement broke down for the company was not likely to make a ________ (利润) on the deal.
7．It will take a week or so for your application to be ________ (处理).
8．It was merciless of the people to rub this kind of ________ (毒药) on spears to kill wildlife.
9．With ________ (更多的) efforts, you will manage to build up confidence in yourself.
10．It is a custom that a great many ________ (以前的) pupils will attend a farewell dinner.
11．His ________ (正式的) visit to Beijing is scheduled to start on January 16th on the lunar calendar.
12．The skill of making and marketing snacks has helped the villagers get out of ________ (贫穷).
13．After the experiment, please set the acid ________ (化学制品) and tools aside.
14．She clapped her hands in delight after reading the article on ________ (回收利用).
15．It sprang to mind that he could light the ________ (树枝) and warm himself up.
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．____________ his continuous attempt, the capable and determined young man managed to solve the confusing problem.
2．The power failure ____________ inconvenience to people's life up to now.
3．The food processing plant ____________ one million yuan per year.
4．It's said that Lucy ____________ a new apartment in the past few weeks.
5．As for the two sorts of proposals, ____________ is much more practical than ____________．
6．____________ learning Chinese, your interest, determination and hard work will have an impact.
7．Mr. Green stood up ____________ the boy, saying he was not the one to blame for the damage.
8．There was a time when most households in our town had a low income and lived ____________．
9．We must work ____________ to find a solution to the problem of environmental pollution.
10．The earlier you ____________ smoking, the more likely you are to shelter yourself from serious illnesses in later life.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．The drugstore chain is faced with an ________ (economy) problem.
2．In the summer, we often get bitten by ________ (poison) insects.
3．I send my application letter to a firm which profits ________ selling goods and services.
4．The bridegroom who had grown up in ________ (poor) thanked the guests for their generous help when he was young.
5．The workers marched to protest ________ the announcement.
6．Nancy suggested at the annual meeting that students should be trained in ________ (defend) of some attacks.
7．Due to our unawareness of their policy on the environment, 90% of the plastic bottles do not get ________ (recycle).
8．We wanted to make a fire, but dry ________ (branch) were nowhere to be found.
9．In the social organization, Richard was senior ________ anyone else.
10．We don't allow farmers to take up pandas' habitat as ________ consequence of farming or other development.
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．即使可能失去一切，我也决定试一试。(even though)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．中国依赖外国石油的日子已经一去不复返了。(倒装)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3．随着时间的流逝，他意识到诚实的重要性。(with复合结构)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4．爱护濒临灭绝的动物和保护森林免遭破坏是我们的职责。(duty)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5．我准备了两个包裹以备不时之需。前者给你，后者给我。(package, the former...the latter...)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6．昨天雨下得很大，结果开幕式推迟了。(as a consequence, ceremony)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7．节约用水是我们的责任，节约用电是我们的责任，节约资源是我们的责任。(排比)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
温馨提示：请完成课时作业（三）
Section C　Extended reading & Project & Assessment
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．resident　2.chief　3.committee　4.protest　5.process　6.policy　7.branch　8.strategy　9.subway　10.former
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．entirely; entire　2.smog; smoggy　3.profit; profitable; profitless　4.defence; defend; defensive　5.economic; economical; economy　6.recycle; recyclable; cycle　7.poverty; poor
8．poison; poisonous
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．outdoor activities　2.get rid of　3.protest against sth. 4．tend to　5.connect...with...　6.be eager to do sth. 7．make huge profits　8.in defence of...　9.speak for sb. 10．be deeply concerned about...　11.production process　12.draw one's attention to...　13.on the rise　14.work hand in hand　15.environmentally friendly
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．Joining us in the studio tonight
2．even though these measures raise our production costs
3．With pollution levels on the rise
文本研析·语篇理解
Ⅱ.根据课文内容选择正确答案
1．
C　2.A　3.B　4.B
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
1．a　2.to　3.have created　4.measures　5.to reduce 6．and　7.are followed　8.It　9.healthier　10.shared
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1．①of　②rid our company of these debts　③get rid of the car
2．①to protest　②protesting　③protesting
3．①profits　②from　③profit from
4．①against/from　②defensive　③defence　④in
5．①a　②to be processed　③in　④processed
6．①the　②the former; the latter
7．①official　②officially　③whether he is an official or ④office equipment　⑤official language
8．①As a consequence/result of　②As a consequence/result　③take the consequences
第二版块|重点句型解构
1．①Buried　②lies　③Present at the meeting were ④lived a famous doctor　⑤Here it runs ⑥sat an old woman　⑦exist many differences
2．①Even though/if　②even though/if
3．①with　②locked　③staring　④controlling　⑤to do　⑥With
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．residents　2.entirely　3.policy　4.protest　5.defence 6．profit　7.processed　8.poison　9.further　10.former　11.official　12.poverty　13.chemicals　14.recycling　15.branches
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．As a consequence of　2.has given rise to　3.makes a profit of　4.has been searching for　5.the former; the latter　6.In the process of　7.in defence of　8.in poverty　9.hand in hand 10．get rid of
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．economic　2.poisonous　3.by　4.poverty　5.against 6．defence　7.recycled　8.branches　9.to　10.a
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．I am determined to have a try even though I may risk losing everything.
2．Gone are the days when China had to depend on foreign oil.
3．With time going by, he realized the importance of honesty.
4．It's our duty to take care of endangered animals and protect the forests from destruction.
5．I have prepared two packages for emergency. The former is for you while the latter is for me.
6．It rained heavily yesterday, and as a consequence, the opening ceremony was put off.
7．It's our duty to save water. It's our duty to save electricity. It's our duty to save resources.Section B　Grammar and usage & Integrated skills
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．____________ n. 温室，暖房
2．____________ n. 气体；煤气；汽油
3．____________ n. 旱灾，久旱
4．____________ n. 小册子
5．____________ n. 地带，地区；腰带；传送带
6．____________ n. 奖章，勋章
7．____________ n. 形象；图像；意象
8．____________ n. 鲨鱼
9．____________ n. 鲸
10．____________ n．(pl.____________) 鹿
11．____________ vt.& vi. 跟踪，追踪
n. 足迹，踪迹；小道，轨道；跑道；路线
12．____________ n. 生活环境，栖息地
13．____________ adv. 无处，哪里都不
14．____________ n. 海豚
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ adj.全球的；全面的→________ n．全球化→________ n．地球；地球仪
2．________ n．应用，运用；申请→________ vt.& vi.申请→________ n．申请者
3．________ n. 组织，团体；组织工作；安排；条理→________ vt.组织→________ adj.有组织的→________ n．组织者
4．________ adv.绝对地，完全地；极其→________ adj.绝对的，完全的
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．________________ 省略；遗漏；排除；忽视
2．________________ 温室气体
3．________________ 想出，想到
4．________________ 需求，需要
5．________________ 专心于/致力于……
6．________________ 要是……将会怎么样/如果……怎么办
7．________________ 阻止某人做某事
8．________________ 将……分成……
9．________________ 报名(参加课程)
10．________________ 突然记起(或想到)
11．________________ 对……有破坏性的影响
12．________________ 远离……；远非……
13．________________ 采取行动做某事
14．________________ 非常重要
15．________________ 号召某人做某事
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．我希望我们也能做点儿事情来帮忙。
I wish we ________ also ________ something to help.
2．随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。
As the human population continues to grow, ________________________________________________________________．
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1 come up with想出，想到(同义短语：put forward)
come up with an idea 想出主意
come up with a suggestion/solution 想出建议/解决办法
come up with a better plan 提出更好的计划
come up 表示(问题、建议、计划等)被提出；被提及
Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials.
我们班想出了这一点子，以更好地利用旧材料。
Next you need to come up with a name for your band—something that is unusual.
接下来，你们需要给你们的乐队想出一个名字，一个与众不同的名字。
The subject came up in our conversation.
我们的谈话中提到了这个话题。
A good idea came up at the meeting.
一个好主意在会上被提了出来。
特别提示
(1)come up with及物动词短语，人作主语；
(2)come up(被提到)不及物动词短语，物作主语；
(3)两者都不能用于被动语态。
比较
·come up with表示“想出，想到”，及物动词短语，主语通常是人，后接计划、建议等。
·come up表示“(问题、建议、计划等)被提出”，不及物动词短语，表示被动意义。(无被动语态和进行时态)
即学即练　完成句子
①After a day's careful thought, he ________________ (想出) a good solution.
②It is certain that the question will ________________ (被提出) at the meeting.
2 call for(公开)要求；需要；前往接(某人)
call for an end to sth. 呼吁停止某事
call for hard work 需要努力工作
call for prompt action 需要立即行动
call for sb. 去接某人
call on sb. 拜访某人；号召某人
call up 给……打电话；使回忆起；使想起；征召入伍
call in 召集；请来
call off 取消
call at a place 到某地作短暂访问
A well-written composition calls for good choice of words and clear organization among other things.
此外，一篇好的作文需要好的选词和清晰的结构。
The public are calling for an end to air pollution.
公众呼吁结束空气污染。
The President delivered a speech to call on all ethnic groups to make efforts and work together to build a prosperous and powerful country.
主席发表了讲话，呼吁各民族共同努力，共同建设一个繁荣富强的国家。
His aunt's letters call up his beautiful days when they used to live together in his hometown.
他姨妈的信让他想起过去他们在家乡一起生活的美好时光。
Your mother is very ill. Call in a doctor at once.
你妈妈病得很严重。马上请医生来。
It was decided to call off the search when there was no hope of finding the missing child alive.
在没有希望找到那名失踪的孩子生还时，决定停止搜寻。
联想拓展
call n．①(鸟兽的)叫声；(唤起注意的) 喊声
a call for help呼救声
②通话make a call打电话
③要求；需求；号召；呼吁
There are pressing calls on the resources of the government.
目前对政府资源有迫切的需求。
即学即练　完成句子
①The sound of happy laughter ________________ (使回忆起) memories of his childhood.
②The government ________________ (号召) the youth to donate their blood voluntarily.
③He is ill; you should ________________ (请来) a doctor right away.
④Since the weather is bad, let's ________________ (取消) the trip.
⑤A truck driver used his CB radio ________________ (呼救).
3 application n．应用程序，应用软件(缩略形式为app)；申请(表)；用途；应用；敷用；施用
(1)an application of... ……的应用
an application for... 对……的申请
a letter of application 申请信
an application form 申请表
make an application to...for... 向……申请……
(2)apply vi. 申请；请求
vt. 应用，运用；敷，涂
vi.& vt. (对……)适用
apply for 申请
apply to sb. for sth. 向某人申请某物
apply oneself to (doing) sth. 专心于/致力于(做)某事(to是介词)
apply...to... 把……应用于……；把……敷到……上
apply to 适用于
(3)applicant n. 申请人
Her application for the membership of the organization was approved.
她要加入该组织的申请通过了。
With repeated application of weed killer, the weeds were overcome.
通过反复施用除草剂，杂草得以根除。
I made an application to the bank for a loan.
我向银行申请了贷款。
We've applied to the government for a home improvement fund.
我们已经向政府申请了房屋修缮的拨款。
Over the next months, he applied himself to improving the technique.
在接下来的几个月里，他专心致志地改进技术。
Modern technology has been widely applied to the production of traditional Chinese medicine.
现代技术已经被广泛应用于中药的生产中。
语境助记
Many applicants filled in the application forms to apply to the company for the job.
许多申请者填写了申请表向公司申请这份工作。
Some cyclists think that traffic laws do not apply to them. It is not true, however.
一些骑自行车的人认为交通法不适用于他们，然而这是不对的。
即学即练　单句语法填空
①He made an application ________ the company for promotion.
②Please clean the wound with a clean cloth and then apply the medicine ________ it.
③I would like to apply ________ the membership of our school English club.
④The old man manages to enrich his own cultural life, applying himself to ________________ (learn) painting.
⑤The job drew a good many ________________ (apply) to take part in the interview.
4 track vt.& vi.跟踪，追踪　n．足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；跑道；路线
track down 追踪到，追查到
railway tracks 铁路轨道
keep track of 了解……的动态；与……保持联系
lose track of 不了解……的动态；与……失去联系
on the track 在轨道上
be on the right/wrong track 思路正确/错误
back on track 重新步入正轨
track and field events 田径赛事
on the track of 跟踪，追赶，尾随
In three years, a satellite system is expected to be able to track airplanes, making sure that they are never lost again.
三年内，预计卫星系统将能够追踪飞机，确保它们不再失踪。
We set off once more, along a rough mountain track.
我们沿着一条崎岖的山间小路再度出发。
From now on I am going to keep track of every cent we spend.
从现在开始我要了解我们的每一分钱都花在哪里了。
I enjoyed the game so much that I lost track of time.
我玩游戏玩得太尽兴，都忘记了时间。
Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.
跟踪北极熊数量的现代方法从20世纪80年代中期才开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续进行是昂贵的。
即学即练　单句语法填空/完成句子
①I tried to get my life back ________ the track after the accident.
②He followed the ________ (track) of a car to the edge of the lake.
③How effectively it is working can ____________ (track) by monitoring someone's heart rate as he breathes in and out.
④The police have ________________________ (失去线索) the criminals.
⑤My mother is trying ____________________________________________ (了解……的动态) the money we're spending.
第二版块|重点句型解构
1 (教材原句)I wish we could also do something to help.我希望我们也能做点儿事情来帮忙。
[句式分析]　本句是主从复合句，主句为I wish，后面的部分为其宾语从句。其中could表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。
wish＋虚拟语气
wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气表示一种虚拟愿望。其形式如下：
主句表达的愿望 从句中谓语动词形式
与过去事实相反的愿望 had＋过去分词
与现在事实相反的愿望 过去式(be通常用were，有时也可用was)
与将来事实相反的愿望 would/should/could/might＋动词原形
I wish I had been at my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
上个周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼的，但那时我在纽约出差。
I wish I were an astronaut travelling in space in a spaceship.
我希望我是一名宇航员，乘坐宇宙飞船漫游太空。
I wish that someday I could live on the moon.
我希望有一天我能住到月球上。
提示
wish后的虚拟语气往往译为“但愿……，要是……就好了”， if only后的虚拟语气和wish后的虚拟语气结构一样，译法一样。
特别提示
wish后的宾语从句用虚拟
hope 后的宾语从句不用虚拟
即学即练　单句语法填空
①Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I ________ (dance) as well as her.
②How I wish I ________ (sleep) longer this morning, but I had to get up and go to school.
③I wish that we ________ (can) go with my brother when he flies to England next week.
④I wish I ________ (be) a bird and could fly freely in the sky!
⑤I wish I ________ (can) help my dad to support the family when I grow up.
2 (教材原句)As the human population continues to grow, so does the effect we have on animals.
随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。
[句式分析]　这是一个主从复合句，主句是so引导的倒装句，目的是强调人类对动物的影响在日益增加，相当于the effect we have on animals continues to grow as well。
(1)so＋助动词/情态动词/连系动词be＋主语
该句式表示前面肯定的情况也适用于后面的人或物，表示“某人/某物也这样”。
Walking and riding your bike count, and so do school sports.
步行和骑自行车就算，校内体育活动也算。
They can leave now, and so can we.
他们现在可以离开了，我们也可以。
Tom is an engineer. So am I．
汤姆是一位工程师。我也是。
(2)“neither/nor＋助动词/情态动词/连系动词be＋主语”，表示“某人/某物也不这样”。
She shouldn't have yelled at you; neither/nor should I.
她不应该对你大喊大叫，我也不应该(对你大喊大叫)。
(3)如果前面句子的谓语既有肯定又有否定，或者形式不同，就用句型So it is/was with...或It is/was the same with...。
Henry is very clever but he doesn't work hard at his lessons. So it is with his little brother./It is the same with his little brother.
亨利很聪明，但是不努力学习。他的弟弟也是。
特别提示
“so＋同一主语＋be动词/情态动词/助动词”意为“……的确如此”，表示对前面的话加以确认或强调。
语境助记
①—Tom has made rapid progress recently.
汤姆最近进步很快。
—So he has and so have you.
的确如此，你也一样。
②—It was very cold yesterday.
昨天很冷。
—So it was.的确如此。
③—You forgot to close the door.
你忘了关门。
—Oh, so I did.
哦，我确实忘关了。
即学即练　单句语法填空
①Nancy had a great time at the party. ________ did her husband.
②Society has changed, and so ________ the people in it.
③He didn't go to the cinema last night, and ________ did I.
④Yesterday I went shopping, and so ________ my best friend.
⑤My father is a teacher and so ________ my mother.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．To our amazement, there were a variety of activities to choose from on these ________ (小册子).
2．If such packaging is burnt, it will certainly give off ________ (温室) gases.
3．Mr. White is ________ (绝对地) a towering figure in our department.
4．The ________ (组织) has donated a big fortune to the areas hit hard by the disaster.
5．Temperature rising is one of the main impacts of ________ (全球的) warming.
6．Would you mind helping me fill in the ________ (申请) form at your convenience
7．Knowing we couldn't get back along the original ________ (路线), I couldn't stop my tears flowing.
8．There is a shelter nearby; otherwise people might have ________ (无处) to hide when it rains.
9．This plan to protect ________ (鲸) is made on an annual basis.
10．Before these animals became extinct, they had been once driven out of their ____________ (栖息地).
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The invention would have a wide range of ________ (apply) in industry in the near future.
2．Volunteers came up ________ a practical idea and formed a human chain to rescue precious items from the burning house.
3．How I wish I ________ (refuse) to sell that old apartment downtown 3 years ago!
4．Taking part in a dragon boat race can be an ________ (absolute) amazing experience.
5．The Great Barrier Reef has suffered damage due to ________ (globe) warming.
6．The higher position you take in the ________ (organize), the more duty you will undertake.
7．Don't forget to call up the patent office before ________ (apply) for any sort of patent.
8．The job calls ________ much previous experience; thus, you are at a disadvantage.
Ⅲ.用方框内短语的适当形式填空(有两项为多余选项)
come up, call for, spring to mind, leave out, keep away from, clean up, sign up, far from
1．Look out! ________________ the house, of which the roof is under repair.
2．As soon as the project ____________ at the meeting, it attracted many people's attention.
3．If you refer to “Hawaii”， a vision of pretty beaches and blue seas may ____________．
4．Check your package carefully to make sure you don't ____________ any things you will need during the trip.
5．Did you predict that many students would ____________ for the dance competition
6．This play is ____________ a success due to the famous actress's absence.
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．在过去的三个月里，学生们被提供了大量的课后活动。(a wide variety of, in the last/past...)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．政府的这项政策对农业的影响最为显著。(nowhere位于句首的倒装句， agriculture)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3．没有更多的浪漫故事浮现在脑海中，年轻的作家有点儿失望。(romantic, spring to mind)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4．警方决心在任何情况下都要追踪罪犯。(track down, on any occasion)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5．这位专家的创意启发了他，学生们也受到了启发。(inspire, creative, so＋助动词＋主语)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
语法精讲①
英语中有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不影响句子结构和意义的前提下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语，这种语法现象称为省略。省略在英语中很常见，尤其是在口语中。
一、词法的省略
(一)冠词的省略
1．两个并列名词前有相同的冠词时，在不引起歧义的情况下，第二个名词前的冠词可省略
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl
这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩？
Both the old and (the) young will be invited to the party.老年人和年轻人都会被邀请参加这个聚会。
[误区警示]　用and连接两个名词时，如果两个名词前只有一个冠词，通常情况下指的是同一个人或事物；如果两个名词前都有冠词，则通常指两个不同的人或事物。
He is the gardener and gatekeeper.
他是园丁兼门卫。
They are the gardener and the gatekeeper.
他们一个是园丁，一个是门卫。
2．在as/though引导的状语从句倒装结构中，当句首是名词时，要省略冠词
Child as he is, he knows a lot about English literature.
尽管他是个孩子，但他很了解英国文学。
Star though she is, the girl always remains modest.
尽管这个女孩是个明星，但她始终保持谦逊。
3．表示独一无二的头衔、职位等的名词作表语或补足语时，常省略冠词
The man who is speaking is dean of the English department.
正在讲话的那个人是英语系主任。(作表语)
She was appointed director of the commercial organization.
她被任命为这个商业机构的主管。(作补足语)
4．在某些独立主格结构中冠词也要省略
He came in, book in hand.＝He came in, with a book in his hand.他走了进来，手里拿着一本书。
5．副词的最高级前通常省略定冠词the
The hungry young man eats most.
这个饥肠辘辘的年轻人吃得最多。
(二)常见介词的省略
1．在表示一段时间的名词短语中，for常省略，但for用于否定句或句首时不省略
The big fire lasted (for) several hours.
那场大火持续了几个小时。
I haven't heard from him for a long time.
我很长时间没收到他的来信了。
For a whole year, I was helping my dad on the farm.一整年我都在农场帮我爸爸。
2．of的省略
of在与age, size, material, colour, height, shape等表示年龄、大小、材料、颜色、高度、形状等的名词连用时，常可省略。
The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size.
这两双鞋号码一样大。
3．在动词的-ing形式前介词的省略现象
常用的这类短语或句式有：
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
做某事有困难
spend/waste...(in) doing sth.
花费/浪费……做某事
There's no use/good (in) doing sth.
做某事没有用/好处。
There's no point/sense (in) doing sth.
做某事没有意义。
There's no need (in) doing sth.做某事没有必要。
stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.阻止……做某事
end up...(by) doing sth.以做某事结束……
be occupied (in) doing sth.忙于做某事
have a good/pleasant time (in) doing sth.做某事很开心
(三)连词和从句引导词的省略
1．引导宾语从句的连接词that常可省略；并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也可省略，但是后面的that不省略
He said (that) he had come here an hour before and that he had checked in at a hotel.
他说他一个小时前就已经到这里了，还说他已经登记入住一家旅馆。
2．关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作宾语且其前没有介词时，常省略关系代词
Do you still remember the name of the company (that) we visited last month
你还记得我们上个月参观过的公司的名字吗？
3．not only...but (also)..., whether... (or not), so (that)..., now (that)等连词可省略括号中的词
He was not only a writer but (also) an actor.
他不仅是个作家，而且是个演员。
The vase had been put on the top of the cupboard so (that) it wouldn't get broken.
花瓶放在橱柜顶上，以免被打破。
Now (that) we are all ready, let's start.
既然大家都准备好了，咱们开始吧。
Whether he'll attend the meeting (or not) is not known yet.他是否参加会议还不知道。
(四)动词不定式的省略
1．动词不定式to的省略
(1)在had better, would rather, would rather...than, cannot but, why (not), cannot help but, may as well等结构后面的不定式符号to要省略。
We had better get the task accomplished as early as possible.我们最好尽早完成任务。
Why not turn it into a game instead
为什么不将它转化为一种游戏呢？
(2)动词不定式短语作介词but，except的宾语，且介词之前有实义动词do或do的其他形式时，不定式符号to通常省略。
What do you like to do except swim
除了游泳外，你喜欢做什么？
My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.
我妈妈什么也做不了，只能等着医生到来。
(3)两个或多个动词不定式短语表示并列关系时，第二个及后面的不定式短语中的不定式符号to通常省略。
She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.她让那个孩子待在那里等她回来。
[误区警示]　如果两个或多个动词不定式短语表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。
They didn't tell me whether to go on or to stop.
他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停下来。
(4)在某些感官动词或使役动词(如hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的动词不定式中，不定式符号to要省略，但在被动语态的句子中，不定式符号to要保留。
The manager made the workers work day and night.
＝The workers were made to work day and night by the manager.
经理让工人们夜以继日地工作。
(5)当what引导的名词性从句作主语，或all, everything等后接定语从句作主语，且从句谓语部分含有动词do的某种形式时，作表语的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
What I should have done is (to) set the bird free.
我本应该放了那只鸟的。
All that I can do is (to) admit the mistake and correct it.我能做的就是承认并改正错误。
(6)help后可带to，也可省略to。
Would you please help me (to) carry the luggage
你能帮我搬一下行李吗？
2．不定式符号后动词的省略
(1)hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer等后面出现与上文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而省略其他部分。
Mike lied to us but he did not want to.
迈克对我们撒了谎，但是他并不想这样做。
I'm very sorry to have hurt you, but I didn't mean to.对不起，我伤害了你，可我不是故意的。
(2)当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时，为了避免重复，常保留不定式符号to，而省略后面的动词。
She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to.她想来，但她的父母不允许。
If he doesn't want to play the piano, don't force him to.如果他不想弹钢琴，别强迫他。
(3)在特定的上下文中，如果不定式为一般式to be或完成式to have done，通常省略be或have之后的部分。
—Aren't you the headmaster？你不是校长吗？
—No, and I don't want to be.
我不是，而且我也不想当校长。
[误区警示]　①形容词happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等后面接动词不定式时，可以省略不定式符号to后的动词。
—Will you come for a walk？你想去散步吗？
—I'm glad to.我想去。
②so和not可用来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。
—Can you put it off？你能把它延期吗？
—I'm afraid not/so.恐怕不行/恐怕得延期。
二、句法的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。
(一)简单句的省略
1．祈使句中常省略主语you
Take off your muddy shoes before you get inside.
在你进去之前脱掉你沾满泥的鞋。
Be more careful in future.今后要更加小心。
2．感叹句中句意明确时，主语与谓语动词常省略
What a beautiful sight (it is)！多美的景色啊！
How wonderful (it is)！多妙啊！
3．在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分
—(Will you) Have a smoke？你抽烟吗？
—No. Thanks.不，谢谢了。
(Is there) Anything else to say
还有别的要说吗？
(It) Doesn't matter.没关系。
[误区警示]　在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，而只回答提问的部分。
①—Who did it？谁做的？
—Oscar.奥斯卡。(只保留主语)
②—What did you get？你拿了什么？
—A dictionary.词典。(只保留宾语)
③—How do you like me？你有多喜欢我？
—Very much.非常喜欢。(只保留状语)
④Wait！等一下！(只保留谓语)
⑤—What kind of pencil do you want
你想要哪种铅笔？
—Red.红色的。(只保留定语)
(二)并列句中的省略
1．如果主语不同，而谓语中的一部分相同，则省略谓语中相同的部分
Some people go to the mountains, and others (go) to the seaside.有些人到山里去，有些人到海边去。
2．主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略
His suggestion made John happy, but (his suggestion made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
3．主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
4．在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列分句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他一些成分与第一个并列分句相同，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party).
杰克将在聚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在聚会上唱歌。
三、状语从句中的省略
在状语从句中，为了使语言更加简洁、生动，经常使用省略形式。状语从句的省略原则：如果从句主语和主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，且从句谓语含有动词be，那么从句中的主语和谓语动词be往往可以省略。
1．时间状语从句中的省略
When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the violin.
她很小的时候就开始学习拉小提琴。
While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student.
我在上大学时开始认识他，他是一个奇怪但能力出众的学生。
As (he was) a young man, Lincoln was a shop assistant.林肯年轻时当过店员。
2．条件状语从句中的省略
条件状语从句的省略形式为if necessary, if possible, if true等。另外unless, as long as等词或短语后也可用省略形式。
He will come if (he is) asked.
如果叫他来，他就来。
If (it is) necessary, ring me at two o'clock.
如果有必要，两点给我打电话。
Come along with me if (it is) possible.
如果有可能，和我一起来吧。
3．让步状语从句中的省略
He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull.他是个好人，尽管有时很无聊。
Even if (I am) invited to, I won't go to such a bad lecture.
即使邀请我去，我也不会去听如此糟糕的演讲。
4．比较状语从句中的省略
She has finished the work earlier than (it was) expected.她这项工作比预料的提前完成了。
5．方式状语从句中的省略
as if/as though后还可加形容词/副词/介词短语/动词的-ing形式/动词的-ed形式/动词不定式。
She talked as if (she was) absent-minded.
她谈话似乎心不在焉。
He opened the drawer, as if (he was) in search of something important.
他打开抽屉，仿佛要找什么重要的东西。
6．其他特殊情况
(1)状语从句中的主语尽管与主句的主语不相同，但如果根据主从句的对应关系判断，意思比较明确，同时，从句的谓语部分又含有动词be的某种形式，此时则可省略从句中的“主语＋be”。
There are a few simple safety measures to follow while (you are) training.
有几点简单的安全措施在训练时要遵守。
(2)如果状语从句和主句都含有there be的某种形式或只有状语从句含有there be的某种形式，从句中的there be常常也可以省略。
Correct the mistakes, if (there are) any (mistakes) in these sentences.
如果这些句子里有错，就改正过来。
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Although ________ (order) to stop, the driver kept on driving as fast as he could.
2．He succeeded in solving all the problems as ________ (expect).
3．The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not ________ (make) it more difficult.
4．He had a wonderful childhood when ________ (travel) with his mother to all corners of the world.
5．When ________ (offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy got a chance to become famous.
6．Though ________ (tire), they went on working in order to finish the task on time.
7．Some diseases are not at all dangerous if ________ (treat) in time.
8．________ (be) I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
9．First degree burns turn white when ________ (press).
10．What I want to do is ________ (have) a good rest.
11．It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. If ________， we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
12．Anyone, once ________ (test) positive for novel corona flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．过马路时要小心汽车。
Look out for cars ________________________．
2．正如计划的一样，他们按时出席了会议。
They attended the meeting on time __________________________________．
3．他比预料的晚回来三天。
He came back three days later ____________________________________．
4．“明天天会放晴吗？”“我希望那样。”
—Will it clear up tomorrow
—I __________________________．
5．如果可能的话，我们上午10点在你的办公室见面好吗？
________________， shall we meet you in your office at 10 a．m.
6．普通的肥皂，如果使用得当，可以有效地清除细菌。
Ordinary soap, ________________， can deal with bacteria effectively.
7．为了安全，老师们建议家长不要允许自己12岁以下的孩子骑自行车去上学。
Teachers recommend parents ________________ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
8．你无法想象我们在暴风雪中步行回家费了多大的劲。
You can't imagine what difficulty we had ________________ in the snowstorm.
9．这块木板的一面应该漆成黄色，另一面漆成白色。
One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________________．
10．你应该在这次会议上保持沉默，除非邀请你发言。
________________， you should remain silent at the conference.
温馨提示：请完成课时作业（二）
Section B　Grammar and usage & Integrated skills
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．greenhouse　2.gas　3.drought　4.brochure　5.belt 6．medal　7.image　8.shark　9.whale　10.deer; deer 11．track　12.habitat　13.nowhere　14.dolphin
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．global; globalization; globe
2．application; apply; applicant
3．organization; organize; organized; organizer
4．absolutely; absolute
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．leave out　2.greenhouse gases　3.come up with　4.call for 5．be devoted to...　6.what if...　7.stop sb. (from) doing sth.　8.divide...into...　9.sign up (for sth.)　10.spring to mind　11.have damaging effects on　12.far from　13.take action to do sth.　14.be of great importance　15.call on sb. to do sth.
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．could; do　2.so does the effect we have on animals
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1．①came up with　②come up
2．①called up　②calls on　③call in　④call off　⑤to call for help
3．①to　②to　③for　④learning　⑤applicants
4．①on　②tracks　③be tracked　④lost track of　⑤to keep track of
第二版块|重点句型解构
1．①danced　②had slept　③could　④were　⑤could
2．①So　②have　③neither/nor　④did　⑤is
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．brochures　2.greenhouse　3.absolutely　4.organization 5．global　6.application　7.track　8.nowhere　9.whales　10.habitats
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．applications　2.with　3.had refused　4.absolutely　5．global　6.organizations　7.applying　8.for
Ⅲ.用方框内短语的适当形式填空
1．Keep away from　2.came up　3.spring to mind　4．leave out　5.sign up　6.far from
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．A wide variety of activities after class have been offered to students in the last/past three months.
2．Nowhere is the effect of this government policy more apparent than in agriculture.
3．With no more romantic stories springing to mind, the young writer was a little disappointed.
4．The police are determined to track down the criminals on any occasion.
5．He was inspired by the expert's creative idea and so were the students.
语法精讲①　省略
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．ordered　2.expected　3.to make　4.travelling　5.offered 6．tired　7.treated　8.Were　9.pressed　10.have　11.so　12.tested
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．when crossing the road/street　2.as planned　3.than expected　4.hope so　5.If possible　6.used correctly　7.not allow　8.walking home　9.the other white　10.Unless invited to speakSection D　Writing——保护大自然
1．写作任务
人类活动造成了许多动植物处于濒危状态。假定你是李华，你的英国笔友Jim想了解有关极危动物白鳍豚的情况，请你写一封信，介绍相关情况。主要内容包括：
(1)白鳍豚的现状；
(2)目前对白鳍豚的保护；
(3)你的希望。
注意：(1)词数80左右；
(2)开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：白鳍豚Baiqi dolphin
Dear Jim，
How is everything going ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
2．写作思路
(1)一审：体裁、结构和主题
体裁：应用文——书信介绍类
结构：三段
主题：濒危动物保护
(2)二定：时态与人称
时态：一般现在时
人称：第三人称
(3)三明确：明确写作要点
现状＋保护(三点措施)＋表达希望
3．素材整理
(1)关键词语
①be concerned about关心
②due to the impacts of...由于……的影响
③the disappearance of the habitats栖息地的消失
④in danger of extinction濒临灭绝
⑤the mascot of...……的吉祥物
⑥call for...提倡，为……叫喊
(2)完成句子
①很高兴你关心白鳍豚，我想和你分享有关白鳍豚的相关信息。
________ to know you're so ________________ the Baiqi dolphin. I'd like to share some ________ about it with you.
②由于人类活动的影响和栖息地的消失，白鳍豚濒临灭绝。
________________ the ________ of human activities and the disappearance of their ________， the Baiqi dolphin is now ________ extreme danger of ________．
③为了保护白鳍豚，中国科学院建立了一个组织，目的是做淡水白鳍豚的研究。
________________________ the Baiqi dolphin, an organization ________________________ by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, ________ to make research ________ freshwater dolphins.
④1992年见证了白鳍豚成为中国第四届大运会的吉祥物，引起所有人的关注。
The year 1992 ________ that the Baiqi dolphin ________ the mascot of the fourth Universiade of China, ________________ concern of all the people.
⑤自从1993年以来，一些自然保护区和特殊基金被建立。
Since 1993, natural reserves and special funds ________________________．
⑥我相信，在大家的努力下，白鳍豚会重回我们的视野。
I ________ that ________ the efforts of all, the Baiqi dolphin will ____________________ again.
4．满分作文(注：黑体部分为本单元的重点词汇)
参考范文：
Dear Jim，
How is everything going Glad to know you're so concerned about the Baiqi dolphin. I'd like to share some details about it with you.
Due to the impacts of human activities and the disappearance of their habitats, the Baiqi dolphin, mainly living in the Yangtze River, is now in extreme danger of extinction. In order to protect the Baiqi dolphin, an organization was set up by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, aiming to make research into freshwater dolphins. The year 1992 witnessed/saw that the Baiqi dolphin became the mascot of the fourth Universiade of China, calling for concern of all the people. Since 1993, natural reserves and special funds have been set up.
I believe that with the efforts of all, the Baiqi dolphin will come into our sight again.
I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
综合点评：
句型：第二段第一句用due to引出原因，前置强调，中间使用了非谓语动词。第二句句首使用了不定式短语作目的状语，句尾使用了动词-ing形式作目的状语。第三句用了以时间作主语的拟人句型，句尾部分用动词-ing形式作结果状语。
第一段：导入话题＋写作目的
第二段：介绍白鳍豚的现状和采取的措施
第三段：提出自己的希望
5．佳作背诵
(1)佳作一
现代城市生活使得人们越来越主动地走近大自然，去远足、踏青、野餐等。但是这些活动，也给大自然带来了许多伤害和问题。请你代表你们班级，起草一份倡议书，倡导保护自然。主要内容包括：
①人类带给大自然的伤害；
②你的倡议；
③你的希望。
注意：词数80左右。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(2)佳作二
当今中国，生态保护已蔚然成风。假定你是李华，请你给你的英国笔友Jack回复一封邮件，讲述你所看到的中国环境保护的变化，主要内容包括：
①生态环境的保护与变化；
②人们生活环境的变化；
③你的看法。
注意：①词数80左右；
②开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jack，
How is everything going
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
温馨提示：请完成单元过关测试卷（一）
Section D　Writing——保护大自然
3．①Glad; concerned about; details　②Due to; impacts; habitats; in; extinction　③In order to protect; was set up; aiming; into　④witnessed/saw; became; calling for ⑤have been set up　⑥believe; with; come into our sight
5．(1)参考范文：
Nowadays, nature is constantly harmed by people, which in turn affects the life of the mankind. Take picnicking for example, fires caused by it have caused great damage to the wildlife and the forest. The rubbish left after the picnic also has negative impacts on the environment.
In order to cope with these problems and protect the ecosystem, we appeal to everyone's participation in fighting against unfriendly behavior. When getting close to nature, choose regions where tourists are allowed to get in. When having a picnic, never make a fire in the wild, especially in a forest. When returning home, get rid of all the waste you have produced.
Let's work together and start now! Your action counts.
(2)参考范文：
Dear Jack，
How is everything going I'd like to share great changes of the environment with you in China these years.
Due to masses of measures taken by the government, great changes have taken place. With the establishment of natural reserves and protected habitats, not only has the ecosystem once damaged recovered but the biodiversity in these regions has been increased.
Apart from that, the living environment of residents is also from good to better, where birds are often seen singing on branches of trees. I'm glad our environment is becoming better and better. What about your country
I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li HuaUnit 1　Nature in the balance
Section A　Welcome to the unit & Reading
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．____________ n. 土壤；国土，领土，土地
2．____________ adj. 海外的，国外的
adv. 在海外，向国外
3．____________ n. 地区，区域；行政区
4．____________ n. 大陆，陆地，洲
5．____________ num. 一百万；许多，大量
6．____________ n. 生物多样性
7．____________ n. (pl. species) 种，物种
8．____________ n. 坚果
9．____________ n. 野生动植物，野生生物
10．____________ prep. 在……下面，在……下方；配不上
11．____________ n. 大量；团，块，堆；一大群
adj. 大批的，广泛的
12．____________ adj. 高大的，高耸的；出色的
13．____________ adj. 活着的，活的；在使用的
n. 生计，谋生；生活方式
14．____________ n. 昆虫
15．____________ n. 碳
16．____________ n. 氧，氧气
17．____________ n. 影响，作用；撞击，冲撞
vt.& vi. 有影响；冲击
18．____________ vt.& n. 损坏，破坏，损害，伤害
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ n．& vt.伤害，损害→________ adj.有害的→________ adj.无害的
2．________ n．长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长→________ adj.& adv.长的；长期地→________ vt.& vi.(使)延长，(使)变长
3．________ n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体→________ adj.各种各样的→________ v．相异，变化，多变
4．________ vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难→________ n．幸存→________ n．幸存者
5．________ n．营养素，营养物→________ n．营养；营养学→________ adj.有营养的
6．________ vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪→________ vi.出现→________ n．消失；消亡
7．________ n．农业，农学→________ adj.农业的，农艺的
8．________ n．灭绝，绝种→________ adj.灭绝的，绝种的
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．________________ 是……的家园/栖息地
2．________________ 根据……判断
3．________________ 大量的，大片的
4．________________ 充满，到处都是(活的或动的东西)
5．________________ 保持……的微妙平衡
6．________________ 超过，很，非常
7．________________ 以……为食
8．________________ 相应地，转而
9．________________ 被称作……
10．________________ 由于，因为
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．亚马孙雨林面积约600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。
With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest ________________________ China.
2．亚马孙雨林得名自亚马孙河。亚马孙河长约6 400千米，比长江还长约100千米。
The Amazon River, ________________________ the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.
3．随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
______________ the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
文本研析·语篇理解
Ⅰ.语篇结构
Ⅱ.根据课文内容选择正确答案
1．According to the text, which of the following statements is true
A．The Amazon rainforest plays a significant role in maintaining the balance of protecting the animals' ecosystem.
B．The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries, which are all on the North American continent.
C．The Amazon rainforest covers an area of around 6 million square kilometres, which is more than half the size of China.
D．The Amazon rainforest, from which the river gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length.
2．How many plant species can be found in the Amazon rainforest
A．About 1，300. B．Over 40，000.
C．Around 400. D．About 390，000.
3．Why has about 17 per cent of the rainforest disappeared over the past 50 years
A．The balance of protecting the animals' ecosystem disappeared.
B．Animals were hunted and plants were damaged.
C．This forest's food chain was damaged.
D．The impact of human activities continues to grow.
4．Where is the passage probably taken from
A．A documentary. B．A novel.
C．A guidebook. D．A newspaper.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
As the 1.________ (large) rainforest in the world, the Amazon rainforest plays an important part 2.________ maintaining the balance of the Earth's ecosystem. The Amazon River, from 3.________ the rainforest gets its name, supports many different ecosystems, 4.________ (give) this area the richest biodiversity on the Earth.
From the tall and ancient Brazil nut trees to the water lilies, the forest's different levels provide food and shelter for 5.________ great variety of wildlife. The Amazon rainforest is also home to more than 1，300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals. For example, the jaguar, close to extinction in other areas, can 6.________ (find) here.
7.________ (know) as the “lungs of the planet”， the Amazon rainforest 8.________ (breathe) life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth's oxygen. 9.________，17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human 10.________ (activity) such as agriculture and cattle farming.
教材助读·开发课堂
[词汇注释]
①ecosystem/'i k s st m/n.生态系统
②overseas/ v 'si z/adj.海外的，国外的
adv.在海外，向国外
③region/'ri d n/n.地区，区域；行政区
④continent/'k nt n nt/n.大陆，陆地，洲
⑤million/'m lj n/num.一百万；许多，大量
millions of数百万的……
⑥length/le θ/n.长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长
⑦biodiversity/ ba da 'v s ti/n．生物多样性
⑧species/'spi i z/n．(pl.species)种，物种
known species已知物种
⑨brazil nut巴西坚果
nut/n t/n.坚果
⑩water lily睡莲
lily/'l li/n.百合(花)
lie down on躺在……上
unbelievable adj.难以置信的；惊人的
variety/v 'ra ti/n.不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
wildlife/'wa ldla f/n.野生动植物，野生生物
beneath/b 'ni θ/prep.在……下面，在……下方；配不上
mass/m s/n.大量；团，块，堆；一大群　adj.大批的，广泛的
towering/'ta r /adj.高大的，高耸的；出色的
hardwood/'hɑ dw d/n.阔叶树；硬材(阔叶树的木材)
living/'l v /adj.活着的，活的；在使用的　n．生计，谋生；生活方式
living things生物
mammal/'m ml/n.哺乳动物
jaguar/'d ɡju (r)/n.美洲豹，美洲虎
spot n．斑点；污点；地点　v．看见；看出；注意到；发现
survive/s 'va v/vi.生存，存活　vt.幸存，幸免于难
feed on以……为食
frog/fr ɡ/n.蛙，青蛙
in turn相应地，转而
insect/' nsekt/n.昆虫
a tiny army of一小群……
army [熟词生义]n.大批；大群
microorganism/ ma kr -' ɡ n z m/n．微生物
break down使分解(为)，使变化(成)
nutrient/'nju tri nt/n.营养素，营养物
breathe life into给……带来起色，注入活力
carbon/'kɑ b n/n.碳
oxygen/' ks d n/n.氧，氧气
thus/ s/adv.因此，从而；这样
irreplaceable adj.(因贵重或独特)不能替代的
disappear/ d s 'p (r)/vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪
due/dju /to由于，因为
agriculture/' ɡr k lt (r)/n.农业，农学
cattle/'k tl/n.牛
有些集合名词如cattle, police, people等作主语时，通常被看作复数，谓语动词用复数形式。
impact/' mp kt/n.影响，作用；撞击，冲撞/ m'p kt/vi.& vt.有影响；冲击
have an impact on对……有影响
extinction/ k'st k n/n.灭绝，绝种
damage/'d m d /vt.& n．损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
[教材原文]
The Amazon rainforest：a natural treasure
Welcome to the jungle, a huge sea of green alive with the sounds of animals. This is the Amazon rainforest. As the largest rainforest in the world, it plays a significant role in maintaining the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem①.
The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries, including Brazil and Peru, and one overseas② region③ of France, all on the South American continent④. With an area of around 6 million⑤ square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name[1], is close to 6，400 kilometres in length⑥—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. On its journey from the mountains to the ocean, the river supports many different ecosystems. They give this area the richest biodiversity⑦ on the Earth: one in ten known species⑧ in the world can be found here.
[1]“介词from＋which”引导非限制性定语从句，which指代The Amazan River
Of the 390，000 plant species known to us, more than 40，000 can be found in the Amazon. This tall and ancient brazil nut⑨ tree produces nuts that we can eat; these water lilies⑩ are big enough to lie down on . The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife . At the bottom, there is a system of roots beneath the ground. Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor [2]. The next level is made up of shorter plants with large leaves. Then there are the towering ancient hardwoods ， and finally the tops of the tallest trees many metres above the ground. Each level of the forest forms its own little world, home to different kinds of living things.
[2]介词短语位于句首引起的全部倒装句
More than 1，300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals hide among the jungle's plant life. This jaguar is one example. It has a yellowish-brown coat with black spots . While a significant number of jaguars survive here [3], they are only one element of this forest's food chain. They feed on at least 87 species, including frogs . These frogs, in turn ， feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit [4]. When a jaguar dies, a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.
[3]while引导让步状语从句
[4]which引导定语从句，修饰insects
The Amazon rainforest breathes life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth's oxygen . Thus ， it is often known as the “lungs of the planet”. Moreover, the Amazon rainforest is a treasure house of species that can be used for food or medicine. Yet there is one major danger to these irreplaceable plants and animals: us. Over the past 50 years, about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
[汉语译文]
亚马孙雨林：大自然的宝藏
欢迎来到丛林，这是一片绿色的海洋，处处可闻各种动物的声音。这里是亚马孙雨林。作为世界上最大的雨林，它在维系地球生态系统的微妙平衡上扮演着举足轻重的角色。
亚马孙雨林穿过包括巴西和秘鲁在内的八个国家，以及一块法国的海外领地，都位于南美洲大陆。亚马孙雨林面积约600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长约6 400千米，比长江还长大约100千米。这条河从高山流向海洋，沿途维系着多种不同的生态系统。它们赋予这片区域地球上最丰富的生物多样性：全世界十分之一的已知物种都可以在这里找到。
在人类已知的390 000种植物种中，在亚马孙可以找到40 000多种。这棵高大、古老的巴西坚果树结出的坚果我们可以食用；这些睡莲(叶片)大到可以躺在上面。雨林的不同层次养活的野生动物种类多到难以置信。最底层是地下的根系。往上是阴暗森林地表厚实的落叶层。再往上一层由低矮的阔叶植物组成。然后是那些离地数米之高的大树的树冠。雨林的每一层都自成一个小世界，成为各种生物的家园。
1 300多种鸟和400多种哺乳动物藏身于这片丛林的植被中。这只美洲豹就是个例子。它黄棕色的皮毛上遍布着黑点。尽管这里生存着数量可观的美洲豹，但它们仅仅是雨林食物链上的一环。它们捕食的物种至少有87种，其中包括青蛙。相应地，这些青蛙的食物，是以树叶和水果为食的昆虫。美洲豹死亡后，一小群微生物会助力其尸体的分解，让营养素重回土壤之中。
亚马孙雨林通过固定碳(二氧化碳——译者注)，并生成占全球总量20%以上的氧气，来为地球注入活力。因此，它也常常被称作“地球之肺”。此外，亚马孙雨林还是食用物种和药用物种的宝库。然而，这些无可取代的动植物面临的一个主要威胁就是：我们。在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，大约17%的雨林已经消失了。随着人类活动影响的不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1 harm n．& vt.伤害，损害　harmful adj.有害的　harmless adj.无害的
This event didn't harm his image.
这次事件没有损害他的形象。
Don't harm your eyes by reading in the poor light.
不要在太暗的光线下看书，以免伤害你的眼睛。
Fruit juices can be harmful to children's teeth.
果汁可能损坏儿童的牙齿。
Too loud music can be harmful to our ears, so when listening to music, you shouldn't turn up the volume too high.
太吵的音乐对我们的耳朵有害，所以当你听音乐的时候，不应该把声音调得太高。
辨析比较
易混词 区别
harm 多指给人的肉体或精神带来的伤害。 Now that we have realized the great harm caused by pollution, we should take measures to prevent it. 既然我们已经意识到了污染带来的极大危害，我们就应该采取措施阻止它。
injury 多指对身体、名誉等的伤害，尤指意外事故中的“伤害”。 He got serious injuries in the accident. 他在那起事故中受伤严重。
wound 多指战斗、攻击中所造成的“伤，伤口”或心灵上的“创伤”。 The nurse cleaned the knife wound. 护士清洗了刀伤伤口。
hurt 可作名词或动词，多指对心灵或感情的“伤害”。 There was hurt and real anger in her voice. 她的声音里有难过，也有真正的愤怒。
语境助记
This object gives off harmful gases, which may do harm to/be harmful to our health. You'd better make the object harmless before you use it.
这个物体发出有害的气体，这些气体可能对我们的健康有害。你最好在用之前让它变得无害。
即学即练　单句语法填空/一句多译
①Coffee drunk on an empty stomach is not recommended because it can be ________ (harm) to your body.
②The children are prevented ________ eating sweets by their father because they do harm ________ their teeth.
③珍妮似乎焦虑不安，不想伤害她的妈妈。
Jenny seems anxious and doesn't want to ______________________．(harm v．)
＝Jenny seems anxious and doesn't want to ______________________．(harm n．)
2 more than
(1)“more than＋数字”意为“超过，多于”，相当于over。此时more than的反义短语为less than(少于，不超过)。
I have known David for more than 20 years.
我认识戴维已经有20多年了。
More than ten students have made this suggestion.
超过10个学生提出过这个建议。
(2)“more than＋n.”结构中意为“不只是，不仅仅是”。
For many people, fishing is more than a sport; it is an art.
对很多人来说，钓鱼不只是一项运动，还是一门艺术。
(3)“more than＋adj./adv./v.”结构中意为“非常，很”，相当于very (much)。
Lisa was more than sad to see her friend off at the airport.
丽萨很伤心地在机场送别她的朋友。
I'm sure conditions over there will more than satisfy your requirements.
我确信，那边的条件会大大满足你的需要。
(4)“more than＋句子(句中常含有can或could)”中意为“非……所能……，是……难以……的”。
The beauty of the West Lake is more than I can imagine.
西湖之美是我难以想象的。
The heat there was more than he could stand.
那里的高温是他难以忍受的。
特别提示
“more than one＋可数名词单数”意为“不止一个……”，在语意上虽表示复数概念，但作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。有相同用法的还有many a(许多)。
More than one student in that school was admitted to Peking University this year.
今年那所学校不止一个学生被北京大学录取了。
即学即练　判断下列句子中more than的含义
①Up to now more than five cities have been struck by the sudden typhoon.________________
②—Do you need a hand, Tom
—Yes, the job is more than I can do myself.________________
③Not surprisingly, I am more than excited to know that World Animal Protection is going to get some volunteers in China.________________
④China Daily is more than a newspaper; it also helps us improve our English.________________
3 shelter n．[U]遮蔽；居所，庇护 [C]遮蔽物；庇护处　vt.保护；掩蔽；收留　vi.躲避(风雨或危险)
(1)under the shelter of sth. 在某物的庇护/遮蔽/掩蔽下
take shelter from... 躲避……
(2)shelter from... 躲避……
shelter...from... 保护……免受……
We made a dash through the rain to the bus shelter.
我们冒雨冲进公共汽车候车亭。
They enjoyed their picnic under the shelter of the tree.
他们在树荫下享受野餐。
We took shelter from the storm in a barn.
我们在谷仓里躲避暴风雨。
We sat in the shade of a large tree, sheltering from the sun.
我们坐在一棵大树的树荫下，避免被晒到。
They got lost in the forest and couldn't find a place to shelter themselves from wind and rain.
他们在森林里迷路了，而且他们找不到遮风挡雨的地方。
语境助记
Food, clothing, fuel and shelter are the four most basic human needs.
食品、衣物、燃料和住所是人类最基本的四种需求。
即学即练　单句语法填空
①Some parents are just too protective. They want to shelter their kids ________ every kind of danger.
②She used an umbrella to take shelter ________ the burning sun.
③My mother, who had a ________ (shelter) upbringing (抚育), has fantastic memories of childhood.
4 variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks.
与我们一起品尝各种新鲜的本地食物和饮料。
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.
不同文化的群体对沉默的理解不同。
Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.
海洋的颜色在绿色到蓝色之间变化，这取决于浮游植物的种类和浓度。
Typing patterns vary from person to person.
打字模式因人而异。
No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various activities on Earth Day.
不管你喜欢做什么，都有办法参与到地球日的各种活动中去。
特别提示
a variety of/varieties of后可接可数名词复数或不可数名词。后接可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词多用复数形式，偶尔也可用单数形式；the variety of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
语境助记
A variety of flowers are on show here.
各种各样的花在这里展出。
The variety of his books is astonishing.
他的书种类之多让人惊叹。
即学即练　单句语法填空
①The students in my class come from a ________ (various) of different backgrounds.
②It is so convenient to live here because you can choose ________ (vary) ways of getting to different attractions.
③There are ________ (vary) kinds of theme parks, with a different park for almost everything: food, culture, science, cartoons, movies or history.
④CCM organizes a ________ (vary) of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM's Philharmonic Orchestra, and ________ (vary) groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.
5 mass adj.大批的，广泛的　n．大量；团，块，堆；一大群
a mass of/masses of 大量(的)，许多(的)
the mass of... ……中的大多数
the masses 群众；平民百姓
get close to the masses 接近群众
have a broad base of the masses 有广泛的群众基础
on a mass scale 大规模地
the mass media 大众传播媒介
mass production 批量生产
a mass marketing campaign 大规模营销活动
weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器
Their latest product is aimed at the mass market.
他们的最新产品瞄准了大众市场。
A mass of books/Masses of books were sent to Project Hope.
大量的书籍被送往了希望工程。
The sky was full of dark masses of clouds.
天空中乌云密布。
The reforms are supported by the mass of the population.
改革得到了大多数人的支持。
特别提示
a mass of/masses of后可跟可数名词复数或不可数名词，当“a mass of/masses of＋名词”作主语时，其谓语动词的形式以of后名词所表达的意义而定。但在there be句型中，可根据就近原则，确定谓语动词的形式。
即学即练　完成句子
①He was popular with the rich but failed to win the support of ________________ (民众).
②The reforms are unpopular with ____________________ (大多数教师).
③Now that you have __________________________________ (一大堆的工作) to do, you don't have to help me with the housework.
④Some countries are faced with ________________________________ (大批人失业的问题).
6 living adj.活着的，活的；在使用的(反义词dead)　n．生计，谋生；生活方式
(1)living things 生物
living languages 现用语言
the living room 客厅
living conditions 生活状况
(2)earn one's living/earn a living/make a living 谋生
everyday living 日常生活
healthy living 健康的生活方式
standards of living/living standards 生活水平
the cost of living 生活费用
He's one of the greatest living composers.
他是仍然健在的最伟大的作曲家之一。
It's said that there are more than five thousand living languages in the world.
据说世界上在使用的语言有五千多种。
She earns her living as a part-time tutor.
她靠做兼职家庭教师来维持生计。
My father never talked about what he did to make a living.
我父亲从不谈他是做什么来谋生的。
Average wages have increased in line with the cost of living.
平均工资随着生活费用的提高而上涨了。
比较
·alive“活着的；有活力的”，可作表语、后置定语或补语。
·living“活着的”，与alive同义，可作表语或前置定语。
·live“活的”，一般不指人，通常作前置定语；还可指“现场直播的”。
·lively“充满活力的，生动有趣的”，可指人或物，作定语或表语。
即学即练　完成句子
①You can't expect to ____________________________________ (谋生) from your painting.
②Mr. Smith did all he could to improve his family's __________________________________ (生活水平).
③With the price rising so quickly, I find 1，000 yuan a month can hardly cover ______________________________________________ (生活费用).
7 survive vi.生存，存活；继续存在　vt.幸存，幸免于难；艰难渡过；比……活(或存在)得时间长
(1)survive the disaster/war/attack/earthquake/flood/fire
在灾难/战争/袭击/地震/洪水/火灾中幸免于难
survive the crisis/hardship 渡过危机/艰难困苦
a way to survive 生存方式
struggle to survive 艰难地维持生计
(2)survive on... 依靠……生存下来
(3)survive sb. by＋时间段 比某人多活……
survival skills 生存技能
the survival of the fittest 适者生存
survival n. 生存；幸存
survivor n. 幸存者；生还者
Ancient farming methods still survived in the Middle East at that time.
当时在中东，古老的耕作方式依然存在。
She was the only person to survive the accident.
她是这次事故的唯一幸存者。
Many birds didn't survive the severe winter.
很多鸟死于这次严冬。
The little girl was the only survivor who survived the strong earthquake. She told the reporter that she had to survive on little food during the days when she was buried. I think her survival was a real wonder.
这个小女孩是这场大地震的唯一幸存者。她告诉记者她在被掩埋的日子里只能依靠很少的食物生存。我想她的生还真的是一个奇迹。
即学即练　单句语法填空
①It's said that the famous artist survived his wife ________ two years.
②The doctor gave him a one-in-ten chance of ________ (survive).
③Of the six people injured in the crash, only two ________ (survive).
④Dogs have a very good sense of smell and are often used to search for ________ (survive) in an earthquake.
⑤I don't know how you all manage to survive ________ your husband's salary.
⑥________________ (survive) that night, we were confident that everything else would be all right.
8 in turn相应地，转而，反过来；轮流
in one's turn 轮到某人；接着
by turns 轮流地，交替地
take turns to do sth./(at/in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
take a turn for the worse/better (情况)恶化/好转
wait one's turn 等着轮到某人
It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.
理论是建立在实践的基础上，反过来为实践服务。
The children called out their names in turn.
孩子们依次自报姓名。
It will be in Tom's turn to be on duty tomorrow.
明天轮到汤姆值日。
We take turns making/to make dinner.
我们轮流做饭。
It's your turn to clean the blackboard.
轮到你擦黑板了。
特别提示
by turns是“交替；轮流”的意思，多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行；如果表示“按顺序”则应该用in turn。
即学即练　单句语法填空
①We clean the classroom every week ________ turn.
②________ is my turn to clean the room.
③They took turns ________ (look) after their parents.
④It's my turn ________ (deliver) a speech in public.
⑤They took care of their sick father ________ turns.
9 break down
(1)(机器或车辆)出故障，坏掉
Our car broke down all of a sudden on the road.
我们的车突然在路上出了故障。
(2)(身体)垮掉，被搞垮
If Tim carries on working like this, he'll break down sooner or later.
如果蒂姆继续这样工作，他的身体迟早会垮掉。
(3)(讨论、谈判等)失败；破裂
She was unwilling to stay in America after her marriage broke down.
在她的婚姻破裂后，她就不愿意待在美国了。
(4)(使)分解
Enzymes in the stomach break our food down into useful substances.
胃中的酶把我们的食物分解成有用的物质。
(5)消除，驱除(人与人之间的隔阂等)
It takes a long time to break down prejudices.
消除偏见需要很长的时间。
语境助记
We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken into the office during the night.
早上我们到达工作地点时发现有人在(前一天)晚上闯进了办公室。
The police came and broke up the crowds.
警察来了，把人群驱散了。
归纳拓展
break away (from)脱离，背叛
break out爆发
break in打断(谈话)；插话；破门而入(不及物)
break through突破；克服
break into破门而入；突然开始(笑、唱等)
break up解散；结束；分手
即学即练　判断下列句中break down的含义
①Martin Luther King tried to break down racial discrimination.________________
②Let's break down the project into smaller parts in order to deal with them one by one.________________
③Men are left idle when machines break down.________________
④You will break down if you take on more work than you can.________________
⑤Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.________________
10 due adj.应付的，到期的；预定的，预期发生(到达的)；应支付，应给予
(1)due to 由于，因为(to是介词)
due to sth./sb. 由于某物/某人
due to lack of experience 由于缺少经验
due to the fact that... 由于……
(2)be due to do sth. 预计/预期做某事(to为不定式符号)
be due to sb. 应付给/应给予某人(to为介词)
be due for sth. 应得到某物
The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding.
这项工程由于缺乏政府的资助而不得不中止。
Ann and her husband became homeless due to their wrong investment.
安和她的丈夫因为他们的投资失误而变得无家可归。
Please make sure you return the book before it's due.
请确保在到期前还书。
She is due to complete her studies and graduate later this year.
她预计今年晚些时候就要完成学业并毕业了。
Have they been paid the money that is due to them
他们应得的钱付给他们了吗？
即学即练　判断下列句子中due的含义/单句语法填空
①The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days a week, often long into the night.________________
②The train due to arrive at 10 am was put off for 2 hours because of the storm.________________
③It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due ________ concerns about increased screen time.
④He is making preparations for the English speaking contest which is due ________ (take) place next week.
11 impact n．影响，作用；撞击，冲撞　vi.& vt.有影响；冲击
(1)have/make a great/deep impact on/upon 对……有重大/深远影响
have no impact on/upon 对……没有影响
the impact of... ……的影响
(2)the impact of sth. on/upon... 某物对……的影响
(3)be impacted by 受到……影响
The teacher's words always have a deep impact on the future of the students.
老师的话总会对学生的将来产生深远影响。
We become to realize the environmental impact of tourism.
我们逐渐意识到旅游业对环境的影响。
Her father's death impacted greatly on/upon her childhood years.
父亲去世对她的童年造成了巨大影响。
归纳拓展　表示“影响”的其他短语：
have an/no effect/influence on sb./sth.对……有/无影响
make a/no difference to sb./sth.对……有/无影响
influence/affect sb./sth.影响某人/某物
即学即练　单句语法填空
①Every teardown has ________ impact on the look and feel of a community.
②One of the most basic core values is honesty. It ________ (impact) our entire life: our jobs, our relationships, our own feelings about ourselves and the actions we take.
③We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact ________ our lives in many ways.
12 build up逐渐增加；增强……的体质；创建，开发
build up one's vocabulary 扩大词汇量
build up one's strength 增强体力
build up one's confidence (in) 增强(对……的)信心
build oneself up 增强体质
I'm very glad to see that your vocabulary is gradually building up.
看到你的词汇量在逐渐增加，我很高兴。
Ross took 20 years to build up his business.
罗斯花了20年的时间创业。
Their achievements have built up my confidence and determination in my career.
他们取得的成就增强了我对事业的信心和决心。
He has built up a very successful business. Now he is practicing Chinese kung fu. In his opinion, not only can it build up one's strength, but it can also build up one's confidence.
他已经创办了一家非常成功的企业，现在他又在练习中国功夫。在他看来，练习中国功夫不仅能增强体魄，而且还能增强自信。
拓展
build up表“建立，建造，建设”时，常指建造较大的物体；还可以指树立威信、名望等。
build up one's business创立某人的事业
build up fame建立名声
即学即练　判断下列句子中build up的含义/完成句子
①For all these years I have been working for others. I hope I'll build up my own business some day.________________
②Outdoor activities are really helpful in building up my body and enriching my school life.________________
③If you don't express your feelings, sadness and anger can build up.________________
④要花好几十年的时间来逐步达到所需要的教育和发展水平。
It would take many decades to ________________ the level of education and sophistication required.
第二版块|重点句型解构
1 (教材原句)With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. 亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。
[句式分析]　句中的“is more than half the size of”为倍数表达法。
倍数表达法
常见的倍数表达法有以下几种：
(1)A＋be＋倍数＋the size/height/weight/length/width/depth/...＋of＋B
This mountain is four times the height of that small one.
这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。
(2)A＋be＋倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than＋B
My room is twice larger than yours.
我的房间比你的房间大两倍。
(3)A＋be＋倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as＋B
This tree is three times as tall as that one.
这棵树的高度是那棵树的三倍。
(4)A＋be＋倍数＋what从句
The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.
现在的产量是十年前的三倍。
特殊提示
(1)对于这几种倍数表达法，我们需要注意的是倍数的位置；倍数部分也可用分数、百分数代替。
(2)表达倍数时，两倍常用twice或double，三倍及三倍以上常用“基数词＋times”。
即学即练　单句语法填空/单句写作
①It's said that the power plant is now twice ________ large as what it was.
②Sound travels about four times ________ (fast) in water than in air.
③这条河的长度是那条河的四倍。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 (教材原句)The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.
亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长约6 400千米，比长江还长约100千米。
[句式分析]　该句为主从复合句，主干是The Amazon River is close to 6，400 kilometres in length。“from＋which”引导非限制性定语从句，which指代先行词The Amazon River，在从句中作宾语。100 kilometres longer than...属于“倍数表达法”。
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
使用“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句时要注意以下几点：
(1)在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词一般用whom(先行词指人)或which(先行词指物)。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
在限制性定语从句中，介词放在关系代词之前时，关系代词不能省略；但若介词后置，则可用that代替which，用that/who代替whom，也可省略关系代词。
The colourless gas, without which we can't live, is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。
This is the teacher from whom we've learnt a lot.
这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老师。
Do you know the girl to whom our teacher is talking
＝Do you know the girl (that/who/whom) our teacher is talking to？
你认识正和我们老师谈话的那个女孩吗？
The school in which my friend once studied is very famous.
＝The school (that/which) my friend once studied in is very famous.
我的朋友曾经就读的那所学校很有名。
(3)介词的确定要遵循三点原则：①根据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；②根据定语从句中动词或形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；③根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time？
你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？(on the day)
He was generous with his time to help me study, for which I was grateful.
我很感激他花很多时间帮助我学习。(be grateful for sth.感激某事)
The theory, on which my opinions are based, consists of three parts.
我的观点所依据的理论包括三个部分。(be based on依据……)
(4)某些在从句中充当时间、地点、原因等状语的“介词＋关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when，where，why互换。
I shall never forget the days during which(＝when) we studied in the library together.
我永远也不会忘记我们一起在图书馆学习的那些日子。
I have never been to the places in which(＝where) the Indians live.
我从未去过那些印第安人居住的地方。
I'd like you to explain the reason for which(＝why) you were absent.
我想让你解释一下你缺席的原因。
语境助记
①This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.
这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
②This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。
即学即练　单句语法填空
①It is known to us all that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.
②Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.
③They also had a small pond ________ which they raised fish.
④He was educated at a local grammar school, ________ which he went to the University of Cambridge.
⑤The reason ________ which he was late was that something was wrong with his bike on the way.
⑥Some experts think reading is the fundamental (基础的) skill ________ school education depends on.
3 （教材原句）As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？随着人类活动影响的不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
[句式分析]　本句中as引导时间状语从句，强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词表示的动作的同时性。
as引导的时间状语从句
as引导时间状语从句，可以换成when，意思是“当……时候”。此外，as还有“正当；随着；一边……一边……”的意思。
I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
正当我下公交车时，我看到了彼得。
As time passed, things seemed to get worse.
随着时间的推移，情况似乎变得更糟了。
He whistled as he had a bath.他一边洗澡，一边吹口哨。
as还可以连接下列从句：
(1)as引导原因状语从句，意为“因为”。
You can't start working as you haven't recovered.
你还不能开始工作，因为你还没有康复。
(2)as引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”(从句须倒装)。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子，但他懂得很多。
(3)as引导方式状语从句，意为“以……方式”。
Do in Rome as the Romans do.[谚]入乡随俗。
(4)as引导比较状语从句，意为“像……一样”。
Try to come as early as Mary (comes).尽量和玛丽一样早来。
(5)as引导定语从句，意为“正如”。
As is known to us all, every coin has two sides.
众所周知，事物都有两面性。
语境助记
When I came home from school, I saw my mother was doing housework.
当我放学回到家的时候，看到妈妈正在做家务。
即学即练　完成句子
①__________________________________________________ (随着温度的升高), the volume of water becomes greater.
②His eyesight became worse ____________________________________ (随着他变老).
③____________________________ (尽管天很热), the migrant farmers are busy decorating the buildings.
④______________________________________ (如上所述), the doves released at the opening ceremony stand for peace.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．There has been a rise in the need for mirrors in this region on a ________ (广泛的) scale.
2．Some ________ (高大的) dams measuring more than 200 meters in height promote the project of controlling rivers.
3．I've seen the popularity of football in different nations and different ________ (洲).
4．The huge wooden engine with a ________ (长度) of 20 meters earned a reputation.
5．Among a wide ________ (不同种类) of art works, the one by Peter seems to be more eye-catching.
6．Try to select products that do the least ________ (危害) to the environment.
7．Neat work environment has an ________ (影响) on your efficiency.
8．With more and more forests cut down, a strong current can wash away the ________ (土壤).
9．Even if we can not save every endangered ________ (物种), it is our duty to do whatever we can to protect them.
10．As you have previously known, food banks and ________ (庇护处) are short-staffed during holidays.
11．The skinny frog was caught up in the hole and felt something solid ________ (在……下面) its feet.
12．The volunteers dream of observing that ________ (野生动物) is living in peace.
13．Accustomed to the ________ (气候) in the countryside, the band prefers not to move to the city.
14．In the end, the hotel chains failed to ________ (幸存) the crisis.
15．The ________ (昆虫) can take on the color of its surroundings on special occasions.
16．The snack is packed with fiber, a ________ (营养素) known for keeping you full.
17．He earned his ________ (生计) by growing cash crops.
18．Unfortunately, the glaciers are rapidly ________ (消失).
19．Coal-fired electricity has the largest negative effect on birds, killing nearly 8 ________ (一百万) annually.
20．In the annual report, he pointed out that the benefit which the reservoir brought to the villagers was not limited to ________ (农业).
21．The fire engine is under repair for the ________ (损坏) caused by the crash.
22．I was once under the mistaken impression that we have nothing to do with species ________ (灭绝).
23．The well-educated young generation are heading for remote ________ (地区) to chase their dream.
24．Mary is good at making our messy office neat again. ________ (因此), she is popular with us.
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．On no occasion will the actress miss a chance to improve herself so as to ____________ the character she plays.
2．They argue that where to settle down ____________ their business and their children's education.
3．I do think we should think of more approaches to ____________ the shy girl's confidence.
4．Drug abuse is anything but fun and ____________ individuals and society.
5．Thanks to the superb performance of the band, the Globe ____________ the sound of music last night.
6．It makes us feel merry to lie on the grass beneath ____________ white clouds.
7．All the complaints to the delivery company are ____________ the delay of the packages.
8．The achievement in ____________ the trade barrier between the two parts is extremely eye-catching.
9．He spends too much time in running the convenience store, and this ____________ affects his leisure-time activities.
10．Some people worried that the rapid development of tourism might ____________ the local environment.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．A teenager carrying a lantern is also sheltering ________ the rain at that moment.
2．My mum spends a fortune to prepare ________ (variety) of tasty and healthy meals for our big family.
3．It is advisable to settle down on Qianmen Street which is 800 meters in ________ (long).
4．As there was one apple left, the thirsty boys had to bite it ________ turn.
5．At present, several beer companies are fighting for ________ (survive).
6．Seriously affected by human activities, many wild animals are in danger of ________ (extinct) currently.
7．Since my wife decided to lose weight, pork ________ (disappear) from my family menus.
8．I was close to ________ (throw) plastic stuff when my little son rushed in and carefully put it into his bedroom.
9．He is anything but ordinary. Actually, he is a man of ________ (tower) abilities.
10．Masses of ________ (harm) acid clouds float everywhere causing violent chain reactions to break out.
11．At dawn we set off for our destination but our car broke ________ halfway.
12．The tree at the entrance has become home ________ several birds, so we can't cut it down.
13．The flood resulted in the ________ (disappear) of my licence plate.
14．I am sure such a light rain will have no impact ________ our decoration work.
15．Robots can be a convenient helper in our life and improve the ________ (live) standards of people.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．天气太热了，我们所能做的就是找个阴凉的地方躲避太阳。
It was so hot that all we could do was look for a shady place to ________________ the sun.(shelter v．)
2．有些人担心旅游业的迅速发展可能会破坏当地环境。
Some people worried that the rapid development of tourism might ________________ the local environment.(damage n．)
3．位于湖中央的这个岛是各种各样候鸟的落脚地。
Located in the centre of the lake, the island ______________________________ migrant birds.(home; variety)
4．现在这个村庄的人口数量是十年前的五倍。
The population now in this village is ________________________________________ it was ten years ago.(倍数表达法)
5．湿地是多种野生动物生存的自然环境。
The wetlands are the natural environment, ________________________________________．(介词＋关系代词)
温馨提示：请完成课时作业（一）
Unit 1　Nature in the balance
Section A　Welcome to the unit & Reading
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．soil　2.overseas　3.region　4.continent　5.million 6．biodiversity　7.species　8.nut　9.wildlife　10.beneath　11.mass　12.towering　13.living　14.insect 15．carbon　16.oxygen　17.impact　18.damage
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．harm; harmful; harmless　2.length; long; lengthen 3．variety; various; vary　 4.survive; survival; survivor 5．nutrient; nutrition; nutritious　6.disappear; appear; disappearance　7.agriculture; agricultural　8.extinction; extinct
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．be home to...　2.judge from/by...　3.a sea of　4.alive with　5.maintain the fine balance of...　6.more than　 7．feed on...　8.in turn　9.be known as...　10.due to
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．is more than half the size of　2.from which　3.As
文本研析·语篇理解
Ⅰ.语篇结构
①Plant diversity and the different levels of the rainforest
②Animal diversity and a food chain
Ⅱ.根据课文内容选择正确答案
1．C　2. B　3. D　4. A
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
1．largest　2.in　3.which　4.giving　5.a　6.be found　7．Known　8.breathes　9.However　10.activities
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1．①harmful　②from; to　③harm her mother; do her mother harm/do harm to her mother
2．①超过，多于　②非……所能　③非常　④不只是，不仅仅是
3．①from　②from　③sheltered
4．①variety　②various　③various　④variety; various
5．①the masses　②the mass of teachers　③masses of work　④the problem of mass unemployment
6．①earn/make a living/earn your living　②living standards/standards of living　③the cost of living
7．①by　②survival　③survived　④survivors　⑤on ⑥Having survived
8．①in　②It　③to look/looking　④to deliver　⑤by
9．①消除　②将……分成若干部分　③出故障　④身体垮掉 ⑤失败，破裂
10．①到期的　②预定的　③to　④to take
11．①an　②impacts　③on/upon
12．①创建　②增强……的体质　③逐渐增加　④build up
第二版块|重点句型解构
1．①as　②faster ③This river is four times as long as that one./This river is four times the length of that one./This river is three times longer than that one.
2．①whom　②which　③in　④after　⑤for　⑥that/which
3．①As the temperature rises　②as he grew older　③Hot as it is　④As is mentioned above
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．mass　2.towering　3.continents　4.length　5.variety 6．harm　7.impact　8.soil　9.species　10.shelters 11．beneath　12.wildlife　13.climate　14.survive　15.insect 16．nutrient　17.living　18.disappearing　19.million 20．agriculture　21.damage　22.extinction　23.regions　24.Thus
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．breathe life into　2.has an impact on　3.building up 4．does harm to　5.was alive with　6.a mass of　7.due to　8.breaking down　9.in turn　10.cause damage to
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．from　2.varieties　3.length　4.in　5.survival 6．extinction　7.has disappeared　8.throwing　9.towering　10.harmful　11.down　12.to　13.disappearance 14．on/upon　15.living
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．shelter from　2.cause/do damage to　3.is home to a variety of　4.five times what　5.in which a huge variety of wildlife lives

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