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时态、语态与主谓一致
Tense、Voice and Subject-Verb Agreement
Learning Objectives
1.Review the basic forms, usages and time markers of some common tenses in English, including simple present/past/future tense, present/past perfect tense
2.Understand the formation rules and practical application of active voice and passive voice, especially the passive voice of different tenses
3.Grasp the core principles of subject-verb agreement
4.Apply the knowledge of tense, voice and subject-verb agreement to solve problems in various types of exercises ( grammar filling, writing) with high accuracy.
语法填空中，判断该空填谓语动词，那么就要考虑:
时态、语态和主谓一致
时态怎么判断呢？
(1)根据时间状语判断时态；
例如，看到for+一段时间，lately, recently, in the last (past) few days/years, since then,
up to now, so far，already, ever, just (刚刚), yet等要想到用
(2)根据上下文语境判断时态；
有些句子无明确时间状语，需结合上下文分析动作发生的先后顺序、场景等确定时态。
例如，并列谓语的时态通常相同，问句和答语的时态也需要对应。
eg:“Where is Tom ”
“He has gone to the library.”
(3)根据固定句型来判断时态；
It is/was the first/second/... time that sb have/has/had done ...
是某人第几次做某事
现在完成时
（4）遵循主从句时态呼应规则判断：
在主从复合句中，主从句时态存在呼应关系。
如宾语从句中，主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要用各种时态
eg:He says that he will go to Beijing next week.
主句是一般过去时，从句要用相应的过去时态（客观真理除外）
eg:He said that he had finished his homework.
在时间、条件状语从句中，遵循“主将从现”原则
eg:I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.
语态怎么判断呢？
无被动语态的动词（短语）
及物动词（短语）：lack、suit、belong、suffer from、date from、back to、 consist of
不及物动词（短语）：remain、happen/occur/take place/come about
break out、come out、come true、 come up、run out等
主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况
(1)“系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove 等＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构
The steel feels cold. 钢摸起来很凉。
(2)在need, require, deserve（值得）, be worth（值得） 后加动词 ing形式的主动结构表示被动意义。
eg: My watch can't work; it needs repairing.
eg: Alice behaved well in class. She deserved praising.
(3)clean, sell, read, write, wash 等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表示被动意义,主语通常是物;在这种情况下,常常和easily, well等副词连用。
eg: This kind of cloth cleans easily.
(4)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋动词不定式”中,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这个问题很难解决。(可看作省略了for me)
(5)be to blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake
谁应为这个错误承担责任
主动语态表被动意义强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
单句语法填空
1.Meetings are held (hold) every two days in the company and he is fed up with them.
2.It was really annoying that my car selsellslssells(stick) in the mud the other day.
3.Our city is becoming a modern one. More and more tall buildings have been built (build) in the last five years.
4.This listening material, together with its CD-ROMs, sells (sell) well.
5.（2020 新课标Ⅲ）The artist was sure he would ___________(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister（他把他的杰作献给了皇帝的首席大臣）, the old man laughed.


are held
was stuck
have been built
sells
be chosen
together with 就远原则
1.表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果
常与 yet, just, before, recently, once, lately 等表示过去时间的状语连用。
eg:He has turned off the light. (＝The light is off now.)
2.表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在,并可能延续下去的动作
常与 so far, up to now, since last year, in the past (last) few years, to date等表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间的状语连用。
eg:He has worked here for over 20 years.
一、现在完成时
定义：现在完成时用于表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，或者表示在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作对现在产生的影响。它强调的是动作的完成和与现在的关联。
3.在“It/This is the first/second/third ... time＋that 从句”句型中, that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
eg:This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是我们一家人第一次在电影院里看电影。
4.在“It/This is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”句型中,从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
eg:This is the most interesting book I’ve ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的一本书。
1.Questions (arise) concerning the company’s financial records since last year.
2.In the past decades, China’s transport (achieve) significantly so that Chinese people have access to various ways of traveling.
3.So far, the number of the workers in that factory (decrease) by 12 percent.
4.Wang Jing, a woman from Shenyang city, Liaoning province in northeast China, (engage) in this novel art form for 27 years.
5.This is the fifth time that we ______________ (hold) such a charity event

have arisen
has achieved
has decreased
has engaged
had forgetten
二、过去完成时
4种基本用法
1.表示过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态,常与by, by the end of, by the time, before, since, until等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句连用。
eg:I had written the article when they came.
2.某些词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法,意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。
常用的这类动词主要有expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。
eg:We had intended to help you, but we were too busy to get away.
1.She said she ________ (see) the film twice.
2.By the time we arrived at the station, the train ________ (leave) already.
3.He ______________ (work) in this company for five years before he moved to Beijing last year.
4.He realized he ___________ (forget) to take his keys only after he locked the door.
had seen
had left
had worked
had held
1.(2021·全国卷Ⅰ) What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it （be）for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
2.（2020·新课标Ⅱ）Chinese New Year is a celebration marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers ________ (carry) special significance.
3.（2020·浙江卷）By about 6000 BC, people ________________ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
4.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut________________(report)
increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
5.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ) True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal ________ (mean) me no real harm. He was just saying: “I’m king of this forest, and here is your reminder!”
6.(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅱ) Henry ____________ (fix) his car when he heard the screams.

was
carries
had discovered
have reported
meant
was fixing
主谓一致
考点三 主谓一致
一、就近一致原则
1.由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ..., not ... but ...等连接的并列名词(短语)或代词作主语时,谓语动词的数常与最邻近的主语保持一致。
eg: Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the contest tomorrow.
定义：主谓一致即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，主谓一致包括就近一致、语法一致和意义一致，就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致,语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致，意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致。
主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than等连接的短语时,谓语动词的数要与连接词前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher as well as his students was very excited.
老师和学生们都非常激动。
就远原则：
2.由there,here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
二、语法一致原则
1.单个动词-ing形式、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。
Listening to music makes me feel relaxed after a busy day.
忙碌了一天后,听音乐使我感到很放松。
2. and, both ... and ... 连接两个不同的主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;
但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Her teacher and her friends are in the living room.
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
3.定语从句中关系代词作主语时,从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
My friend showed me around the town, which was very attractive.
The old lady who is wearing a red coat is my grandma.
注意：
在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句中的谓语动词用复数
He is one of those students who have a good command of oral English.
在“ the only/ the very（正是） + one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数
Kelly is the only one of the players who has learned all the rules.
4.“many a(许多)/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数
each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时,即使由and连接,谓语动词仍用单数
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母不得不经历同样痛苦的过程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加周日举行的聚会。
三、意义一致原则
1.集体名词作主语时,如果表示一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;如果表示组成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience 等。
The whole class were told to stay behind after school.
全班学生被告知放学后留下。
2.“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义;all, some, half, most, the rest 等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
About one third of the books were written by him.
这些书中大约有三分之一是他写的。
3.a quantity of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。quantities of后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
4.“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The number of the students from the north is small.来自北方的学生人数很少。
5.“the＋形容词”表示某一类人,在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
患病的人被治愈,同时失踪的人也被找到了。
6.表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词或短语作主语时通常作为一个整体看待,谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Two thousand miles is a long distance.
两千英里是一段很长的距离。
Six months is too short a time.
1.Thereselsellslssells(be) a dolphin show in the zoo yesterday. We all liked it very much.
2.So far clothes and blankets selsellsllsllsllslslsllslsells (distribute) to the earthquake victims by the manufacturers.
3.So far, the number of the workers in that factoryslsllslelsellslssells(decrease) by 12 percent.
4.As a matter of fact, not your deskmate but youselsellslssells(be) to blame for the matter.
5.It is the driver, rather than the passengers, thatselsellslssells(be) to blame for the accident.
6.My routine dietselsellslssells(consist) of fruit, bubble, vegetables and rice.
7.The whole classselsellslssells(be) greatly moved by his words.
8.Nowadays, borrowing books from the libraryselsellslssells(be) as simple and convenient as shopping online: click, pay and wait for delivery.
9.Much of the world’s electronic waste will not be recycled, reused or even disposed of in a safe and controlled manner. Only around 17.5 percentselsellslsselsllls(record) as recycled in 2019.
was
are
has decreased
was
consists
have been distributed
were
is
was recorded
一、应用文写作时态练习（核心时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时）
1. 我写信是为了感谢你上周在我生病时帮我补习数学。
I am writing to thank you for helping me with my math tutoring when I was ill last week.
2. 我们学校将于下周五下午2点举办一场英语演讲比赛，诚邀你作为评委参加。
Our school will hold an English speech contest at 2 p.m. next Friday, and we sincerely invite you to participate as a judge.
3. 如果你能告知是否有空参加此次活动，我将不胜感激。
I would appreciate it if you could let me know whether you are free to attend this activity.
4. 每年这个时候，我们都会组织学生去养老院看望老人，为他们表演节目。
At this time every year, we organize students to visit the elderly in the nursing home and perform programs for them.
5. 我上周申请了贵校的交换生项目，现在想咨询一下申请进度。
I applied for the exchange student program of your school last week, and now I want to inquire about the progress of my application.
二、读后续写时态练习（核心时态：一般过去时，穿插过去进行时、过去完成时）
1. 当我赶到车站时，最后一班公交车已经开走了。
When I arrived at the station, the last bus had already left.
2. 她正低头看着手机，没注意到前方走来的老人，差点撞在一起。
She was looking down at her mobile phone, didn’t notice the old man coming ahead, and they almost bumped into each other.
3. 男孩紧紧握着那封皱巴巴的信，泪水慢慢模糊了他的视线。
The boy held the crumpled letter tightly, and tears gradually blurred his vision.
4. 在此之前，他从未想过自己平凡的举动会给别人带来这么大的帮助。
Before that, he had never thought that his ordinary actions would bring such great help to others.
5. 风越刮越大，树叶簌簌地落下来，他裹紧外套，加快了回家的脚步。
The wind was blowing harder and harder, leaves were falling with a rustling sound, so he wrapped his coat tightly and quickened his pace home.
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