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2025初中英语通用语法讲练
第四讲：形容词和副词
一、形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：a beautiful park 一座美丽的公园
The play Tea-house（茶馆）is both moving and interesting.
Who left the window open
2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。
（错）He is an ill man. （对）The man is ill.
（错）She is an afraid girl. （对）The girl is afraid.
这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为尾的词语时，要放 在这些词之后，例如：something nice something important
４)．某些动词加-ed 和 –ing都可构成形容词，加-ed的形容词表示“人感到如何”，加-ing的形容词则用来
描写事物， 如：We were excited when we heard the exciting news.
以-ly结尾的形容词
大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。 但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，
仍为形容词。
改错：(错） She sang lovely. （对） Her singing was lovely.
（错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
1).The Times is a daily paper. 2).The Times is published daily.
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词
a small round table a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例题:
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A.little two other B. two little other C.two other little D.little other two
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
3) — How was your recent visit to Qingdao —It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
注:限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词 old + brown + wood + table
形容词作伴随状语和原因状语
He spent 7days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.他在风雪中度过了7天，又冷又饿。
She stared into the distance, speechless for a long time.她盯着远处看，好长时间不讲话。
Afraid of being caught, the thief hid himself under a bed.因为害怕被抓，这个小偷藏在床
联连系动词与形容词
象get, grow, become, feel, appear, prove, look, keep, smell, taste, sound, go, turn, remain等这些动词既可以用作为实义动词又可以用作连系动词，因而要根据上下文语境判断究竟是什么性质的动动词才能正确解题。
玛丽悲伤地看了看父母亲而她的父母亲看上去也很悲伤。
Mary looked sadly at her parents while her parents looked sad, too.（第一个“look”为实义动词，第二个 “look” 为连系动词）
副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子。
副词在句子中的作用
副词在句子中主要用作状语，许多副词皆由形容词加-ly 构成，如：careful-carefully.
副词主要被分为以下几种：
1．时间副词，如：often，early，usually，now
2．地点副词，如：here，above，outside，below，there
3．方式副词，如：hard，fast，badly，well
4．程度副词，如：very，quite，much，still，even，almost
5．疑问副词，如：how，when，why
副词在句子中的位置
时间副词和地点副词的位置 ,表示确定时间的副词和地点的副词，一般放在句尾，如句中同时有地点副词和时间副词，地点副词通常在前，时间副词在后。
修饰形容词和副词的程度副词，除enough后置外，一般放在被修饰词的前面。副词在此作状语。 如： be well enough, go fast enough
修饰动词的方式副词有以下几种
修饰不及物动词时，该副词要后置，如：sing well
修饰及物动词时，可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后；如宾语较长也可放在动词和宾语之间。如：study English hard，see clearly the words on the blackboard
及物动词和副词（如：down，on，off，in，out，up等）组成的动词词组，其宾语是名词，该名词可放在副词之前或之后：如是代词，该代词一定要放在副词前。
He cut down the tree. / He cut the tree down. / He cut it down.
兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.
2)late 与lately late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
①You have come too late. ②What have you been doing lately
3)deep与deeply deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
①He pushed the stick deep into the mud. ② Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4)high与highly high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
①The plane was flying high. ②I think highly of your opinion.
5)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
①He opened the door wide. ②English is widely used in the world.
6)free与freely free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
①You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. ②You may speak freely; say what you like.
三、形容词、副词比较等级的用法
形容词、副词有三个等级：原级、比较级和最高级，其构成形式如下：
规则变化：单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er, -est tall taller tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice nicer nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-est big bigger biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est busy busier busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est clever narrow cleverer narrower cleverest narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级 important easily more important more easily most important most easily
不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good/well better best
bad/ill worse worst
old older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
注意：many, old和far比较级及最高级用法的区别
①如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。
②old有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
①My elder brother is an engineer. ②Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
③far有两种比较级，farther，further..在英语中两者都可指距离。
在美语中，father表示距离，further表示进一步
I have nothing further to say.
1.原级的用法
表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as)+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数+ as+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构。
①Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu. ②This building looks not so (as)high as that one.
③Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you . ④This room is three times as large as that one
2.比较级的用法
①双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级+than”的结构表示；
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
注意：
▲比较对象的一致性 请看下面这道选择题：
The weather in China is different from__ __.
A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America
▲要避免将主语包含在比较对象中
（错）China is larger than any country in Asia.（因为中国也属于亚洲）
（对）China is larger than any other country in Asia.
②表示一方不及另一方时，用“less+原级+than”的结构表示；
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even, a lot, a bit, a little, still, much, far, yet, by far等修饰；
He works even harder than before.
注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the +比较级（主语+谓语），the +比较级（主语+谓语）”
的结构（意为“越……越……”）；
The harder he works, the happier he feels.
⑤不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级+ and+比较级”的结构；
The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词；
The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.
A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.
The beauty of the place is more than I can describe 那地方美得无法形容。
⑨倍数表达法
▲A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.
The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。
▲A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
▲A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.
Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。
用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.
3.最高级的用法
①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the +最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语；
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three. He works(the)hardest in his class.
②最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means等词语所修饰；
This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means the biggest.
③表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也没有比较级。
④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略；
He is the tallest(boy)in his class.
⑤作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。
Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.
4.形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况
①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词；
②形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”；
He is a most clever young policeman.(most=very)
The film is most interesting.(most=very)
③as+形容词+a+单数名词； This is as good an example as the other is.
④表示两者间“较……的一个”比较级前加the； who is the older of the tow boys
5.由as/so组成的形容词或副词短语
①as much as +不可数名词：多达 Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.
②as many as +可数名词：多达 I have as a many as sixteen reference books.
③as early as：早在 As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as：远到；就……而知（论）
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as I know（就我所知），he has been there before.
⑤may (might, could)as well：不妨、不如 Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as … as can be：到了最……的程度，极其
They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。
⑦as … as one can：尽其所能 He began to run, as fast as he could.
⑧as … as possible：尽可能 Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
6.more /less than及其相关结构
第一类
①more than＋具体数字=over：多于、超过…… He spoke English more than two years.(两年多)
more than＋名词/动词/形容词/副词：不仅仅
China Daily is more than a newspaper and it can also help us learn English.
②not more than：不超过……，顶多……=at most
There were not more than 70 women in the store then.（不足70个女性）
③no more than：仅仅，只不过
The theater was no more than a painted barn.这戏院只不过是漆了油漆的库房而已（没什么大不了的）。
④less than：少于、不足……
Their car broke down where they drove less than five miles.（不到五英里）
⑤not less than：……以上，至少……=at least
He has not less than 2oo dollars.（至少200美元）
⑥no less than：不会少于……，与……一样，简直就……
It is no less than robbery to ask me for so much.要我这么多钱，简直跟抢劫没有两样。
第二类
①more＋形容词/副词/名词＋than：比……更……
I have found that he is a more efficient worker than any other one.
②more…than…：与其……不如……
He is not more an artist than a philosopher.与其说他是位艺术家，不如说他是位哲学家。
③not more…than…：不如……，不及……
You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔细。
She was not more pleased than I was.她不及我开心。
④no＋比较级＋than：仅仅……，最多……，只不过……，和……一样不
This kind of plant grows no higher than one inch.这种植物最多长到一英寸。
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
⑤less＋形容词/副词/名than：比……更少，不如……
Jane is less beautiful than Suan.
He is less slow than lazy at his work.=He is more lazy than slow at his work.
⑥not less…than：不比……少，不亚于……
She is not less charming than her daughter.她跟她女儿一样有魅力。
⑦no less…than：不会比……差，正如……一样”
A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is.海豚不会比狗笨吧！
注意：
1.下列单词虽以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词
deadly,friendly,lovely,likely,lonely,silly,lively,brotherly,weekly等。
2.有无ly的副词意义、用法有别
①意义用法不同
Someone followed me close behind me.有人紧跟着我。
Everyone felt that his remarks hit close to home.他的话击中了要害。
Come close to me and you’ll listen to me clearly.靠近我，你就会听清楚的。
These two topics are closely related.这两个课题紧密相连。
（close修饰介词短语、closely修饰动词和过去分词）
He hardly worked hard at maths so he could not pass the maths examination.
他几乎没有 努力学习数学，结果没有通过这次数学考试。
He always works late into the night.他总是工作到深夜。
Have you been to the cinema lately 你最近有没有看电影？

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