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第三讲: 三大从句专项（一）
宾语从句专项讲解
打基础--掌握知识点
1.在复合句中作宾语的句子叫宾语从句
2.宾语从句可用于主句动词之后（如：know,think,believe,hope,mean等）,
也可以用于主句形容词之后（如：certain ，sure ，glad等）
I like my teacher.（名词作宾语)
I enjoy playing basketball.(动名词作宾语）
I decide to study hard.（不定式作宾语）
I know Mr Li teaches English. (句子作宾语）
She asked me if the answer was right. (句子作宾语）
They are talking about whether the team will win the game.(句子做宾语)
I’m sure that you can pass the exam.(句子作宾语)
结构：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
4.宾语从句的语序一定是陈述语序
5.含有宾语从句的复合句的标点由主句决定
连接词分为三类：
1.that 引导的宾语从句
用 that引导宾语从句，此时从句部分相当于一个陈述句。
引导宾语从句的 that没有词义，不充当句子成分，在口语或非正式文体中常被省略。
I hear(that)you have passed the exam.
I don’t know(that)he has never been to the USA.
I am glad (that) you can come for dinner.
2. if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句
用 if 或 whether引导宾语从句，此时从句部分的语义相当于一个一般疑问句。
连词 if 或whether意思是“是否” ，只起连接作用，不充当成分，但不能省略，且宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
I want to know if/whether he is our new teacher.
Tom wonders if/whether his grandpa will come next week.
“Did Marry clean the classroom yesterday ”Mr Hu is asking.
Mr Hu is asking if /whether Mary cleaned the classroom yesterday.
if和whether的区别：
if,whether引导宾语从句通常可以互换使用，下列情况只能用whether：
1.与 or not 直接连用时
Please let me know whether or not you can come.
2.宾语从句作介词的宾语时
It depends on whether it will be fine.
3.whether +to do
I don’t know whether to accept or refuse.
4.与 or 引导的选择范围连用（表示 “是 A 还是 B”）（whether A or B）
She didn’t know whether to buy the red dress or the blue one.
I’m not sure whether he is happy or sad.
5.引导主语从句，位于句首或用 it 作形式主语时
Whether he will come to the wedding is still unknown.（他是否会来参加婚礼还 不清楚。）（句首主语从句）
It’s uncertain whether the flight will be on time.（航班是否准点还不确定。）（it 作 形式主语
6. 引导表语从句或同位语从句
whether 可引导表语从句（系动词后）和同位语从句（解释名词含义）；if 只能引导宾语从句，不能引导这两种从句。
The key question is whether we have enough funds.
（核心问题是我们是否有足够 资金。）
There’s some doubt about whether the plan will work.
（关于计划是否可行存在一 些疑问。）（同位语从句，解释 doubt 的内容）
3.连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
1)用连接代词或连接副词引导宾语从句，从句部分语义相当于一个特殊疑问句;
2)常见的连接代词：what,who,whom,whose,which;
3)常见的连接副词：when,where,how,why;
4)连接代词和连接副词有词义，并且在从句中充当句子成分;
5)连接代词多作宾语、主语和定语，连接副词多作状语
6)宾语从句中连接代词 who 与 whom 都指人，“谁” ，其中 who 为主格，在从句中作主语；whom 为宾格，在从句中作宾语。多数情况下可用 who 替代 whom。
We do not know whose pencil this is.
Nobody knows when the train will arrive.
Can you tell us what they are doing
She wants to know why that little boy is crying.
Can you guess whom/who my father is talking with
宾语从句的注意要点：
一、宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即主语在前谓语在后，即使宾语从句本身是疑问句，也要将其变成陈述句语序。
e.g. I heard (that) he won a prize.
They don’t know where he is.
注意：如果what’s wrong / what’s the matter等句型在句中充当宾语从句，语序不变。如果疑问词what或who在从句中作主语，其引导的句子作宾语从句时语序也不变。
e.g. I want to know what’s wrong with you.
She doesn’t know what’s the matter with him.
Jack didn’t know what happened.
I want to know what’s on the desk.
Could you tell me which is the way to the nearest hospital
二、宾语从句的时态
1.主现从该：如果主句是现在的时态（一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），
则从句用自己所需要的任意时态。
I know when he will come tomorrow.
2.主过从过：如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时），则从句时态 要用相应的过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）
I knew when he would come tomorrow.
I saw (that) she was talking with her mother.
注意：如果主句中出现could you/would you, 要提醒学生这些不是过去时，而只是表示委婉语气，用法视为一般现在时，所以从句依具体时态而定。
3.客观真理永一现：如果从句表示某个客观真理、自然现象时，不管主句是什么 时态 ，从句均用一般现在时。
Our teacher told us that the sun is bigger than the moon.
4.特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时，当特殊疑问词为从句的主语时，语序不变 I don’t know who is playing the piano next door.
5.含宾语从句的复合句转换为简单句：如主句主语与从句主语一致，且从句的引 导词为疑问句 who ，what ，which ，when ，where ，how 等时，从句可简化为“疑 问词+不定式” ，从而使复合句转换为简单句。
I wonder what I should do. =I wonder what to do.
宾语从句小练：
1.I know you’ve bought a book about Mars. I wonder ________.
A．where can I buy one B．that it cost thirty-five yuan
C．when you will finish reading it D．who you will borrow one from
2.—John, can you tell me _________ in the future —I want to be a football player.
A．what will you do B．where will you go
C．what you will do D．where you will go
3.—Mrs Lin. I’m new here. Could you please tell me ________
—Sure. It has a long history and looks attractive.
A．what Nantong Museum is like B．how far the Haohe River is
C．how I can get to Binjiang Park D．what I can see in the Wolf Hill
4.—Can you tell me ________ —She is in the chess club.
A．which club she is in B．where does she live
C．which club is she in D．where she lives
5.—You know ________ In 12 hours! — That’s crazy. How is it even possible
A．how soon we must finish the task B．how often we must finish the task
C．how soon must we finish the task D．how often must we finish the task
6.—Dear friends, do you still remember ________ three years ago —To realize our dream!
A．why did you come here B．how you came here
C．how did you come here D．why you came here
7.I’m not sure ________ I can come to the party tomorrow.
A．because B．whether C．or D．after
8.—Will Alice come to our picnic party
—I don’t know. She didn’t tell me ________ or not she would have free time this Sunday.
A．what B．how C．if D．whether
9.—Can you tell me ________ I should do for the 2025 New Year’s Day
—Why not volunteer at the local charity event
A．what B．why C．when D．where
10.—Ms Hu, can you tell me ________ I can improve my English writing
—You can write more English diaries.
A．what B．how C．when D．where
1-5.CCAAA
6-10.DBDAB
定语从句专项讲解
打基础--掌握知识点
1.修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句
2.定语从句的引导词被称为关系词，分为两类
关系代词：who ，whom ，whose ，which ，that
关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等
关系副词：when ，where ，why 关系副词在定语从句中作状语
3.先行词：被修饰的名词或代词
先行词总是出现在定语从句之前
注意：当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，常被省略。
The man (that/who/whom)I talked with just now was my friend’s father.
I can’t find the letter(that/which) I wrote this morning.
4.定语从句的引导词如何选择
关系代词 先行词 在从句中充当的成分
who 人 主/宾
whom 人 宾
whose 人/物 定语
which 物 主/宾
that 人/物 主/宾/表
1）who/whom 的用法
二者都用于指人。who 在定语从句中可作主语、宾语，whom 在定语从句中只作 宾语。作宾语的关系代词 who、whom 可省略（在介词后作宾语的关系代词除外）
There are many young men who are for him.
有许多年轻人支持他。（who 在从句中作主语）
I happened to meet the professor who/whom I got to know at a party.
我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。
(在从句中作宾语，whom 可用who 代替)
2）whose的用法
whose 可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语
You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.
只有你的建议他可能会听。(whose 在从句中作 advice的定语)
3)which的用法
which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。作宾语的关系代词which 可以省略（紧跟在介词后除外）。
The river which run through the center of the city brings us lots of pleasure.
那条穿过市中心的河给我们带来了很多欢乐。（which 在从句中作主语）
This is the pen which you are looking for.
这正是你在找的笔。（which在从句中作 look for 的宾语，可以省略）
4)that 用法
that 指人或物，在从句中可作主语或宾语，还可作表语。作宾语或表语时可省略。作介词宾语时，介词不可提到 that之前，若提前则须用which 或 whom 等词代替。
I don’t like the person that loses his temper easily.
我不喜欢容易发脾气的人。（that 在从句中作主语）
The picture that we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.
我们正在研究的画是一个十五岁的学生画的。（that 在从句中作宾语）
关系副词 先行词 在从句中充当的成分
when day 、year 、date 、time 等表示时间的名词 时间状语
where place 、city 、Beijing 等表示地点的名词 地点状语
why 表示原因的名词 reason 原因状语
1)where的用法
where在定语从句中作地点状语，一般其前有表示地点的名词，此时常可用 in which 、on which 、at which 、to which 等代替。
Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.
=Potatoes can be grown in places in which it is too cold to grow rice.
有些太冷不能种水稻的地方可以种马铃薯。
2）when的用法
when 在定语从句中作时间状语，一般其前有表示时间的词，此时常可用 on which、 in which 、at which 、during which 等代替
I shall never forget the days when we worked on the farm.
=I shall never forget the days during which we worked on the farm.
我永远不会忘记我们在农场劳动的日子。
3）why的用法
why 在定语从句中作原因状语，它的先行词通常为 reason ，可用 for which来代替
I want to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.
=I want to explain the reason for which I was absent from the meeting.
我想要解释一下我当时缺席会议的原因。
定语从句注意点：
一、关系代词只用 that ，不用which 情况（代高序双疑特）
1. 当先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时 (代)（all,much,few,little,something ,anything ,nothing）
You should hand in all that you have. 你们应该把你们拥有的一切都交上来。
I did nothing that might hurt you. 我一点儿也没做可能伤害到你的事。
2. 当先行词被最高级修饰，或是最高级时(高)
This is the best film that has been shown so far in the city.
这是这座城市迄今为止放映过的最好的电影。
3. 当先行词被序数词修饰，或是序数词时（序）
This is the third dictionary that I have used. 这是我用的第三本字典。
4. 当先行词既有人又有物时（双）
She took photos of the things and people that she was interested in.
她把她感兴趣的物和人全都拍下来了。
5.句中已有疑问词who/which 时，避免重复（疑）
Who is the person that is standing at the gate 正站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the book that you lost 你丢的书是哪一本？
6.先行词被表示特指的词修饰时（特）（the only,the very ,the same ,the last）
Chatting was the only thing that interested her. 聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。
These articles are the very ones that should be read. 这些文章才是应该读的。
7. 当主句以 here 、there 开头时。
Here is the book that you’ve been looking for. 这就是你一直在找的书。
二、只用 which ，不用 that
1.在非限制性定语从句中
2.在介词之后。介词+which
3.先行词本身就是 that时
三、主谓一致问题
1.先行词是单数时，从句的谓语动词用单数； 先行词是复数时，从句的谓语动词用复数
Guilin is a city which/that has a history of over 2,000 years. 桂林是一座有 2,000 多年历史的城市。
The students that laugh at the disabled are not good students. 嘲笑残疾人的学生不是好学生。
2.定语从句前为“one of+可数名词复数 ”形式时，关系代词作主语，谓语动词用 复数；定语从句前为“the only one of+可数名词复数 ”形式时,关系代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Jeff is one of the students who were awarded.
杰夫是当时获奖的学生之一。(本句的先行词是 the students, 即所修饰的中心词为 the students, 因此定语从句的谓语动词应根据 the students 而定)
Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded.
杰夫是唯一一个当时获奖的学生。（本句的中心词为the only one,因此定语从 句的谓语动词根据the only one 而定）
定语从句小练：
21.—What does “mother” mean to you, Sandy
—Mother is the person ________ always loves me no matter how I am.
A．which B．who C．whom D．what
22.—Do you like the weekly show, The Reader, on CCTV
—Sure. It’s a programme ________ brings the habit of reading back into the public.
A．who B．that C．what D．whom
23.October 1, 1949 was the day ______ the People’s Republic of China was founded.
A．which B．when C．where D．in which
24.I’ll never forget the poor children and the old school _____ I visited in the village.
A．where B．which C．who D．that
25.Who can help me find the information about the singer _____ I need to give a talk
A．whom B．who C．what D．which
26.—Wang Yaping is the first woman ________ taught lessons in space.
—It’s amazing.
A．which B．that C．whom D．whose
27.—Do you know the song ________ is very popular these days
—Sure. It is about a girl ________ asked for help with her hoodie (帽衫) on TikTok.
A．that; which B．which; who C．who; which D．who; that
28.—Hi, Andy! You look so excited. What happened
—The result of the competition _____ we were looking forward to _____ to be better.
A．/; turned out B．which; finding out
C．that; working out D．that; came out
29.A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand ”
A．that B．which C．where D．who
30.— Do you know the boy in red ________ is sitting next to Bob
— Yes. He is Bob’s best friend. They are celebrating his ________ birthday.
A. /; fifth B．who; twelfth C．which; ninth D．that; twelve
21-25 BBBDD 26-30 BBACB
状语从句专项讲解
打基础--掌握知识点
在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句。
状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为：
状语从句分类 连词
时间状语从句 when ，while ，as before ，after since ，till，until as soon as，whenever
地点状语从句 where ，wherever
原因状语从句 because ，as, since
条件状语从句 if，unless ，as/so long as (只要)
目的状语从句 so that，in order that
结果状语从句 so...that...，such...that...
让步状语从句 though，although，even if，even though
比较状语从句 than，as...as，not as/so ...as
一、时间状语从句
在复合句中充当时间状语的句子
引导时间状语从句的连词有：
连词 含义 注意点
when 当......时候 从句的谓语动词延续性/瞬时性
while 当......时候 从句的谓语动词延续性/表状态的动词
as 当...时；一边...一边
before 在......之前
after 在......之后
since 自从...... 以来 一般主句用现在完成时，从句用过去时
till 到......为止 如果主句的谓语动词是瞬时动词，该动 词用否定形式：not...till/until “直到...... 才” till不用于句首，用于句首时常用 until
until 到......为止
as soon as 一......就 由 as soon as 引导的从句需用 一般时态 代替将来时态
whenever 每当，任何时候
注意点：
1. 当主句是一般将来时，时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时（主将从现） 在时间状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，
用一般过去时代替过去将来时
When I get there, I’ll ring you up.我到那儿后，会给你打电话。Amy told me that as soon as she arrived, she would ring me up. 埃米告诉我，她一到就给我打电话。
2.在 when和 while引导的从句中，当主句和从句的主语一致，且从句中有 be动词时，可省略主语和 be 动词，构成 when/while doing 结构
While(I am)travelling, I like to buy some souvenirs. 旅游时，我喜欢买纪念品。
when ，while 和 as的区别
1.when 表示从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生或先于主句动作，可指一段时间 或某一时间点
It was snowing when we got to the airport. 我们到达机场时，正下着雪。
The days get longer when spring comes. 春天到来时，白天变长了。
2.while 表示从句的动作和主句动作同时发生，指一段时间
还可表示“在...期间 ”，表示主句动作发生在从句动作进行的过程中。
Some students were reading while others were writing.
有些学生在读书，有些学生在写字。
While we were having a meeting,Li Ming came in.
我们正在开会时，李明进来了。
3.as 表示从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，指一段时间。译为“一边......一 边......”
As years go by ,China is getting richer and stronger.
随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。
The little girls sang as they played. 小姑娘们一边玩一边唱。
二、地点状语从句
地点状语从句的连词有 where ，wherever 等
Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。
Wherever you go,I will miss you. 无论你去哪里我都会想念你。
三、原因状语从句
在复合句中表示主句动作发生原因的句子
原因状语从句的连词有 because ，as, since 等。because 和 so 不能同时出现。
I did not go to school yesterday because I was ill.
Since you are free, you’d better tidy your bedroom.
As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi.
四、条件状语从句
在复合句中表示主句动作发生的条件。
条件状语从句的连词有 if（如果）、unless（除非） 等
If it rains tomorrow,I will stay at home. Don’t go out unless I call you.
注意点：
1.if 引导的条件状语从句可以位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。如果从句在前， 从句与主句之间要用逗号隔开。
2.unless 和 if...not 常可以互换
You will be late unless you leave at once.
If you don’t leave at once,you will late.
3.在 if/unless 引导的条件状语从句中，通常是“主将从现”
4.在 if/unless 引导的条件状语从句中，主句也可以含有情态动词或是祈使句。
5. 当某种条件所引起的结果是一种情绪或想法时，不能使用 unless，只能用 if...not.
I will be angry if I am not invited to the party.
五、 目的状语从句
用以说明主句动作发生的目的。
目的状语从句的连词有 so that（以便）, in order that（以便）等
so that可以与 in order that 相互替换
在目的状语从句中，多使用情态动词 can,may,will,could,might,would 或 should 等。
Say it louder so that everyone can hear you.
We will come at eight so that/in order that the meeting can begin early.
六、结果状语从句
用来补充说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。
结果状语从句的连词有 so...that..., such...that...（如此....... 以至于）
1.so+adj/adv+that 从句
It was so cold outside that we had to stop the game.
外面太冷了，我们不得不停止比赛。
He drove so carelessly that he almost lost his life.
他开车不太小心，差点丧了命。
2.so+many/few/much/little+相应形式的名词+that 从句
He got so little money that his family had to live on welfare.
他赚的钱很少，以至于他的家人不得不靠救济金生活。
He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam once again.
他出了这么多错，以致考试又没及格。
3.so+adj+a/an+可数名词单数+that 从句
It is so easy a question that I can work it out immediately.
这道题这么简单，我马上就能做出来。
4.such+a/an+adj+可数名词单数+that 从句
Miss Zhao is such a kind teacher that we all like her.
赵老师很和善，我们都喜欢她。
5.such+adj+可数名词复数+that 从句
They are such good children that we all love them.
这些孩子很好，我们都很喜欢他们。
6.such+形容词+不可数名词+that 从句
We had such bad weather that we couldn’t go out.
天气这么糟糕，我们不能出去。
七、比较状语从句
比较状语从句的连词有 than ，as...as, not as/as...as...
I am taller than you (are). He runs as fast as I(do).
This work is not as/so easy as you think.
八、让步状语从句
让步状语从句的连词有 though ，although ，even if,even though 等
I will try, although I may fail.
Though he did not have much money,he was still happy.
注意点：
although 和 though 引导的让步状语从句不能和 but 连用，但可以和 yet 连用。 Although/Though you are a little younger than me,yet you are much taller.
状语从句小练：
11.—Labor (劳动) education is important for students’ development.
—Yes. _ schools put it into practice, students will be more independent and helpful.
A．If B．Whenever C．Unless D．And
12.I will go to see my grandparents ________ I get off the plane.
A．as soon as B．as far as C．as long as D．as easily as
13.—Can you tell me Kitty’s address
—I don’t know. But I’ll tell you her address she to me.
A．until; writes B．as soon as; writes
C．until; will write D．as soon as; will write
14.We are going to take a trip to Kunming ________ we save enough money.
A．so that B．as soon as C．ever since D．even if
15.—She may need some help ________ she’s new here.
—Let’s help her as much as possible.
A．though B．unless C．while D．as
16.You shouldn't walk alone outside right now, ________ it's a bit late.
A．so B．but C．although D．for
17.—They develop their skills ________ they can do things better and better.
—Yeah! We should learn from them.
A．so that B．even though C．in order to D．Since
18.— Does Tom like running
— Yes. He keeps running every day _______ he can get the first place at the sports meeting.
A．such that B．so that C．and to D．in order to
19.He went to a training centre in his spare time __________ he could do the job well.
A．in order to B．so as to
C．in order that D．to do
20.—Look, this is my new house. How do you like it
—Mm, it is beautiful. But it is not _____.
A．large than us B．as large than ours
C．as large as ours D．as large as us
11-15 AABBD
16-20 DABCC

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