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第九讲复习：语法小综合专项（二）
目录
形容词和副词
不定代词
祈使句
用should和had better提建议
动词及五种基本句型
疑问词+不定式
情态动词must和have to的用法
enough...to... 和 too...to... 的用法
It is adj+ for/of to do sth
并列连词
代词it的用法
简单句和复合句之间的转换
形容词和副词
形容词用法 位置
作定语 放名词前作定语;放在不定代词之后
作表语 放在系动词(be，look, sound, feel, smell，taste，seem，keep，get，turn等)之后
作补足语 作主语或宾语的补足语，说明主语或宾语的性质、状态或特征。作宾语补足语，常与keep, make, find, feel等动词连用。
作状语 形容词作状语时,可位于句首、句末或句中,一般用逗号将其与句子的其它部分隔开。
修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词时 须放在其后
表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词 应放在相应的名词之后
【拓展延伸】
（1）多个形容词作定语时的顺序排列：限定词(冠词、数词、代词等)→描绘性形容词→大、小(长、短、高、低)形容词→形状形容词→年龄(新、旧)形容词→颜色形容词、国籍形容词、材料形容词、用途(类别)形容词、名词。我们可以这样记忆：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。
（2）常用句型
①It's＋形容词＋for＋sb.＋动词不定式“做某事对某人来说……”，常用的形容词有：difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, impossible等。
②It's＋形容词＋of＋sb.＋动词不定式“某人(做某事) ……是……的”，常用的形容词有：good, kind, nice, polite, clever, silly, lazy, careful, careless等。
③主语＋be动词＋形容词＋不定式常用glad, pleased, sorry, sad, thankful等表示感情或情绪的形容词.
【温馨提示】
-ed形容词和-ing形容词的辨析： 以-ed结尾的形容词，如interested, pleased, surprised, worried,excited等，通常用于说明人，不用于说明事物。-ing形容词：以-ing结尾的形容词，如exciting, frightening, interesting, surprising, worrying等，主要用于说明事物，表示事物的性质或特征；若用它们说明人，则表示此人具有此性质或特征。
副词位置 用法
方式副词 方式副词放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语后面
频度副词、程度副词 频度副词、程度副词放在be动词或助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词、形容词之前。
修饰整个句子作评论性状语的副词 往往被置于句首。
enough enough作副词修饰形容词和副词时，要放在所修饰词之后
（1）在形容词后加-ly。
quick → quickly calm → calmly brave → bravely clear → clearly
（2）以-y结尾的形容词，先将y变为-i，再加-ly。
easy → easily heavy → heavily busy → busily happy → happily
（3）以-le结尾的形容词，去-加-y。
gentle → gently terrible → terribly comfortable → comfortably
【温馨提示】有些词后加ly构成形容词。如:
friendly友好的 lovely可爱的 lively精力充沛的
lonely孤独的 weekly每周的 daily每日的
deadly致命的 monthly每月的 yearly每年的
（形容词、副词的比较级最高级详情在第七讲）
练习：
一、单项选择
1．The little boy suddenly stopped talking with his mouth ________ like a big “O”. His head teacher was standing in front of him.
A．widely open B．wide open C．wide opened D．widely opened
2．Jim sat ________ to his mother with his eyes half ________.
A．closed; opened B．close; open
C．closely; opening D．closely; open
3．—Does David work as ________ as Rose
—No, Rose is much ________ than anyone else in her class.
A．hardly; harder B．hardly; more hard-working
C．hard; hard-working D．hard; more hard-working
4．My grandfather lives ________ in a ________ village, but he never feels ________.
A．alone; alone; lonely B．lonely; lonely; alone
C．alone; lonely; lonely D．alone; lonely; alone
5．—Mary, let’s go to the movies this weekend.
—Sorry, I’ll visit my grandmother. My grandfather _______ for two years, and she lives_______.
A．has dead, lonely B．has been dead, alone
C．was dead, lonely D．died, alone
6．To my _________, my mother was not _________ at the _________ news.
A．surprise; surprise; surprise B．surprised; surprised; surprised
C．surprise; surprising; surprised D．surprise; surprised; surprising
7．Tom failed to pass the Maths exam. His father looked ________ when he heard this and looked ________ at his son.
A．angry; angry B．angry; angrily C．angrily; angry D．angrily; angrily
8．Being ________ , the novel written by a famous teacher sells ________.
A．very worth of being read; good B．well worth reading; good
C．very worth reading; well D．well worth reading; well
9．The meat on the plate _________ bad! Throw it away.
A．is smelt terrible B．smells terrible
C．smells terribly D．is smelt terribly
10．Grandpa Wang wanted to find the kind taxi driver ________.
A．as quick as possible B．as soon as it is possible
C．as possible as quickly D．as soon as he could
二、单词拼写
11．Knowledge is a great . It helps to build our confidence and enables us to speak and do things . (power)
12．The coach thinks (high) of Jenny’s sports talents, for she jumps very (high) at the sports meeting.
13．I can’t hear you clearly. Can you speak much (loud), please
14．Football is (wide) played on the fields by adults.
15．The reporter said two men were (bad) wounded in a car accident last week.
答案：
1．B
2．B
3．D
4．C
5．B
6．D
7．B
8．D
9．C
10．D
11．power powerfully
12．highly high
13．more loudly
14．widely
15．badly
不定代词
一、不定代词的定义与分类
1. 定义
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词，用来表示不确定的人、事物、数量或程度。初中阶段重点掌握的不定代词可按功能分为以下类别：
2. 核心分类（按含义划分）
类别 常见代词 含义特点
指人不定代词 someboday/someone（某人）、anybody/anyone（任何人）、nobody/no one（没人）、everybody/everyone（每个人） 指代不确定的人
指物不定代词 something（某物）、anything（任何事物）、nothing（没事物）、everything（一切事物） 指代不确定的事物
数量不定代词 some（一些）、any（任何）、many（许多，接可数复数）、much（许多，接不可数）、few（很少，表否定）、a few（少数，表肯定）、little（很少，表否定）、a little（少量，表肯定）、all（全部）、both（两者都）、either（两者之一）、neither（两者都不）、each（每个，强调个体）、every（每个，强调整体）、none（没有一个） 表示数量或范围
复合不定代词 由 some/any/no/every + body/one/thing 构成（如 somebody, anything 等） 兼具 “指代” 和 “数量” 双重属性
二、不定代词的用法
1. 复合不定代词的语法规则
（1）主谓一致：复合不定代词（someone, everything等）作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
例：Everyone in our class likes English.（我们班每个人都喜欢英语）
（2）定语后置：形容词修饰复合不定代词时，需放在代词后面。
例：something important（重要的事）、anyone friendly（友善的人）、someone else（其他人）
复合不定代词的属格用法
·指人的复合不定代词（含 - one/-body）可加 -’s 构成属格
例：Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 大家的事没人管。
·后接 else 时，-’s 属格加在 else 后
例：Can you remember someone else’s name （你记得其他人的名字吗？）
That’s nobody else’s fault.（这不是其他人的错。）
注意：指事物的复合不定代词（含 - thing）无 -’s 属格
错误：something’s color（应为 the color of something）
（3）some/any 的用法区别：
·some 用于肯定句，表示 “一些”；也可用于委婉请求、希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中。
例：I have some books.（肯定句）、Could you give me some water （委婉请求）
·any 用于否定句、疑问句，表示 “任何”；也可用于肯定句中表示 “任何一个”。
例：Do you have any pens （疑问句）、I don’t have any time.（否定句）、Any student can answer this question.（肯定句，“任何学生”）
·some-(something/someone/somebody)与any-(anything/anyone/anybody)复合不定代词用法相同
例：He found something strange but interesting.（他发现了奇怪但有趣的事。）
Anybody can solve this problem.（任何人都能解这道题。）
2. 数量不定代词的用法辨析
（1）few，a few，little，a little的用法
短语 修饰对象 意义倾向 例句
a little 不可数名词 肯定（有一些，虽少但足够） I have a little time left. （我还有一点时间。）
little 否定（几乎没有，不足） She has little patience. （她几乎没耐心。★）
a few 可数复数名词 肯定（有几个，虽少但足够） A few students passed the exam. （有几个学生通过了考试。）
few 否定（几乎没有，不足） Few people understand this. （几乎没人懂这个。★）
·only a few（只有几个）/ only a little（只有一点）表否定
We need flour, but there’s only a little in the bag.
我们需要面粉，但袋子里只有一点了。
Only a few wild tigers survive in this region.该地区仅存几只野生老虎。
·quite a few（相当多！）← 注意是反义表达不是少。
The professor cited quite a few historical documents in her lecture.
教授在讲座中引用了相当多的历史文献。
注：初中阶段暂不掌握quite a little
·a little除了做不定代词修饰不可数名词。还可以作为副词修饰形容词副词。
I am a little hungry.我有点饿了。
She speaks a little quickly.她说话有点快。
比较级：He is a little heavier than I am.他比我重一点。
Tom gets up a little earlier than I（do）.汤姆起得比我（起得）早一点。
（2）both/either/neither：指代两者
·both：“两者都”，作主语时谓语动词用复数；后接of短语（of +复数名词/代词宾格）。
例：Both of my parents are teachers.（我父母都是老师）
·either：“两者中的任意一个”，作主语时谓语动词用单数；后接 of 短语。
例：Either of the two books is OK.（两本书中任何一本都可以）
·neither：“两者都不”，表否定，作主语时谓语动词用单数；后接 of 短语。
例：Neither of them likes swimming.（他们俩都不喜欢游泳）
（3）all/every：指代 三者及以上
·all：“全部，所有”，可修饰可数复数 / 不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词单复数由修饰的名词决定。
例：All the students are here.（所有学生都到了）、All the water is clean.（所有水都是干净的）
·every：“每个，每一”，只能修饰可数名词单数，强调整体，不能接 of 短语。
例：Every day is important.（每一天都很重要）、Every student must finish homework.（每个学生都必须完成作业）（易错点：every of the students ×，应为 all of the students）
·every day与everyday的区别:
1. every day是名词短语，在句中充当状语，修饰整个句子。
例：I finish my homework before 9 every day. 我每天九点前完成作业。
2. everyday是形容词，在句中充当定语，修饰名词。
例：Everyday work makes me bored. 每天的工作让我很烦。
（4）none：指代 三者及以上中 “没有一个”，可接 of 短语，作主语时谓语动词单复数均可（单数更常用）；可回答 how many/how much 的提问。
例：None of the apples are/is bad.（这些苹果没有一个是坏的）
应答句：—How many books do you have —None.（你有几本书？一本也没有）
—How much information do you konw —None.
·none、no one和nothing的区别
对比维度 no one none nothing
指代对象 仅指人（=nobody）强调没人 可指人或物（人/动物/事物皆可）强调数量 只能指物，强调 “没有任何事物”
能否接of 短语 不可接 of 可以接of （ None of the books...） 不可接 of
动词单复数 用单数（No one knows） 可单可复，按语义选择：- 指不可数名词 → 单数（None is left）- 指可数名词复数 → 优先用复数（None are correct） 用单数（Nothing is）
回答的问题 回答 who... （针对 “人” 的身份提问） 回答 how many/much... 或 any... （针对可数 / 不可数名词的数量提问） 回答 what... （针对 “事物” 的内容提问）
（5）other，the other，others，the others，another的用法
词汇 词性 核心搭配 / 用法 初中高频例句
other 形容词（仅adj.） 其他的，后接复数名词或不可数名词，重点在于非全部（other + 复数 n./ 不可数 n.） 注意：不可单独做代词，需加-s才可单独使用 → others Other students are reading. 2. Do you have other water
another 形容词 / 代词 后接单数名词（another + 单数 n.） “再一/另一”（泛指） 2. 单独使用（指代单数 n.）； 3. another + 数词 + 复数 n.（= 数词 + more + 复数 n.） 1. I need another pen. 2. Give me another. 3. I need another 3 days.
others 代词（仅 pron.） 单独使用（= other + 复数 n.）； 固定搭配：some... others...（一些…… 另一些……） 非全部 Some like math, others like English. 2. Help others.
the other 形容词 / 代词 后接 单数名词（the other +单数 n.）指剩余的（全部），一般为两者； 2. 单独使用（指代两者中另一个）； 3. 固定搭配：one... the other...（一个…… 另一个……） 1. I have two pens. One is red, the other is blue. 2. The other door is locked.
the others 代词（仅 pron.） 1. 单独使用（= the other + 复数 n.）；2. 指代 “总数中剩余的全部” 1. There are 50 students. 10 are boys, the others are girls. 2. I have 3 apples. One is for you, the others are for my mom.
·易混误区
① another 与 the other：
another 用于三者及以上（无明确总数）：I don’t like this shirt, show me another.
the other 用于两者（明确总数）：I have two shirts, one is white, the other is black.
②others 与 the others：
others 泛指剩余部分的一部分（无明确总数）：Some people walk, others ride bikes.
the others 特指剩余部分的全部（有明确总数）：There are 10 people, 3 leave, the others stay.
③other 与 others：
other 是形容词，必须接名词：other flowers
others 是代词，不能接名词：I like roses, others prefer lilies.
·固定搭配
①one... the other...（两者中）一个…… 另一个……→ One cat is black, the other is white.
②some... others... 一些…… 另一些……→ Some children play games, others read books.
③other 与 others：another +数词+复数名词=数词+ more +复数名词（“再 / 又……”）
→ I need another two days = I need two more days（我还需要两天）
练习：
一、单项选择
1．—Mary, did you go ________ last summer vacation
—Yes. I went to Hangzhou.
A．wonderful anywhere B．anywhere wonderful
C．somewhere wonderful D．wonderful somewhere
2．After you get off the bus, you can take ________ of the two subways to your school.
A．neither B．both C．any D．either
3．—Sorry, Mr. Wang left about five minutes ago.
—Well, I’ll visit him ________ time.
A．other B．another C．the other D．the another
4．After the recent space mission, one rocket module returned to Earth safely, and ________ is still orbiting in space for further research.
A．another B．other C．the other D．others
5．—I invited some of my friends to my birthday party, but ________ came.
—Oh, I’m sorry to hear that.
A．no one B．everyone C．nothing D．anyone
6．— Do you know how many hamburgers and sandwiches there are in the fridge
— ________. In fact, there is ________ in it. Look at the empty fridge.
A．Nothing; none B．None; nothing C．Neither; none
7．My father had only ________ sleep last night, so he felt ________ sleepy today.
A．a bit; a little B．a little; a little bit
C．a bit; little D．a little; a bit little
8．—Is ________ here
—No, we are all here ________ Peter.
A．anybody; except B．anybody; besides
C．everybody; besides D．everybody; except
9．—The students have been working hard recently.
—________.
A．Neither do they B．Neither have they
C．So they have D．So have they
10．Both the houses are _____ expensive to me. I don’t want to buy ______ of them.
A．very; neither B．too; all C．too; either D．none; another
11. —When shall we go to the Xuanwu Lake Park, this Saturday or Sunday
—____________ is OK. I’m free on the weekend.
A. Both B. None C. All D. Either
二、单词拼写
12．Although the Smiths have five children, n of them lives nearby.
13．I had to go to the museum alone because n of my parents were free.
14．All of us were invited, but ____________ of us came.（none / neither）
15．These sweaters are too small for me. Please show me ______ one.（another / other）
16．The weather in Shanghai is different from _____________in Beijing.（that / it）
答案：1．B
2．D
3．B
4．C
5．A
6．B
7．B
8．D
9．C
10．C
11．D
12．(n)one
13．(n)either
14．none
15．another
16．that
祈使句
祈使句是用来表达 请求、命令、建议、劝告、禁止 等语气的句子，通常省略主语（默认主语为第二人称 you），谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号或句号。
Be quiet, please!请保持安静！
Don’t be late again!不要再迟到了！
一、核心结构（基础形式）
1. 肯定祈使句（最常用）
结构类型 例句 语气解读
动词原形 + 宾语 / 状语 Open the window.（打开窗户。） 命令 / 要求
Eat more vegetables.（多吃蔬菜。） 建议 / 劝告
Please + 动词原形.../... + please Please pass me the pen. / Pass me the pen, please.（请把笔递给我。） 请求（更礼貌）
Let’s + 动词原形 + ...（= Let us + ...） Let’s go to the park.（我们去公园吧。） 提议（共同行动）
Let him/her/them + 动词原形... Let her help you.（让她帮你吧。） 允许 / 建议
Be+表语(名词或形容词)+其他成分 (统称为Be型祈使句) Be quiet, please! Be a brave boy! 要求/建议
2. 否定祈使句（表禁止 / 劝阻）
结构类型 例句 注意点
Don’t + 动词原形 Don’t run in the hallway.（别在走廊里跑。） 最通用的否定形式
Never + 动词原形 Never late for class.（上课千万别迟到。） 语气更强，表 “绝对禁止”
Let’s not + 动词原形 Let’s not waste time.（我们别浪费时间了。） 否定共同提议
Don’t let + 他人 + 动词原形 Don’t let him smoke here.（别让他在这抽烟。） 否定 “允许他人做某事”
二、特殊句式（初中高频）
1. 带情态动词的祈使句（表委婉请求 / 建议）
结构：Please + 情态动词（can/could/may） + 动词原形 + ...
例句：Could you please close the door （你能把门关上吗？→ 更委婉）
May I use your phone （我能用一下你的手机吗？→ 礼貌请求）
2. 以 No 开头的祈使句（表禁止，标语 / 公告常用）
结构：No + 名词 / 动名词（doing）
例句：No smoking!（禁止吸烟！）No photos!（禁止拍照！）No entry!（禁止入内！）
3. 祈使句 + and/or + 简单句（表条件 / 结果）
结构 1：祈使句 + and + 肯定句（做某事，就会有好结果）
例句：Study hard, and you will pass the exam.（努力学习，你就会通过考试。）
结构 2：祈使句 + or + 否定句（不做某事，就会有坏结果）
例句：Hurry up, or you will be late.（快点，不然你会迟到的。）
Work hard and you will succeed.努力工作，你就会成功的。
祈使句的反义疑问句
·肯定祈使句：其反意疑问句通常用will you或won’t you。
一般来说，以“Please +动词原形”开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用will you；其他肯定祈使句，附加疑问部分用will you或won’t you均可。
Please open the door, will you 请把门打开，好吗？
Have a cup of tea, won’t you （喝杯茶吧，好吗？—— 邀请）
·Let’s ..., shall we / Let us ..., will you
Let’s go to the park, shall we （我们去公园吧，好吗？）
Let us leave now, will you （让我们现在离开，好吗？）
·否定祈使句：其反意疑问句通常用will you。
Don’t draw on the wall, will you （别在墙上画画，好吗？）
用should和had better提建议
当我们给他人提建议时，可以用should或had better，表示“应该”或“最好”做某事，had better语气比 should强一些。
1. should 的用法
·基本结构：主语 + should + 动词原形（否定式：should not = shouldn’t）
·常见搭配 / 例句：
表建议：You should listen to your teacher’s advice.（你应该听老师的建议。）
表责任：We should protect the environment.（我们应该保护环境。）
否定建议：He shouldn’t stay up late before exams.（他考试前不该熬夜。）
2. had better 的用法
·基本结构：主语 + had better + 动词原形（否定式：had better not；缩写：’d better，口语中常用）
·常见搭配 / 例句：
表警告性建议：You’d better take an umbrella—it’s going to rain.（你最好带把伞，要下雨了。）
否定建议：We’d better not talk loudly in the library.（我们最好别在图书馆大声说话。）
·注意点：had 不可省略，无过去式
练习：
一、单项选择
1．— David, remember not to leave your homework at home and ________ it to school tomorrow.
—________, I ________, Miss Zhao.
A．take; No; won’t B．take; Yes; will
C．bring; No; won’t D．bring; Yes; will
2．—Don’t tell anyone about this, Kitty
—OK, ________. I’ll keep it ________.
A．I will; for me B．I won’t; to myself
C．I will; to myself D．I won’t; for me
3．—________ about me. There is nothing serious.
—OK. Take care
A．Don’t be worry B．Not be worried
C．Never worried D．Don’t worry
4．Click on the icon, ________ you’ll find the ________ information on the Internet.
A．and; exciting B．but; excited C．/; exciting D．so; excited
5．________ an icon at the bottom of the page and then ________.
A．Picking; click it on B．Picking; click on it
C．Pick; click it on D．Pick; click on it
6．Take a bottle of water with you, ________ you ________ thirsty(渴的) on the way.
A．and; will feel B．and; won’t feel C．or; won’t feel D．but; will feel
7．________ the bridge, then ________ the flower shop and you will see the theatre.
A．Crossing; walk pass B．Walk cross; past
C．Walk across; pass D．Cross; past
8．—Halloween is coming, and I have to ________ lots of time making a pumpkin lantern for the party.
—Plan your time well. And you ________ be patient.
A．take; had better B．cost; should
C．spend; had better D．spend; can
9．—Oh, I had a terrible toothache.
—You’d better ________ a doctor and have your bad tooth ________ out.
A．to see; pulling B．see; pulled C．seeing; pulling D．saw; pulled
10．Since Huangshi is trying ________ a civilized city (文明城市), you had better ________ the rubbish everywhere.
A．to create; not throw B．creating ; not throw
C．creating ; don’t throw D．to create ; don’t throw
11．—I have a high fever. What should I do
—You ________ drink warm water and ________ wear too many clothes. But the most important thing is to go to see a doctor at once.
A．shouldn’t; should B．should; had better not
C．had better to; had better not D．should; had better not to
12．The instructions are very important, you ________ begin your work without reading them.
A．needn’t B．couldn’t C．shouldn’t D．mustn’t
二、单词拼写
13．A little kindness can go a long way. If a classmate seems sad, (smile) to make him/her feel better.
14．Jimmy, (not make) noises in the library.
15．You had better (not make) any mistakes when filling the form. It is very important for you.
答案：
1．D
2．B
3．D
4．A
5．D
6．B
7．C
8．C
9．B
10．A
11．B
12．C
13．smile
14．don’t make
15．not make
动词及五种基本句型
动词可分为行为动词（也称实义动词）、连系动词等。
一、行为动词 （实义动词）
1. 行为动词有实在的意义，可在句中独立充当谓语，表示动作或状态。行为动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词。 有些动词，如：afford, allow, bring, contain, enjoy, get, make, mean, need, rent 等，在使用的时候，其后必须跟宾语，称为及物动词；有些动词，如：lie, happen, rain, remain, sleep, rise等，在使用的时候，后面不能跟宾语，称为不及物动词。
2. 有些不表示动作而表示状态（如感受﹑状况等）的动词称为状态动词。如：
Like（喜欢）﹑love（喜爱）﹑think（认为）﹑understand（理解）﹑prefer（宁愿）﹑seem（好像）﹑belong(属于）﹑own（拥有）﹑appear（出现）等。
状态动词在使用的时候，一般不用进行时态。
二、连系动词
连系动词主要指be动词、感官动词（look、sound、feel、smell、taste）、表示“变，变成”的动词（become、get、grow、turn）、表示“保持”的动词（remain、keep、stay）和表示“似乎”的动词（seem、appea）等。
五种基本句型
一、主语 + 谓语（S + V）
结构：主语（动作发出者）+ 不及物动词（独立表达完整动作）
说明：谓语动词无需接宾语，可接副词、介词短语作状语修饰动作
常见不及物动词：run、swim、come、sleep、happen、rise、sing等
例句：The sun rises.（太阳升起。）
The sun rise slowly in the east. （太阳从东方缓缓升起。）
We laughed.（我们笑了。）
We laughed loudly at the party.（我们在派对上大声笑了。）
Birds fly.（鸟飞。）
Birds fly south every winter.（鸟儿每年冬天飞往南方。）
二、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语（S + V + O）
结构：主语（动作发出者）+ 及物动词（需接宾语）+ 宾语（动作承受者）
说明：谓语动词是及物动词，必须接宾语才能使句意完整，宾语通常是名词、代词或动名词等。
常见及物动词：eat、buy、like、finish、teach、enjoy、practice等
例句：He plays basketball.（他打篮球。）
We eat apples.（我们吃苹果。）
We enjoy singing English songs in class.（我们喜欢在课上唱英文歌。）
My sister borrowed a new book from the library yesterday.（我妹妹昨天从图书馆借了本新书。）
三、主语 + 系 + 表语（S + V + P）
结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语（说明主语的身份、特征、状态）
说明：系动词本身没有实际动作，只是连接主语和表语，表语与主语有逻辑等同关系。
常见系动词：
be 动词：am/is/are/was/were（核心系动词）
感官动词：look、sound、smell、taste、feel（表 “看起来 / 听起来 / 尝起来”）
变化类动词：become、get、turn、grow、go（表 “变得”）
表语形式：形容词、名词、介词短语、不定式、从句
例句：The flowers look beautiful.（这些花看起来很漂亮。）
The music sounds good.（这音乐听起来不错。）
This kind of apple tastes sweet and juicy.（这种苹果尝起来又甜又多汁。）
The weather is becoming colder and colder these days.（这几天天气正变得越来越冷。）
四、主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语（S + V + IO + DO）
结构：主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人，动作接收者）+直接宾语（物，动作内容）
说明：双宾语逻辑：IO（人）在前，DO（物）在后
结构转换：主语 + 谓语 + DO + to/for + IO（核心考点）
常见动词分类：
接 to 的动词：give、show、send、tell、teach、pass（表 “传递给”）
接 for 的动词：buy、make、cook、find、choose（表 “为某人做”）
双宾语转换：掌握 to/for 的正确使用（如：give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb.）
例句：My mother gave me a gift.（我妈妈给了我一份礼物。）
He teaches us English.（他教我们英语。）
She bought her sister a pen.（她给她妹妹买了一支钢笔。）
五、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语（S + V + O + C）
结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补（补充说明宾语的状态 / 动作 / 身份）
说明：宾语补足语简称“宾补”，可以是形容词、名词、动词不定式、现在分词等，它与宾语之间存在逻辑上的“主谓关系”。
关键特征：宾补不可或缺，去掉后句子不完整（如：He made me. → 不完整，需加 happy）
核心区别：宾语与宾补存在逻辑主谓关系（如：me + happy → I am happy）
宾补形式：形容词、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语
常见动词：make、keep、find、see、hear、watch、want、consider等
宾补类型判断：根据动词搭配选择正确的宾补形式（如：see sb. doing/do）
形式宾语 it 的用法：当宾语为不定式短语时，用 it 作形式宾语（如：I find it difficult to learn English.）
例句：We keep our classroom clean.（我们保持教室干净。）
They made him monitor.（他们选他当班长。）
I saw him playing basketball on the playground just now.（我刚刚看见他在操场上打篮球。）
疑问词+不定式
一、“疑问词+不定式”是英语中一种常见的复合结构。疑问词有疑问代词who, whom, what, which, whose和疑问副词when, where, how, why。此外，连接词whether也适用。该结构本质上相当于一个名词性从句，可在句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分，能让句子表达更简洁、紧凑，避免重复从句引导词和主语。
示例对比：
1. 从句形式：I don’t know what I should do.（我不知道我该做什么。）
2. 疑问词+不定式形式：I don’t know what to do.（语义相同，表达更简洁）
二、“疑问词+不定式”结构有下列五种功能：
（1） 当主语，直接置于句首，谓语动词常用单数形式；若结构较长，可先用it作形式主语，将真正主语（疑问词+不定式）置于句末，使句子平衡。
When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided. 何时开会还没有定下来。
Where to live is a problem. 住哪里是个问题。
It’s important to know where to get help in an emergency. 知道紧急情况下在哪里求助很重要。
（2）当宾语，这是该结构最常用的用法，可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。
We must know what to say at a meeting. 我们必须知道在会上说些什么。
He could not tell whom to trust. 他无法分辨该信任谁。
We need to figure out how to finish the task on time. 我们需要弄清楚如何按时完成任务。
They had a discussion about what to do next. 他们讨论了接下来该做什么。
（3）当表语，置于系动词（如be, seem, look等）之后，说明主语的内容或性质。
The problem is how to raise enough money. 问题是如何筹集足够的资金。
What he wants to know is where to find the book. 他想知道的是在哪里能找到这本书。
（4）当名词同位语
Tom had no idea which book to read first. 汤姆不知道先读哪本书。
（5）当宾语补足语
Jim is not sure whose to choose. 吉姆不确定选择谁的。
Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not. 玛丽和约翰不确定是否要结婚。
·适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括：
know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand等。
【注意】：
当这结构当宾语时，它的作用等于名词分句，
I could not decide which dictionary to buy.
= I could not decide which dictionary I should buy. 我不能决定买哪本字典。
Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher.
=Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.
杰克不知道到哪能找到这样一个好老师。
（2）有些动词，如ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach等，可以先有个宾语，然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词” 结构。
Have you told him where to get the application form 你告诉他哪里领申请表了吗？
练习：
一、单项选择
1．Which of the following sentences’ structures is different from the others
A．I often hear some birds sing in the park.
B．My father bought me a toy train yesterday.
C．The robot brought some trouble to Mr. Jiang.
D．Amy showed me some pictures of her family.
2．Which of the following sentence structures is SVOO
A．I call them vegetable animals. B．Sunlight makes us warm.
C．Sunlight brings us renewable energy. D．They made me a prize winner.
3．Which of the following sentences has the same structure as “Daniel is watching Jim work.”
A．Actors are playing different roles on the stage.
B．Volunteers often offer children help in poor areas.
C．Lucy picked up her sister at the airport the other day.
D．I advise him to develop a good study habit.
4．The main structure of the sentence “ Hobo built Eddie a tent with sticks yesterday.” is ________.
A．S+V+P B．S+V+O C．S+V+IO+DO D．S+V+DO+OC
5．The sentence structure of “Driving brings the young man happiness.” is________．
A．S+V+ IO +DO B．S+V+DO+OC
C．S+V+P D．S+V+DO
6．Which of the following sentences has the same structure as “Chevalier managed to swim back to the shore.”
A．Only humans speak using words.
B．Men whose hair is falling out are never happy about it.
C．The Prince heard loud barking coming from the direction of the house.
D．A study shows that among teenage users, a lot more girls blog than boys.
7．Daniel didn’t know ________ about the 2025 Huai’an Marathon.
A．what to talk to B．what to talk
C．who to talk to D．who to talk
8．—I don’t know________ this word.
—You can look it up in the dictionary.
A．what to spell B．how to spell
C．what should I spell D．how should I spell
9．Mary didn’t know who ________ her problem at that time.
A．to talk about B．to talk to about C．will talk to D．will talk
10．—You look worried. What’s wrong
—I want to join an after-school club. But I’m not sure ________.
A．which to choose B．to choose which
C．to choose what D．choose which one
11．Why not ____ your teacher for advice when you don’t know _____ the problems
A．to ask; how to do with. B．ask; what to deal with
C．to ask; how to deal with D．ask; what to do with
12．The math problem is so hard. I really don’t know ________.
A．how to do it B．what to do it C．how to do D．what do it
13．I can’t decide which one _________.
A．to buy it B．to be bought C．I must buy D．must I buy
14．—I often hear them ________ their travel plan these days.
—Oh, they can’t decide which city ________.
A．to discuss; to start B．discuss; to start with
C．to discuss; start D．discuss; start with
15．The boy should ________ get on well with ________.
A．be taught how to, others B．be known, another
C．teach how they, another D．taught to, the other
16．—Tom, can you tell me ________
—Try Sisyphe in Wan Xianghui Shopping Mall.
A．why to buy a dictionary B．where to get a dictionary
C．how to choose a dictionary D．when to publish a dictionary
二、完成句子
17．关于如何保护环境的方法将会进行讨论。
Ways about .
18．我们在课堂上学习如何解数学题。
We learn maths problems .
19．中国专家已经制定好计划帮助它如何适应新的环境。
The Chinese experts have made a plan about get used to the new environment.
20．The boy doesn’t know where he will go.（改为简单句）
The boy doesn’t know .
答案：
1．A
2．C
3．D
4．C
5．A
6．C
7．C
8．B
9．B
10．A
11．D
12．A
13．C
14．B
15．A
16．B
17．how to protect the environment will be discussed
18． how to work out in class
19． how to help it
20． where to go
情态动词must和have to的用法
1. must的用法
（1）must表示主观义务，意思是＂应该，必须＂，其否定式mustn’t意为＂不应该，不准＂。
We must get there before five o’clock. 我们必须在五点钟前赶到那儿。
You mustn’t break the rules. 你不要破坏规定。
对用must所提问题的否定回答，常用needn’t或don’t have to，意思为：不必。
Must I stay here after school 放学后我还得留在这儿吗？
No, you needn’t / don’t have to. 不了，没有必要。
（2）must表示推测，意思为：一定，必定(只用于肯定句中)。
He must be our headmaster. 他肯定是我们的校长。
He must have seen the film last night. 他昨天晚上肯定看了那场电影。
2. have to表示客观要求，意思为：不得不；必须；除此之外，别无选择。使用have to应注意以下几点：
（1）have to后接动词原形，意为＂必须做……；不得不做……＂。
We have no food home, you have to go and get some, Tom. 家里没有食物了，汤姆你得去买一些来。
（2）have to 有人称、数和时态的变化，其第三人称单数形式为has to。
She has to help her mom make dinner. 她不得不帮她妈妈做晚饭。
There’s no bus here, so we had to walk home. 现在这里没有汽车了，我们只好走路回家了。
（3）含有have to, has to的句子需分别借助动词do, does构成疑问句或否定句。
Do they have to go now 他们得现在回家吗？
You don’t have to go if you don’t want to. 如果你不想去，你就不必去。
【辨析】have to可以用于多种时态；而must只用于一般现在时或一般将来时。
The composition is due to hand in this morning, so I had to finish it last night. 作文今天早晨到期，因此我不得不昨天晚上完成。
练习：
1．They ________ be in the playground. They ________ be in the computer room because it’s time for computer lesson.
A．mustn’t; can’t B．can’t; mustn’t
C．can; mustn’t D．can’t; must
2．I have washed all the clothes. You ________ wash them again.
A．mustn’t B．oughtn’t to C．don’t have to D．can’t
3．________ she is ill, ________ she ________ stay at home.
A．Because, so, must B．Because, so, has to C．Because, /, can D．/, so, has to
4．We ________ listen to music at school, but we ________ listen to it in the music room.
A．can; can B．have to; have to C．have to; can D．can; have to
5．—Look at the sleeping dog. Can I pet it now It _______ be very interesting.
—No, you _________. The sign says “No petting”.
A．can; mustn’t B．can; must
C．must; mustn’t D．must; can
1．D
2．C
3．D
4．D
5．C
enough...to... 和 too...to... 的用法
两个结构都用于表达“程度与结果”的关系，但含义和用法截然不同。
1. enough...to...（足够……以至于……）
表示“达到某种程度，能够做某事”，是肯定意义。
结构： - 形容词/副词 + enough + to do sth
- enough + 名词 + to do sth
例句：
- He is old enough to drive. （他年龄足够大，可以开车了。）
- She runs fast enough to win the race. （她跑得足够快，能赢得比赛。）
- We have enough time to finish the project. （我们有足够的时间完成这个项目。）
否定形式：not enough...to...（不够……以至于不能……）
- The boy is not tall enough to reach the shelf. （这个男孩不够高，够不到架子。）
2. too...to...（太……而不能……）
表示“超出某种程度，导致无法做某事”，是否定意义。
结构： - too + 形容词/副词 + to do sth
例句：
- He is too young to drive. （他太小了，不能开车。）
- The box is too heavy to carry. （这个箱子太重了，搬不动。）
- She was too tired to continue working. （她太累了，无法继续工作。）
特殊情况：
- 如果句子主语和不定式（to do）的主语不同，可以加 for sb：
- The coffee is too hot for me to drink. （咖啡太烫了，我没法喝。）
3. 对比 enough...to... 和 too...to...
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
| enough...to... | 足够……可以…… | She is strong enough to lift the box. |
| too...to... | 太……以至于不能…… | She is too weak to lift the box. |
4. 常见考点
1. enough 的位置： （形容词在前，名词在后 / 形前名后）
2. too...to... 本身就含否定，与 not 连用：not too...to...（表肯定）表示 “不太…… 以至于能做某事”
-The book is not too hard to understand.（这本书不难理解。）
2．so...that... 替换：
·enough...to... 与 so...that... 转换（肯定）：
She is old enough to go to school. → She is so old that she can go to school.
·too...to... 与 so...that... 转换（否定）：
He is too tired to walk. = He is so tired that he can’t walk.
一、单项选择
1．—Daniel, do you know ________ the rubbish
—No, it is ________.
what to deal with; easy enough for me to clean
what to do with; too much for me to clean
how to do with; too much for me to clean
how to deal with; easy enough for me to clean it
2．My brother is three years ________ than me. He is ________ young ________ go to school.
A．young; too; to B．younger; enough; to
C．younger; too; to D．young; so; that
3．—Who can help me carry the heavy box
—I think Ted is _________ to do it. But the door is _________ for him to go through.
A．too strong; too small B．so strong; small enough
C．enough strong; small enough D．strong enough; too small
4．The tent is ________ for a family of three ________.
A．big enough; to live in B．enough big; to live in it
C．big enough; to live D．enough big; live in
5．As a Grade 9 student, it’s not ______ to be hard-working. You have to try your best.
A．too late B．late enough C．too good D．good enough
6．—You don’t need to worry about me.
—You are right. You are ________ to look after ________.
A．old enough; yourself B．enough big; you
C．enough old; you D．big enough; yourself
7．I was busy I didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock yesterday.
A．too;to B．enough;to C．so;that D．such;that
8．They were________ busy________ the project________the time.
A．too; discussing; to forget B．so; discussing; that they forgot
C．too; to discuss; to forget D．so; to discuss; that they forget
9．It's 10:30 now. Boys and girls. It's time for us ______ eye______ .
A．to do; exercises B．to do; exercise
C．doing; exercises D．doing; exercise
10．The boy received______ education that he_______ hardly write his own name.
A．such little… could B．so little… could
C．so few…couldn’t D．such few. ..couldn't
11．This box seems _____ for us to__________ .
A．light enough; carry B．enough light; carry it
C．easily enough; carry it D．enough easily; carry
二、完成句子
12．The boy’s mother walked very fast. The boy couldn’t keep up with her. (合并为一句)
The boy’s mother walked keep up with.
13．这个问题足够简单，他能回答。
The question is for him .
14．The Maths problem is too difficult for me to work out.
The Maths problem isn’t for me work out.
答案：
1．B
2．C
3．D
4．A
5．D
6．A
7．C
8．B
9．A
10．B
11．A
12． too fast for him to
13． easy enough to answer
14． easy enough to
22．This passage is not ________ for you ________ understand.
A．easy enough; for B．enough easy; for C．easy enough; to D．enough easy; to
23．The trip in Beijing is ________ wonderful ________ I would like to visit it again some day.
A．such; that B．too; to
C．so; that D．enough; to
30．—Have you seen the movie Article 20 (第二十条) during the spring festival in 2024
—Yes. It is ________a wonderful film ________ I have seen it twice.
A．so; that B．such; that C．too; to D．enough; to
31．—What was the weather like yesterday
—It was terrible. It rained ________ hard ________ people couldn’t go out.
A．such; that B．so; that C．too; to D．enough; to
32．—How great your New Year’s resolutions are!
—But sometimes I think they are ________ difficult ________ keep.
A．very; to B．so; that C．too; to D．enough; to
33．There are so many people on the bus. We don’t have ________ stand in.
A．enough space for B．space enough for
C．many space for D．enough space to
34．Let’s leave the problem until tomorrow. I’m ______ tired ______ think about it.
A．too; to B．so; that
C．enough; to D．such; too
35．The book is _________ for us children _________ and it’s also fun.
A．hard enough; reading B．enough hard; read
C．easy enough; to read D．enough easy; to read
36．Kate, I’m ________ tired ________ walk anymore. Let’s have a rest.
A．so; that B．such; that C．enough; to D．too; to
37．Daniel is ________ to offer help ________ all of us.
A．humorous enough ; to B．enough humour; for
C．kind enough; to D．enough kind ; for
39．As an adult, he must work ________ to earn ________ to support his family.
A．hardly enough; enough money B．enough hard; enough money
C．hard enough; money enough D．hard enough; enough money
40．—Be careful, don’t stay too ________ to the tigers when taking photos, Jim.
—Few can realize the danger ________ accidents happen.
A．closely; unless B．closely; when C．close; if D．close; until
It is adj+ for/of to do sth
“It is adj + for/of to do sth”是英语中典型的形式主语结构。其中“it”是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的“to do sth”（动词不定式短语）。含义为“做某事是……的”。
一、结构：
It is adj. to do sth。做某事是...样的 （谈论做某事的感受）
It is adj. for sb. to do sth 对某人来说，做某事是...样的 （谈论某人做某事的感受）
It is adj. of sb.to do sth 某人做某事是...样的 （评价某人的行为）
例句对比：
1. It is easy for me to finish the work.（对我来说，完成这项工作很容易。）
2. It is kind of you to help me.（你帮助我，真是太善良了。）
二、核心区别：for sb 与 of sb 的用法界定
两种结构的关键差异在于形容词的类型，这决定了介词用for还是of，可通过“形容词描述的对象”快速判断。
（一）用 for sb 的情况
1. 适用形容词类型
形容词描述的是“做某事（to do sth）的性质、难度、可能性、重要性”等，与动作相关，不直接评价人的品质。常见此类形容词：
easy（容易的）、difficult（困难的）、hard（艰难的）、important（重要的）、necessary（必要的）、possible（可能的）、impossible（不可能的）、useful（有用的）、dangerous（危险的）、safe（安全的）、interesting（有趣的）、boring（无聊的）等。
It is important for students to study hard.（对学生来说，努力学习很重要。）
It is dangerous for children to play near the river.（对孩子们来说，在河边玩耍很危险。）
It is possible for us to arrive on time.（我们有可能按时到达。）
（二）用 of sb 的情况
1. 适用形容词类型
形容词描述的是“做某事的人（sb）的品质、性格、态度”等，直接指向人。常见此类形容词：
kind（善良的）、nice（友好的）、good（好的）、bad（坏的）、rude（粗鲁的）、polite（有礼貌的）、foolish（愚蠢的）、silly（傻的）、clever（聪明的）、wise（明智的）、careful（细心的）、careless（粗心的）、brave（勇敢的）等。
It is polite of her to greet the teacher.（她主动问候老师，真是有礼貌。）
It is foolish of him to believe such lies.（他相信这种谎言，真是太愚蠢了。）
It is brave of the boy to save the cat.（这个男孩救了小猫，真勇敢。）
（三）快速判断技巧：代入法
若能将形容词直接与sb搭配，构成“sb is + 形容词”的通顺句子，则用of sb；若不能，则用for sb。
示例验证：
1. 句子：It is kind ___ you to help me. 验证：You are kind.（通顺）→ 用of
2. 句子：It is easy ___ me to finish the work. 验证：I am easy.（不通顺，不能说“我是容易的”）→ 用for
3. 句子：It is careless ___ him to make a mistake. 验证：He is careless.（通顺）→ 用of
三、用法拓展
（一）否定形式
直接在is后加not，构成“It is not + 形容词 + for/of sb + to do sth”，含义为“做某事对某人来说不……”或“某人做某事不……”。
It is not necessary for you to come early.（你没必要来这么早。）
It is not rude of her to refuse the invitation.（她拒绝邀请并不粗鲁。）
（二）疑问形式
将is提前，构成“Is it + 形容词 + for/of sb + to do sth？”，用于询问“做某事是否……”。 Is it hard for you to learn English （对你来说，学英语难吗？）
Is it clever of him to solve the problem in this way （他用这种方法解决问题，聪明吗？）
练习：
一、单项选择
1．It is rude ________ you to speak to the old man in this way, so it is important ________ us to master social skills.
A．to; for B．of; for C．for; for D．of; of
2．It is necessary _______ students _______ part in outdoor activities.
A．for; to taking B．for; to take C．of; to taking D．of; to take
3．It’s so kind ________ you to allow me ________ by myself.
A．for; making decisions B．of; to make decisions
C．of; making decisions D．for; to make decisions
4．The doctor thought ___________ would be great for her to have a vacation.
A．it B．that C．one D．this
5．It is wise ________ you to make up your mind ________ up smoking.
A．for；giving B．for；to give C．of；giving D．of；to give
6．It’s _______of us to shout at the old persons _______.
A．polite; aloud B．impolite; loudly
C．politely; aloud D．impolitely; loudly
7．Amy found ________ to learn horse riding, especially to get along with the horse.
A．it’s enjoyable B．it interested C．it’s interesting D．it enjoyable
8．Some students find ________ very hard ________ in the early morning.
A．that; getting up B．that; to get up
C．it; to get up D．it; gets up
二、单词拼写
9．I think it’s our duty (protect) the environment.
10．It is (believe) that the new technology will bring great changes to our daily life.
11．It’s a great idea (plant) a tree for your birthday! And It’s fun (watch) it grow.
12．Don’t you think it’s a waste of money (buy) so many expensive clothes which you are hardly ever dressed in.
13．It (hope) that people could start all over again and build a better world on Mars.
14．How (easy) you will find it to use the mobile phone if you read the function!
三、翻译
15．帮助这些贫困的孩子们实现她们的梦想是有必要的。（汉译英）
并列连词
and、but、or和so
一、and的用法
并列连词and意为“和，又”，表示并列关系，常用来连接表示对等成分的单词、短语或者句子，表示意思的顺延或增补。例如：
Our math teacher is kind and helpful. 我们的数学老师心地善良并且乐于助人。
I went to the supermarket and bought some vegetables this morning.
今天早上我去了超市并且买了一些蔬菜。
Her uncle gave her a new bike as her birthday present and she liked it very much. （连接两个简单句，表示意思的顺延）
她的叔叔给了她一辆新的自行车作为她的生日礼物并且她非常喜欢。
and用作并列连词有多重含义，除了表示并列关系外，还可以表示目的（and之后）和条件（and之前）等关系。例如：
Be careful, and you will make fewer mistakes.（Be careful表示条件）
小心一点，那么你会少犯错误。
二、but的用法：并列连词but意为“但是”，表示转折关系，所连接的成分意思相反或相对。
例如：Our school is small but beautiful. 我们的学校小但是很漂亮。
The car is very old but it runs very fast. 这辆汽车很旧了但它跑得非常快。
三、or的用法：并列连词or意为“或者”，表示选择关系。
例如：Do you often go to school on foot or by bike
你经常走去学校还是骑自行车去学校？
You can stay here, or you can leave. 你能待在这里，你也可以离开。
另外，在否定句中否定并列成分时，用or，而不用and。
例如：
I can’t speak English or French. （不能使用and）我不会讲英语和法语。
·“祈使句+or+简单句”结构，也是一种常用句型。句型中，or意为“否则”，祈使句相当于一个条件，可以和以“if”引导的条件状语从句进行转换。例如：
Put on your coat, or you will catch a cold.
=If you don’t put on your coat, you will catch a cold.穿上外套，否则你会感冒。
（转换成以“if”引导的条件状语从句时，要去掉并列连词or）
四、so的用法：并列连词so表示“因此、所以”之意，常用来连接两个简单句，这两个简单句有意思上的因果关系。
例如：The rain began to fall, so we went home. 雨开始下了，所以我们回家了。
Everyone in the town knew him, so we had no trouble finding his house.
小镇里的每个人都知道他，所以我们毫不费力就找到了他的家。
so和从属连词because（因为）不能一起连用。也就是说，使用了并列连词，就不用because(从属连词）；使用了because，就不用so。
例如：He was ill, so he didn’t go to school. 他病了，所以他没有去上学。
(本句是一个由并列连词so连接的并列句）
both…and…, not only…but (also)…, either…or…, neither…nor…
一、both… and… 表示“两者都……，既……又……”
1. 用法要点及例句
·连接名词/代词：Both Tom and Lily are students.（汤姆和莉莉都是学生。）；
·连接形容词：The film is both interesting and moving.（这部电影既有趣又感人。）
·连接动词：She both sings and dances well.（她既会唱歌又会跳舞。）
·连接介词短语：He has friends both in China and in America.（他在中国和美国都有朋友。）
2．注意事项
·当both… and…连接两个成分在句中作主语时，谓语动词总是用复数形式。
·both… and… 不能用于否定句，否定句中需改为neither… nor…或not both…（表示“并非两者都”）。例如：Not both of them are right.（并非他们俩都对。），不可说Both of them are not right.（此表达易产生歧义，不推荐）。
·both 可单独使用（如Both are correct.），也可与of连用（Both of the books are new.），但both… and…必须连接两个具体的并列对象，不可省略其中一个。
二、not only… but (also)… 表示“不仅……而且……”，强调递进关系。
1. 用法要点及例句
·连接名词/代词：She is not only a teacher but also a writer.（她不仅是一名教师，还是一名作家。）；Not only he but also his parents like playing football.（不仅他，他的父母也喜欢踢足球。）
·连接形容词：The new house is not only big but also comfortable.（这所新房子不仅大，而且舒适。）
·连接动词：He not only reads a lot but also writes articles.（他不仅读得多，还写文章。）
·连接介词短语：The meeting is important not only for our team but also for the whole company.（这次会议不仅对我们团队重要，对整个公司也重要。）
2. 注意事项
主谓一致：当连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式遵循“就近原则”，即与靠近谓语的主语保持一致。例如：Not only the dog but also the cats are in the garden.（不仅狗，猫也在花园里。）；Not only the cats but also the dog is in the garden.（不仅猫，狗也在花园里。）。
三、either… or… 表示“要么……要么……；或者……或者……”，强调在两个并列的对象中选择其一，非此即彼，是选择含义的并列。
1. 用法要点及例句
·连接名词/代词：You can either eat rice or noodles for lunch.（你午饭要么吃米饭，要么吃面条。）；Either you or he will go to the meeting.（要么你，要么他去参加会议。）
·连接形容词：The shirt is either red or blue.（这件衬衫要么是红色，要么是蓝色。）
·连接动词：He either reads books or watches TV in the evening.（他晚上要么看书，要么看电视。）
·连接介词短语：We can have a picnic either in the park or on the beach.（我们可以要么在公园，要么在沙滩上野餐。）
·连接分句：Either we go now, or we will be late.（要么我们现在走，要么我们会迟到。）
4. 注意事项
·主谓一致：连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近原则”，与靠近谓语的主语保持一致。例如：Either the pen or the books are on the desk.（要么钢笔，要么书在桌子上。）；Either the books or the pen is on the desk.（要么书，要么钢笔在桌子上。）。
· either的单独用法：either可作代词，意为“两者中的任何一个”，例如：Which one do you like Either is OK.（你喜欢哪个？哪个都行。）
四、neither… nor… 表示“既不……也不……”，是否定含义的并列。
1. 用法要点及例句
·连接名词/代词：Neither Jack nor his sister likes coffee.（杰克和他妹妹都不喜欢咖啡。）；Neither the computer nor the phone works.（电脑和手机都坏了。）
·连接形容词：The weather is neither hot nor cold today.（今天的天气既不热也不冷。）
·连接动词：She neither smokes nor drinks.（她既不抽烟也不喝酒。）
·连接介词短语：He has been to neither Beijing nor Shanghai.（他既没去过北京，也没去过上海。）
4. 注意事项
主谓一致：连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近原则”，与靠近谓语的主语保持一致。例如：Neither the teacher nor the students are in the classroom.（老师和学生都不在教室里。）；Neither the students nor the teacher is in the classroom.（学生和老师都不在教室里。）。
·否定的一致性：neither… nor…本身已表否定，不可再在句中加其他否定词（如not），否则会构成双重否定（表肯定），改变句意。例如：不可说Neither he nor she does not go.（正确表达：Neither he nor she goes.）
· neither的单独用法：neither可作代词，意为“两者都不”，例如：Which one do you want Neither.（你想要哪个？都不要。）；也可作副词，用于否定句的回应，表“也不”，例如：He doesn't like fish. Neither do I.（他不喜欢鱼。我也不喜欢。）
五、四组并列连词核心区别总结
连词 核心含义 语气/关系 主谓一致规则
both… and… 两者都…… 肯定，并列关系 谓语动词用复数
not only… but (also)… 不仅…而且… 肯定，递进关系 就近原则
either… or… 要么…要么… 选择关系 就近原则
neither… nor… 既不…也不… 否定，并列关系 就近原则
练习：
一、单项选择
1．—All of us think _______ dangerous for children to play with fire.
—Yes. It’s important _______ them to be safe all the time.
A．it is; of B．it; for C．that is; of D．that; for
2．— Did Tom's parents go to the meeting yesterday
— Yes, ________ of them did, but ________ spoke．
A．both; neither B．both; none
C．neither; both D．each; none
3．Be patient! Give him more time，______he will find the answer to the question on his own.
A．but B．or C．and D．so
4．We had a seven-day holiday last month,_____we went to Beijing on vacation.
A．so B．but C．or D．because
5．She has a sweet tooth________the sugar at home________quickly.
A．so；runs out B．because；runs out of C．so；runs out of
6．My parents want me to get further study to be ________ an engineer ________ a scientist, ________ I would like to be a famous doctor.
A．neither; nor; and B．either; or; but
C．not only; but also; so D．both; and; or
7．—Why can’t you get used to the life in Beijing, Jack
—________ the heavy traffic ________ the high living cost is the reason. I just can’t stand the badly polluted air in the city.
A．Either; or B．Neither; nor C．Not only; but also D．Both; and
8． ________ my dad ________ my mum goes to work at weekends. We visit my grandparents on Saturdays.
A．Both; and B．Not only; but also
C．Either; or D．Neither; nor
9．I may live ________ in a hotel ________ in a friend’s house because it’s my first time to Hangzhou.
A．both; and B．either; or C．neither; nor D．between; and
10．______ Sandy ______ Andrew likes sports and they are in the same sports club.
A．Not only; but also B．Neither; nor
C．Either; or D．Both; and
11．—When shall we have the class meeting
—We can have it ________ on Monday ________ on Wednesday. Both days are free.
A．either; or B．neither; nor C．both; and D．not only; but also
12．In France, people usually kiss __ side of the face when they meet for the first time.
A．both B．each C．every D．neither
13．—The two watches are the best in this shop.
—I think so. _________ can be better.
A．Nothing B．No one C．None D．Neither
二、单词拼写
14．—Where’s David Someone is waiting for him in the office.
—Not only he but also his two co-workers (fly) to Beijing for a meeting.
15．Not only the students but also their teacher (love) this film.
16．Neither his sister nor he (reply) to their father’s letter yet. They are both busy with their studies these days.
17．Neither I nor my cousin (be) to Shanghai Disneyland Park. How we wish to get there some day!
三、完成句子
18．Both Tom and Helen have been to Hong Kong. （改为否定句）
Tom Helen been to Hong Kong.
答案：
1．B
2．A
3．C
4．A
5．A
6．B
7．B
8．D
9．B
10．A
11．A
12．B
13．C
14．have flown
15．loves
16．has replied
17．has been
18．Neither nor has
代词it的用法
一、it 作人称代词
1. 指代事物、动物、婴儿及未确定身份的人
当我们提到某个具体的事物、动物或婴儿，但不想重复其名称时，可以用it指代。
例句：Where's my shirt Have you seen it （我的衬衫在哪里？你看见了没有？）→it是宾格代词。
The cat is in the garden, isn't it （猫在花园里，是吧？）→it是主格代词。
The baby is crying because it is hungry.（婴儿正在哭，因为他 / 她饿了。）→it是主格代词。
在对话中，询问的对象在电话另一边或门外，尚未明确对方身份时，也可以用it来指代。
例句：—Who's it （是谁？）—It's me.（是我。）
2. 指代前文提到的事物，避免重复
它通常用于指代前文提及的特定事物，即同类同物，可以替代单数可数名词和不可数名词。如果前文中是复数名词，则要用it的复数形式they或them。
例句：I love swimming. It keeps me fit.（我喜欢游泳，它能使我保持健康。）→it指代前面提到的 swimming。
I found my lost books, and they are still very new.（我找到了我丢失的书，它们还非常新。）→they指代前文提到的 books。
辨析：区别于 one：
one 作代词时，通常用于指代前文提到的同类事物中的另一个（同类不同物），替代的是可数名词的单数形式，复数形式则是 ones。
例句：I have lost my pen. I am going to buy one.（我的钢笔丢了，我要去买一支。）→one 指代另一支钢笔。
I have a new coat and several old ones.（我有一件新大衣和几件旧的。）→ones指代其他几件大衣。
区别于that：
that作代词时常用于比较的情境，指代之前提到过的某方面，复数形式为those。
例句：The price of rice is higher than that of flour.（大米的价格比面粉更高。）→在这句话中，that指代价格。
3.指代this和that
在对话中，it有时也用来指代上文中提到的this或that这两个指示代词。
例句：—What's this / that （这 / 那是什么？）—It's a book.（这是一本书。）
—Whose English book is that （那是谁的英语书？）—It's his.（是他的。）
二、it表示时间、天气、距离等抽象概念
1．表示时间
例句：—What time is it now （现在几点了？）
—It's half past one.（现在是1点半。）
2．表示天气
例句：—What's the weather like today （今天天气怎么样？）
—It is very hot.（天气很热。）
3．表示距离
例句：—How far is it from your home to the school （你家到学校有多远？）
—It's about two kilometers. / It's about two minutes' walk.（大约是两千米。/ 大约步行两分钟。）
三、it在句子中作形式主语或形式宾语
1. 形式主语
句型①：It's adj. (for/of sb.) to do sth. 做某事对于某人来说是......样的
例句：It's not easy to learn a foreign language.（学习一门外语不容易。）
It's difficult for me to solve this problem.（对我来说解决这个问题很困难。）
It's kind of you to help me.（你能帮助我真是太好了。）
句型①两种结构的主要区别在于形容词（adj.）修饰的对象不同。若形容词描述的是事物的特征或状态，用“for”；若形容词描述的是人的品质或性格，用“of”。
句型②：It takes (sb.) time / effort to do sth.→做某事花费了（某人）多少时间或努力。
例句：It takes time and effort to master a new skill.（掌握一项新技能需要时间和努力。）→it作形式主语，to master a new skill是真正的主语。
句型③：It's time to do sth. / It's time for sth.→做某事的时候到了。
例句：It's time to have lunch.=It's time for lunch.（吃午饭的时间到了。）→it作形式主语，to have lunch / lunch是真正的主语。
句型④：It is no use doing sth.→做某事是无用的。
例句：It is no use crying over spilt milk.（覆水难收。）→it是形式主语，crying over spilt milk是真正的主语。
句型⑥：It is said / reported that+从句→据说……
例句：It is said that the new movie is very good.（据说新电影很不错。）→it是形式主语，the new movie is very good是真正的主语。
2. 形式宾语
当动词后面的宾语从句或不定式短语作真正的宾语，且宾语较长或结构复杂时，常用it作形式宾语，将真正的宾语放在句尾。这样可以使句子更加清晰易懂。
常见句式：find/think/make/feel it adj. (for sb.) to do sth. 发现/认为/使/感觉做某事（对于某人来说）是......样的
例句：I find it easy to get on with Jack.（我觉得同杰克相处很容易。）→it作形式宾语，to get on with Jack是真正的宾语。
四、it用于强调句型
it用于强调句型时，也有固定结构：“it is / was+被强调部分+that / who+句子的其他成分（当强调部分是人的时候，可以用that或who）”。这里的“被强调部分”是指对句子的主语、宾语、表语或状语进行强调（注意：不能强调谓语）。
例句：It was Bill that / who didn't know the secret about her until recently.（直到最近Bill才知道她的秘密。）→it强调主语Bill。
It was the secret about him that they didn't know until recently.（他们直到最近才知道那个关于他的秘密。）→it强调宾语the secret about him。
It is kindness that makes her special.（正是善良使她与众不同。）→it强调表语kindness。
It was at 8 o'clock that he came home last night.（他昨晚8点钟才回家。）→it强调时间状语at 8 o'clock。
练习：
一、单项选择
1．Online short video apps make ________ easier to do some shopping at home.
A．it B．one C．this D．that
2．—Who’s that knocking on the door
—I don’t know. Maybe ________ is Jim.
A．he B．him C．it D．that
3．An average(平均)of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year, making________the driest year since California became a state in 1850.
A．each B．it C．this D．one
4．— ______ does it take you ______ to work
— Ten minutes by bus.
A．How long；to get B．How far；to get
C．How long；getting D．How far；getting
5．Oh, just imagine! How great it is ________ robots ________ all the work for us human beings!
A．have; to do B．to have; do C．having; do D．had; to do
6．________ is known to us all that the cost of renting a house in central Chongqing is higher than ________ in any other area of the city.
A．As; it B．It; that C．As; one D．It; one
7．—The new park is such a good place that many kids have fun ________ kites in it.
—Yes, and I think it’s great fun ________ with them.
A．flying, playing B．to fly, to play
C．fly, play D．flying, to play
二、单词拼写
8．How amazing it is (see) so many beautiful butterflies！
9．Shirley is an early bird. It was for her to be late for school today. (usual)
10．It’s good (give) “students” much time to think before they answer questions.
11．It was impossible for him (afford) such an expensive car ten years ago.
三、完成句子
12．Lin Fei’s home is about 10 kilometers from school. (同义句转换)
about 10 kilometers from school Lin Fei’s home.
13．——北京的天气怎么样？
——既暖和又晴朗。
— the weather in Beijing
— warm and sunny.
14．你曾经发现交新朋友很难吗？
Have you ever to make new friends
15．但是汤姆完全忘记了，所以他多花了两天的时间才完成这项任务。
However, Tom didn’t remember the time at all, so him two more days the task.
答案：
1．A
2．C
3．B
4．A
5．B
6．B
7．D
8．to see
9．unusual
10．to give
11．to afford
12． It’s to
13． What’s like It’s
14． found it hard
15． it took to finish
简单句和复合句之间的转换
英语中按句子的结构可分三种：简单句；并列句和复合句。
◆简单句：仅 1 个主谓结构（含并列主语 / 并列谓语），成分完整。
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
◆并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
◆复合句：主句（完整可独立）+ 从句（依附主句，需从属连词引导），核心类型：宾语从句、状语从句（目的 / 结果）等。
简单句和复合句之间的转换：
一、用“宾语+宾语补足语”将含有宾语从句的复合句转换成简单句：
“宾语十宾语补足语”中的宾语补足语可以是形容词、名词、不带to的动词不定式、动词-ing或介词短语等。
1.see/notice/hear/watch that sb.is doing/does.. →see/notice/hear/watch +sb.(宾格)+doing/do…
2.find/think/feel/consider that sb.is+adj. →find/think/feel/consider+sb.(宾格)+adj.
3.find/think/feel that it is+adj.+to do sth. →find/think/feel+it+adj.+to do sth.
4.consider that sb.is+n. →consider+sb.(宾格)+n.
例句：I found that he was very happy.→I found him very happy.
I noticed that he was entering the room.→I noticed him entering the room.
二、用“疑问词+动词不定式”将含有宾语从句的复合句转换成简单句：
1、适用条件：① 宾语从句由 who/which/what/when/where/how 引导；
② 主句主语与从句主语一致；
③ 主句谓语是 know/remember/forget/learn 等。
I can't decide what I shall buy for his birthday.
→I can't decide what to buy for his birthday. 我决定不了给他买什么生日礼物。
2、当主句中含有双宾语且间接宾语与宾语从句的主语一致时，也可将这个复合句变为简单句：
Can you tell me how I can get to the post office
→Can you tell me how to get to the post office 你能告诉我怎么到邮局吗
注意： 疑问词Why不能和动词不定式连用。
三、用动词不定式将含有结果状语从句或目的状语从句的复合句转换成简单句
1、结果状语从句（so…that…）与简单句之间的转换：
·当从句是肯定句，且其主语与主句主语一致时，可用…enough to do sth.替换。
Tom is so clever that he can work out the maths problem.
→Tom is clever enough to work out the maths problem. 汤姆很聪明，能解出这道数学题。
·当从句是否定句，且其主语与主句主语一致时，可用too…to do sth. 或not…enough to do替换。
He is so young that he can’t go to school.
→ He is too young to go to school. → He is not old enough to go to school.
他太小了不能去上学。
·当从句是否定句，且其主语与主句主语不一致时，可用too…for sb.to do sth.或not…enough for sb.to do sth.替换。
The bag is so heavy that I can't carry it.
→The bag is too heavy for me to carry. →The bag is not light enough for me to carry.
这包太重了，我提不动。
2、目的状语从句（so that…）
·当主句主语和从句主语一致时，可以用in order to/so as to来转换成简单句。
He exercises every day so that he can keep healthy.
→He exercises every day in order to keep healthy. 为了保持健康，他每天锻炼身体。
四、简单句→复合句（核心逻辑）
通过 “从属连词” 连接两个简单句，明确逻辑关系（因果 / 时间 / 条件 / 修饰等），构成复合句。
因果关系（because）：
He was ill. He didn’t go to school. → Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.
修饰关系（定语从句 that/who）：
This is a pen. I bought it yesterday. → This is the pen that I bought yesterday.
说明关系（宾语从句 if/whether）：
He will come. I’m not sure. → I’m not sure if he will come.
五、关键注意事项
1、转换需保证 “主从句主语一致”（特殊说明除外），句意不变。
2、从属连词与并列连词不混用（如 because 和 so、though 和 but 不能同用）。
3、牢记固定转换结构（如 so…that…→too…to…/enough to…），避免语法错误。
练习：
复合句转简单句：
She found that it was difficult to finish the report before midnight.
We noticed that the children were playing happily in the park.
The task is so challenging that none of us can complete it on time.（要求用两种简单句结构转换）
Could you advise me which course I should choose for the summer vacation
He saved money every month so that he could buy a new laptop for his sister.
简单句转复合句：
She is an excellent doctor. We all respect her.（要求用定语从句，关系词用 who）
The weather will be fine tomorrow. We will have a picnic in the countryside.（要求用条件状语从句，从属连词用 if）
I think that the young man is a reliable partner for the project.（要求用 “think+sb.+n.” 结构）
He didn’t attend the meeting. He had to take care of his sick mother.（要求用原因状语从句）
The movie was so moving that many audience members couldn’t hold back their tears.（要求用 “too…for sb.to do sth.” 结构）
答案：
She found it difficult to finish the report before midnight.
We noticed the children playing happily in the park.
（1）The task is too challenging for any of us to complete on time.
（2）The task is not easy enough for any of us to complete on time.
4. Could you advise me which course to choose for the summer vacation
5. He saved money every month in order to buy a new laptop for his sister.
6. She is the excellent doctor who we all respect.
7. If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will have a picnic in the countryside.
8. I think the young man a reliable partner for the project.
9. Because he had to take care of his sick mother, he didn’t attend the meeting.
10. The movie was too moving for many audience members to hold back their tears.

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