资源简介

(共11张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块四　主题层面高度参悟　
主题四　人与动植物类
【典例】　（2023 全国甲卷阅读D）
　　Grizzly bears， which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg， occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche—we revere（敬畏） them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the 　　　　　　
说明句：美国人对灰熊的情感复杂，既害怕又敬畏
tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see， and their answer is often the same： a grizzly bear.［本段介绍了灰熊的体 型特征及美国人对灰熊的复杂情感］
　　“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range，” says bear biologist Chris 　　　　　　
　　措施成效：实施保护措施后，灰熊正在重新占领它们以前活动范围内的大片区域
Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more， they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.［本段介绍了保护灰熊 的措施成效］
　　The western half of the U. S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came， with a rough number of 50，000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s， after centuries of cruel and continuous原因句：灰熊濒临灭绝的原因
hunting by settlers， 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975， grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.［本段介绍了灰熊以前　　　　　　　
措施句：灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》保护名录
的情况、濒临灭绝的原因及保护灰熊的措施］
　　Today， there are about 2，000 or more grizzly bears in the U. S. 措施成效：由于 法律的保护，灰熊的恢复很成功 Their recovery has been so successful that the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies， which would loosen legal
　　措施影响1：美国鱼类和野生动物管理局试图将灰熊从保护名录中除名，但遭到 保护组织的反对
protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now， grizzlies remain listed.［本段介绍了保护措施的成 效及其带来的影响］
　　Obviously， if precautions（预防） aren’t taken， grizzlies can become troublesome， sometimes killing 　　　　　　　
措施影响2：日益增多的灰熊对人们造成了影响
farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites①， grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters② is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our 　　预防措施：①②介绍了两种助 力人与灰熊和谐相处的方法
hope is to have a clean， attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits，” says James Jonkel， a long-time biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.［本段介绍了灰熊增多对人类生活的影响及预防措施］
32. How do Americans look at grizzlies？
设问方向：美国人对灰熊的情感
A. They cause mixed feelings in people.
B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value.
D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population？
设问方向：保护灰熊的措施
A. The European settlers’ behavior.
B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975.
D. The support of Native Americans.
34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies？
设问方向：措施带来的影响
A. The opposition of conservation groups.
B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists.
D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph？
设问方向：人与动物的关系
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
解读语篇 语篇结构
　　【What】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍美国 灰熊从数量众多到濒临灭绝，再在法律保护下恢复增 长的过程，并探讨了灰熊恢复后带来的影响及预防措 施。
　　【Why】引导学生关注野生动物，提高保护动物 的使命感和责任感，为建立地球生命共同体贡献自己 的力量。
　　【How】文章依次介绍了灰熊从濒临灭绝到恢复 增长的过程，以及恢复后带来的影响及预防措施。其 中，预防灰熊带来的麻烦的相关介绍可以启发学生辩 证地看待人与动物之间的关系。
［自主解答］　32.A　33.C　34.A　35.B(共19张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块一　宏观层面内化于心　
第二讲　明确重要设题点　提高解题准确度
　　一篇文章的主题句、中心思想往往出现在文章的首段或者尾段。许多文章采用 “总—分—总”结构，在首段开门见山地提出要说明的对象或者要论证的观点，而文 章的最后一段一般也会对全文进行总结。
　　因此，文章的首段、尾段、段首和段尾处考查频率很高，而且大多考查学生对文 章或段落主旨的理解。通过一些标志性词汇，我们可以更快地找到一些总结性的句 子，如：all in all， in short， to conclude， in consequence， in summary， in a word， as a result， therefore， accordingly， thus等。
命题1　　　首段、尾段、段首和段尾处
【典例1】（2025 全国Ⅱ卷阅读D节选）It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead， all the ingredients（配料） used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs， fish collars， rejected sweet potatoes， and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and， with the help of a number of good chefs， turned into excellent cuisine.
Q：What is paragraph 5 mainly about？
A. Why the ingredients were used.
B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of.
D. Where the ingredients were bought.
［解题思路］　本题在段首处设题，为段落大意题。第五段第一句先指出菜单上的菜 品都不是用废物做的。结合第二句中的“meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving”和第三句中的“Things like kale ribs， fish collars， rejected sweet potatoes， and cucumber butts”可知，本段主要介绍每道菜的食材。
［自主解答］　C
　　作者常常会借用表示转折关系的词或短语来引出某个重要的事实或观点，转折词 之后的内容往往体现的是作者真实的写作目的、观点或态度等，因此命题人经常会围 绕转折词前后的内容来命题。常见的表示转折关系的词汇有however， but， yet， nevertheless， while， though， although， on the contrary等。另外，indeed， in fact也 常常用来表示前后语义的转折。
　命题2　　　转折处
【典例2】（2025 全国Ⅰ卷阅读B节选）I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication. However， my students demonstrated something more important to me. When the final bell rang in June， I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance—the ability to connect people， to put us in another’s skin， to teach us what it means to be human.
Q：What does the author’s experience show？
A. Teaching is learning.
B. Still waters run deep.
C. Knowledge is power.
D. Practice makes perfect.
［解题思路］　本题在转折处设题，为推理判断题。最后一段是作者对这段教学经历 的总结和感悟：作者原本认为写作仅是一种沟通的方式，但学生向作者展示了其更深 层的意义，即写作能够连接人与人、让我们学会换位思考、使我们明白做人的意义。 这一认知转变说明“通过教学，教师也能获得新领悟”，即教学相长。
［自主解答］　A
　　在作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方往往存在因果关系。命题人为了考查 学生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会将因果颠倒，学生需要注意辨别实际 的因果关系。常见的引出原因的词汇有because， as， for， since， because of， due to， as a result of， result from， thanks to等。常见的引出结果的词 汇有so， thus， therefore， consequently， hence， in consequence， as a result， result in， lead to， contribute to等。
命题3　　　因果关系处
【典例3】（2023 全国甲卷阅读B节选）Terri， who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth， South West London， says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy（租期） comes to an end. She adds： “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures. So， it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”
Q：How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented？
A. By making it look like before.
B. By furnishing it herself.
C. By splitting the rent with a roommate.
D. By cancelling the rental agreement.
［解题思路］　本题在因果关系处设题，为细节理解题。根据画线处内容可知，Terri 退租前会重新粉刷房间，让它看起来和以前一样，以避免被扣除租房的押金。
［自主解答］　A
　　为了使观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者通常会通过举例来进行论证。常见的引 出例子的词汇有as， like， such as， for example， for instance， take... as an example 等。一般来说，文章举例处的前后句就是与该例子相关的作者的观点。
　命题4　　　举例说明处
【典例4】（2025 广西贵港市、百色市、河池市三模联考）I don’t only avoid（避免） those “if only” moments when it comes to safety. It’s equally important to avoid “if only” in our personal relationships. We all know people who lost a loved one and regretted that they had foregone an opportunity to say， “I love you” or “I forgive you.” When my father announced he was going to the eye doctor across from my office on Good Friday， I told him that it was a holiday for my company and I wouldn’t be here. But then I thought about the fact that he’s 84 years old and I realized that I shouldn’t give up an opportunity to see him. I called him and told him I had decided to go to work on my day off after all.
Q：Which word（s） can best replace the underlined word “foregone” in paragraph 3？
A. Given up. B. Lacked.
C. Avoided. D. Wasted.
［解题思路］　本题在举例说明处设题，为词义猜测题。画线词所在句中的and前后 连接语意相似成分，根据画线词前的“We all know people who lost a loved one（我们 都知道，有些人失去了所爱的人）”可推知，此处是指“后悔放弃（失去）了一个机 会”，即：他们失去了所爱的人，后悔失去了说“我爱你”或“我原谅你”的机会， foregone意为“放弃”。
［自主解答］　A
　　文章中的对比常常为新旧观点或事物的对比、正误观点的对比等；比较则常常为 两种或多种事物的优缺点、用途、功能等的比较。常见的表示对比或比较关系的词汇 有like， unlike， while， than， compared with， in contrast to等。解题时要留意这些 词，并注意出现等级比较的地方。另外，要搞清楚对比或比较的对象。
　命题5　　　对比、比较处
【典例5】（2022 北京卷阅读D节选）The company， he says， is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin（幅度）” to building a “useful” quantum computer， one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds， “People will naturally discount my opinions， but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Q：What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing？
A. His dominance in physics.
B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum.
D. The investment of tech companies.
［解题思路］　本题在对比、比较处设题，为细节理解题。根据本段内容，尤其是其 中的关键词but可知，Taylor对量子计算的乐观来自他对PyQuantum的信心。
［自主解答］　C
　　文章中作者对某人或某事的观点或态度，以及对其他人或组织机构的观点或态度 也是常考点。所以学生在答题时要留意文章中出现的doubt， appreciate， hate， against， on the other hand等表达观点态度的词汇，以及一些带有感彩的特殊句式 （祈使句、感叹句、反问句等）。
　命题6　　　观点态度处
【典例6】（2025 浙江1月卷阅读B节选）I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive， they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game，” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it， they’re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
Q：What does the author think of the strategies she has been following？
A. Costly. B. Complex.
C. Workable. D. Contradictory.
［解题思路］　本题在观点态度处设题，为观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive， they do make better decisions.”可知，作者尝试这些策略后发现，减少限制时孩子能作出更好的选 择，这表明作者认为这些策略是可行的。
［自主解答］　C(共14张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块三　文体层面厚植素养　
第二讲　记叙文
　　记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以记叙和描写为表达方式的文章。一 篇记叙文，无论长短都应该是一个完全独立的事件，描写人物、地点、时间和过程， 表达作者的某种情感。
　　主题语境：人与社会——电话亭的变迁
　　When was the last time you used a telephone box？ I mean to make an actual phone call—not to shelter from the rain. Ages ago， right？ The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was... 2006. I was conducting auditions（试演） for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing， I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”.
【典例】（2024 浙江1月卷阅读B）
　　As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets， the door swung shut behind me. Suddenly I was locked outside. My mobile phone was inside， but luckily there was a telephone box across the street. So， I called Directory Assistance， got put through to our landlady’s managing agent， and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.
　　As it has been many years since I last used one， I should hardly be surprised that there are no longer any public telephones near my house. The last one standing has just been turned into a “mini community library”： any passer-by can “borrow” a book from its shelves， and return it later， or replace it with another title from their own collection.
　　For a few months after the “library” opened， I didn’t bother taking a look， as I had assumed that it would be stuffed full of cheesy love stories. Then I noticed folk conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there. And these books were free. This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying. And I’ve discovered some great books！
　　If I ever get trapped outside my house again， my local telephone box will， sadly no longer be able to connect me with my keys. But it can certainly keep me entertained while I wait for my wife to rescue me.
文体特点
1.语言特点：①记叙文以描写、叙述为主。②一般以过去时为主，各种时态为 辅，使用丰富多彩的谓语动词；多用动词，特别是动态强的行为动词。③新颖、生 动、真实、典型的素材描写。
　　2.结构特点：多按照时间先后顺序进行叙述，偶尔也有倒叙或插叙的情况。记 叙文中有时会在叙述的基础上，辅以适当的议论，以表明作者的观点态度和目的， 结构上采用“以叙为主，兼顾议论”或“先叙后议”或“夹叙夹议”。
24.What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to？
A. The play.　　B. The shared house.
C. The sofa.　　D. The telephone box.
25.Why did the author use the telephone box in 2006？
A. To place an urgent call.
B. To put up a notice.
C. To shelter from the rain.
D. To hold an audition.
26.What do we know about the “mini community library”？
A. It provides phone service for free.
B. Anyone can contribute to its collection.
C. It is popular among young readers.
D. Books must be returned within a month.
27.Why did the author start to use the “library”？
A. He wanted to borrow some love stories.
B. He was encouraged by a close neighbour.
C. He found there were excellent free books.
D. He thought it was an ideal place for reading.
语篇图解
思路点拨
24. 代词指代题。根据第一段第五句“I was conducting auditions（试演） for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.（当时我在伦敦那间狭小陈旧的合租房里为 我的剧本进行试演。）”可知，此处是指使“我”的合租房看起来更“年轻专业” 一点，所以it代指“合租房”。故选B。
25. 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“So， I called Directory Assistance， got put through to our landlady’s managing agent， and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.（所以，我打电话给电话查号台， 接通了女房东的管理代理人，他们给了我一把备用钥匙，刚好来得及在演员们到来 之前回去。）”可知，作者在2006年使用电话亭是为了拨打紧急电话。故选A。
　　26.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The last one standing has just been turned into a ‘mini community library’： any passer-by can ‘borrow’ a book from its shelves， and return it later， or replace it with another title from their own collection. （最后一个被改造成了一个“迷你社区图书馆”：任何路过的人都可以从它的书架 上“借”书，以后还回来，或者用自己收藏的另一本书来替换。）”可知，任何人 都可以为“迷你社区图书馆”捐赠图书。故选B。
　　27.细节理解题。根据第四段最后四句“Then I noticed folk conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there. And these books were free. This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying. And I’ve discovered some great books！ （然后我注意到进行春季大扫除的人们把一箱箱涉及各种主题的大量书籍放在了那 里。而且这些书是免费的。这种价格的绝对优势鼓励我尝试许多我通常不会考虑购 买的书。我还发现了一些很棒的书！）”可知，作者发现“迷你社区图书馆”里有 很多免费的好书，所以开始使用。故选C。
考情分析
　　每套试卷中均有一篇记叙文类阅读理解。记叙文类阅读理解以细节理解题、推 理判断题、词句猜测题和标题归纳题为主。
读文策略
策略指导 技法解读
关注开头
和结尾 把握事情的动向，尾段经常是主题的升华所在。
关注情
感主线 分析事情的发展脉络，弄清人物关系，透析文章的情感主线。
弄清
六要素 何人、何时、何地，因何做了何事，结果如何，有何启示或感想。
弄清写
作目的 证明一个观点；赞美某种美德；谴责某种罪恶；提供娱乐。(共24张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块二　题型层面蓄势赋能　
第一讲　细节理解题
■题型特征
（一）命题解读及考查特点
1. 命题解读
（1）命题人往往会要求学生根据不同的要求来阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息或 准确地寻找所需的细节。
（2）细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归 纳和概括才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60％左右，是最重要的得分点。
2. 考查特点
（1）把握细节理解题常见的命题方式
①特殊疑问句形式：以when， where， what， which， who， how much/many等疑问 词（组）开头引出的问题；
②就文中数字、顺序等进行提问。
（2）掌握细节理解题的考查角度
①高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题；
②低频考点：数字计算题；正误判断题；细节排序题。
（二）解题捷径
采用寻读法，解题分三步：
1. 先读题干，抓住关键词；
2. 带着问题快速阅读文章，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；
3. 仔细比对选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
（三）干扰选项特征
张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反
正误参半 内容部分正确，部分错误
（四）正确选项特征
同义替换 ①对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换，如把lose one’s job换成be out of work
②对原文中的一些词进行词性变换，如把important变换成of importance
③改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换
信息归纳 用精练的语言概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，并设置为正确选项
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项
原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项
■题型破解
【典例1】　（2025 全国Ⅱ卷阅读A节选）
　　Hereford， Herefordshire
　　Hereford has remained a lively market town since 1189. Skirting the town square， you’ll find lovely shops， eateries， and the Black and White House Museum. The Hereford Cathedral is the most impressive building in town. It’s also home to an ancient library. One of the four original copies of the Magna Carta is displayed there.
Q：Where can you find an original copy of the Magna Carta？
题型1　　　点式细节题——直接细节题
A. In the Ludlow Castle.
B. In the Foodie Center of England.
C. In the Hereford Cathedral.
D. In the Black and White House Museum.
［解题流程］
一 定 题干中的关键词为original copy of the Magna Carta
二 找 根据关键词找到原文中的信息源：The Hereford Cathedral is the most impressive building in town. It’s also home to an ancient library. One of the four original copies of the Magna Carta is displayed there.
三比 对 A项（In the Ludlow Castle）：原文未提及拉德洛城堡与《大宪章》原始副本 的关联，属于无中生有，主观臆断。
B项（In the Foodie Center of England）：英国美食中心的功能与历史文献存放 场景无逻辑联系。
C项（In the Hereford Cathedral）：原文明确提到赫里福德大教堂是《大宪 章》原始副本的实际存放地之一。该选项对原文中“《大宪章》原始副本存 放地点”进行同义替换，与文本内容及历史常识相匹配，故为正确答案。
D项（In the Black and White House Museum）：原文未体现黑白屋博物馆与 《大宪章》原始副本的联系，属于无中生有，主观臆断。
【典例2】\ （2024 浙江1月卷阅读C节选）On September 7， 1991， the costliest hailstorm（雹暴） in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result， since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta—downwind of the hail project flights— worry that precious moisture（水分） is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Q：What does the project aim to do？
　题型2　　　网式细节题——归纳概括题
A. Conserve moisture in the soil.
B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms.
D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
［解题流程］
一定 根据题干选定关键词project
二找 根据关键词定位到原文第一段
三比对 A项“保持土壤水分”：选项中虽然出现了文中原词moisture，但该词出现 在后面用于介绍农民担忧的语境中，不是这个项目的目的，所以此选项属 于曲解文意。
B项“防止冰雹形成”：原文明确提到，飞机播撒化学物质，使小冰晶在 形成冰雹前以雨的形式落下，此选项是对原文的归纳概括，为正确选项。
C项“预报灾难性冰雹”：选项中虽然出现了文中原词hailstorms，但文中 并未提及任何预报冰雹的内容，所以此选项属于无中生有。
D项“调查农业中化学品的使用情况”：文中说的是飞机播撒化学物质， 并非调查化学品的使用情况，所以此选项属于偷换概念。
归纳小结
要在细节理解题上取得高分并不难，关键需要细心审题、精准定位，重点识别干 扰选项并理解细节信息。有些干扰选项要对原文中提供的信息进行简单的思维加工后 才可排除。对一些模棱两可的选项，可采用排除法辅助答题。
　　（2025 湖北黄冈调研考试）“Good morning， passengers！ Welcome aboard Bus No. 38.” At 6：30 am， the cool morning breeze blows as Feng Zhiliang， a 43－year- old driver with 15 years’ experience at Handan Public Transport Group， greets the first passengers. Seated in the driver’s cab， he fastens his seat belt， ready to set off.
　　Feng’s recent viral video comes from his bilingual（双语的） stop announcements in Chinese and English， captivating netizens. Some remark， “It’s like a luxurious flight for just two yuan！”， praising Handan’s harmonious combination of tradition and modernity.
　　This transformation started when Feng greeted a group of foreign passengers with “Hello. Happy New Year！” during the Spring Festival. Encouraged by their positive feedback， he saw an opportunity to serve the many foreigners riding his bus. Determined to improve communication， Feng started an English learning journey.
　　Starting from zero， he buried himself in online courses， sought English materials， and used translation software to enhance his skills. Today， his bilingual announcements reflect his dedication and Handan’s cultural charm.
　　Each evening， after dropping off his last passengers， Feng returned home around 9：00 pm， exhausted but determined. Despite his tiredness， he’d continue studying for an hour. And he even made the best of his 20－minute break during the day.
　　Inspired by his colleagues and after three years of non-stop preparation， Feng boldly tried bilingual announcements during peak hours in early 2023. Initially nervous， he received overwhelming encouragement from passengers， which strengthened his resolve to make bilingual announcements an essential part of his service.
　　“Taking that first step was discouraging， but the positive feedback fueled my passion，” Feng recalled. “It had become a goal and a cherished wish.”
　　Now， over a year and a half later， Feng’s bilingual announcements have gathered a devoted fan base. Passengers eagerly board Bus No.38 to immerse themselves in his rich language experience， while parents bring their children along for the educational ride. Feng’s dedication has transformed his routine bus rides into linguistic adventures， captivating hearts and minds alike.
　　［语篇解读］　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了邯郸公交车司机冯志亮用双 语报站，收获了一大批粉丝。
1. What does the underlined sentence imply in paragraph 2？
A. Feng’s oral English is perfect.
B. Feng drives the bus as fast as a plane.
C. Feng’s bus offers the same luxury and comfort as a plane.
D. Feng’s bus provides a bilingual atmosphere similar to that on a plane.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Feng’s recent viral video comes from his bilingual （双语的） stop announcements in Chinese and English， captivating netizens.”可知， 冯志亮采用双语报站，让乘客们仅用两块钱就体验到了坐飞机时双语播报的感觉。故 选D。
2. What inspired Feng initially to announce the stops bilingually？
A. Enhancing his oral English.
B. Attracting more passengers to board his bus.
C. Showing Handan’s cultural charm to the passengers.
D. Better serving foreigners on his bus after their thumbs-up.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Encouraged by their positive feedback， he saw an opportunity to serve the many foreigners riding his bus.”可知，是外国乘客的积极反 馈让冯志亮看到了为乘坐他的公交车的许多外国人提供更好服务的机会，因此，他选 择用双语报站。故选D。
3. Which of the following can best describe Feng？
A. Brave and patriotic.
B. Strong-willed and diligent.
C. Devoted and patient.
D. Considerate and frank.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Starting from zero”及第六段中的“three years of non-stop preparation”可知，他从零开始学习英语，三年不懈准备，这说明他意志 坚定；根据第五段中的“he’d continue studying for an hour”及“made the best of his 20 －minute break during the day”可知，他在白天20分钟的休息时间以及晚上下班后一 直坚持学习英语，这说明他很勤奋。故选B。
4. What can we learn from the passage？
A. All roads lead to Rome.
B. It is never too old to learn.
C. Where there is a will， there is a way.
D. A man can do no more than he can.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Determined to improve communication， Feng started an English learning journey.”、第四段中的“Starting from zero， he buried himself in online courses， sought English materials， and used translation software to enhance his skills.”和最后一段中的“Now， over a year and a half later， Feng’s bilingual announcements have gathered a devoted fan base.”可知，冯志亮为了用双语报 站，从零开始学习英语，克服了很多困难和挑战，最终赢得了乘客的认可和喜爱。由 此可知，C项“有志者事竟成”最符合题意。故选C。(共9张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块四　主题层面高度参悟　
主题二　社会文化类
【典例】　（2023 全国乙卷阅读C）
　　What comes into your mind when you think of British food？ Probably fish and chips， or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting？ Even though Britain has a
特点说明句：通过举例子说明英国食物种类单一
reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine， it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on　　　　　　　
观点句：英国食物以平淡无奇著称
our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.［本段介 绍英国食物的特点］
　　It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is　　　　　　　
原因句：受电视厨师的影响，英国人的烹饪习惯发生改变
recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.［本段介绍电视烹饪节目对不同人群的　　　　　　　
影响说明句：电视节目帮助人们改变对烹饪的看法
影响］
　　According to a new study from market analysts， 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery　　　　　　　
　　　写作手法句：列数字展示持不同观点的人数占比
programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients（配料） than they used to， and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills， and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession （痴迷） with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male　　　　
影响说明句：随着电视上男性厨师数量的增加，男生喜欢烹饪不再是件“不 酷”的事情
chefs on TV， it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.［本段介绍现今英国人 对于烹饪的不同观点］
28. What do people usually think of British food？
设问方向：英国食物的特点
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
29. Which best describes cookery programmes on British TV？
设问方向：对英国电视烹饪节目的描述
A. Authoritative. B. Creative.
C. Profitable. D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now？
设问方向：英国电视烹饪节目的影响
A. 20％. B. 24％. C. 25％. D. 33％.
31. What might the author continue talking about？
设问方向：推测文章接下来要讲的内容
A. The art of cooking in other countries.　 B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. 　　 D. Studies of big eaters.
解读语篇 语篇结构
　　【What】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国 的一些烹饪类电视节目使更多的英国人改变饮食习惯 并爱上烹饪。
　　【Why】引导学生了解外国饮食文化的特点及其 发展变化，促进学生养成健康的饮食习惯。
　　【How】文章依次介绍了英国食物的特点、电视 烹饪节目的影响、人们对烹饪的看法。文章行文流 畅，结构层次分明。通过列数字的写作手法展示了人 们对烹饪的不同看法，引导学生理解并分析不同观 点，提升辩证分析问题的能力。
［自主解答］　28.A　29.D　30.D　31.B(共21张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块一　宏观层面内化于心　
第一讲　熟悉文章类型　知晓行文结构
复习要求：要求学生能判断和识别书面语篇的意图，获取其中的重要信息和观点；能 识别语篇中的主要事实与观点之间的逻辑关系，理解语篇反映的文化背景；能推断语 篇中的隐含意义；能识别语篇中的内容要点和相应支撑论据；能根据定义线索，理解 概念性词汇或术语；能理解文本信息与非文本信息的关系。
卷别 年份 篇目 体裁 主题 细节 理解 推理
判断 词句
猜测 主旨
大意 词 数
全国
Ⅰ卷 2025 A 说明 文 人与自然：交通碳排 放与绿色转型 3 0 0 0 317
B 记叙 文 人与自我：写作教师 的教学实践 2 1 1 0 296
C 议论 文 人与社会：汽车主导 的城市规划VS
行人友好生活空间诉 求 2 1 0 1 315
D 说明 文 人与自然：微塑料污 染及应对方法 2 2 0 0 318
卷 别 年份 篇 目 体裁 主题 细节 理解 推理
判断 词句
猜测 主旨
大意 词 数
新 课 标
Ⅰ 卷 2024 A 应用 文 人与社会：生物栖息地修复 小组志愿者招募 3 0 0 0 206
B 记叙 文 人与社会：西方兽医使用中 国针灸治疗动物 1 2 0 1 290
C 说明 文 人与社会：纸质阅读相较于 数字阅读的优势 1 2 1 0 333
D 说明 文 人与自然：目前生物多样性 记录存在偏差 1 3 0 0 354
卷 别 年份 篇 目 体裁 主题 细节 理解 推理
判断 词句
猜测 主旨
大意 词 数
新 课 标Ⅰ 卷 2023 A 应用文 人与社会：自行车租赁和有导游的观光 2 1 0 0 201
B 记叙文 人与自然：设计生态机器 2 2 0 0 328
C 说明文 人与自我：数字极简主义 1 2 1 0 314
D 说明文 人与社会：“群体智慧”效应 1 2 0 1 335
卷 别 年份 篇 目 体裁 主题 细节 理解 推理
判断 词句
猜测 主旨
大意 词 数
全国Ⅱ卷 2025 A 应用文 人与社会：四个值得一游的英国集贸小镇 3 0 0 0 266
B 记叙文 人与社会：医院教师的教学经历 2 1 1 0 305
C 说明文 人与自然：室内绿植对情绪的积极影响 2 1 0 1 263
D 说明文 人与社会：食物边角料变佳肴 2 1 0 1 328
卷 别 年份 篇 目 体裁 主题 细节 理解 推理
判断 词句
猜测 主旨
大意 词 数
新课标Ⅱ卷 2024 A 应用文 人与自我：卡洛秋季徒步节的几种步行方案 3 0 0 0 288
B 新闻报道 人与社会：自助服务亭 2 2 0 0 269
C 说明文 人与社会：巴比伦微农场 2 1 0 1 264
D 说明文 人与社会：介绍书籍AI by Design 2 1 1 0 318
2023 A 应用文 人与自然：护林员项目 3 0 0 0 245
B 记叙文 人与自我：校园菜园项目 1 2 0 1 273
C 说明文 人与社会：介绍书籍Reading Art 1 2 1 0 320
D 说明文 人与自然：城市自然景观对人的影响 1 3 0 0 316
命题解读：1.文章题材丰富。高考英语试卷中的所有语篇都紧扣“人与自我”“人与 社会”以及“人与自然”三大主题语境，题材涉及故事、科学知识、自然景观、社会 现象、文化活动等。
2. 短文体裁广泛。短文体裁包括应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文、新闻报道等，说 明文占比较高。
3. 题型分布多样。近三年新课标卷的阅读理解突出考查学生理解和运用语言知 识解决问题的基本能力，以考查细节理解、推理判断为主，以考查词句猜测、 主旨大意为辅。
　　想要快速破解高考阅读理解题，尤为重要的一环就是熟悉文章类型，知晓其行文 结构。下面总结了高考阅读理解常见的六大类型的行文思路：
　　1.故事叙述型
　　常见文体：记叙文、夹叙夹议文
　　判断标志：叙述某个故事、某段经历或介绍某个人物。
　　行文结构：
　　（1）顺叙：按照时间的先后、地点的转换和事情的内在逻辑联系叙述。
　　（2）倒叙：把引人注目的高潮或结局提到文章的开头，再一步一步地揭示这个 高潮或结局所形成的原因和经过。
　　（3）插叙：在人物事件原定的叙述中，插入某些情况的介绍，交代某些关系， 或对某些矛盾作侧面说明。
　　2.现象解释型
　　常见文体：说明文、议论文
　　判断标志：（1）多采用总分结构；（2）首段对某个问题、某种现象给出结论， 下文对该结论进行举例说明、对比分析或评价。
　　行文结构：给出结论——举例说明、解释结论——作出评价。
　　主题句特点：主题句往往位于文章第一段的首句或尾句。
　　3.问题解决型
　　常见文体：说明文、议论文
　　判断标志：文章开头往往介绍某种不利情况、棘手问题或出现设问句，下文可能 出现solution， take action等提示词。
　　行文结构：交代背景——提出问题——介绍解决方案——评价解决方案（总 结）。
　　主题句特点：注意提出了几项解决方案，关注作者对解决方案的评价句。
　　4.观点展示型
　　常见文体：说明文、议论文、夹叙夹议文
　　判断标志：文中出现一个新观点，可能是一个大众的观点或某个人的观点，下文 围绕该观点展开讨论。
　　行文结构：给出观点（新/旧观点）——展示观点、举例说明——评价解释。
　　主题句特点：全文中心句可能为观点介绍句（通常位于第一段或第二段段首）， 也可能为解释评价句（通常为文章后半部分评价段落中心句）。
　　5.新闻报道型
　　常见文体：消息、新闻特写、通讯、新闻专访、新闻评论等
　　判断标志：新闻报道是记录具有时效性热点新闻的文章，记叙成分较多。
　　行文结构：
　　（1）导语：第一段，通常用简要的文字揭示新闻的主题。
　　（2）主体：用具体的事实材料，对新闻内容作全面的阐述。
　　（3）结尾：又称结语，一般在最后一段，交代事件的结果。
　　6.书影评论型
　　常见文体：说明文、议论文、应用文
　　判断标志：文章介绍一篇（或多篇）文学作品或影视作品。
　　行文结构：主要内容叙述——精彩情节介绍——评价或延伸思考。
　　常见类型：
　　（1）介绍性书（影）评：这种书评或影评篇幅比较短小，内容主要是简单介绍 某种图书的基本内容或某部影视的亮点，常常带有广告色彩。
　　（2）评介性书（影）评：这种书评或影评在介绍某种图书或某部影视的主要内 容的同时，还对其特点、风格、主要成就以及缺陷等给予简明扼要的评论，具有一定 的导读或导观性质。
　【典例】（观点展示型）
　　On March 7， 1907， the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases， the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
　This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors， those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate， and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together， they cancel each other out， resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors， then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms， the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons， people’s errors become correlated or dependent， the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
　　But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist（转折） on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion， the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance， the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
　In a follow-up study with 100 university students， the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？ Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？ This happened some of the time， but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently， the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow， these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain， the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
［读文技法］
［文本解读］
［文本解读］
［文本解读］(共15张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块三　文体层面厚植素养　
第四讲　议论文
　　议论文的功能是说服他人、宣扬主张，说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种 行为。其典型结构模式是“提出论点＋提供论据（例证）＋明确结论”，也就 是按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次。阅读议论文的关 键在于抓住论点。体现论点的主旨句通常出现在文首或文尾、段首或段尾，这 些位置是阅读的重点部分。
【典例】（2024 浙江1月卷阅读D）
　　主题语境：人与社会——成年人的“棉花糖实验”
　　The Stanford marshmallow（棉花糖） test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat， selected by the child， was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat， they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
　　As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted （诱惑） by sugary treats， but by our computers， phones， and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world， and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value-a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us， dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories， we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago， and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
　　A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor， so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded（轰炸） with new information. Therefore， just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption， we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption， resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
文体特点
　　议论文类文体通常分为三部分：提出问题（引论）→分析问题（本论）→解决 问题（结论）。
32.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test？
A. Take an examination alone.
B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others.
D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33.According to paragraph 3， there is a mismatch between 　　　　.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34.What does the author suggest readers do？
A. Absorb new information readily.
B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources.
D. Protect the information environment.
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A. Eat Less， Read More
B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later， the Better
D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
语篇图解
思路点拨
32. 细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat， they would be given a second treat.（每个孩子都被告 知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二份奖励。）”可知，在米歇尔 的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二份奖励。故选D。
　　33.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us， dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories， we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago， and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.（但 是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取热量的成本和精力时，我们的 大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人难以抵抗我们知道不应该吃 的诱人食物的核心原因。）”可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存 在不匹配。故选C。
　　34.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore， just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption， we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption， resisting the temptation of the mental ‘junk food’ in order to manage our time most effectively.（因此，就像我们需要更仔细地对待热量摄入一 样，我们也需要更仔细地对待信息消费，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有 效地管理我们的时间。）”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
　　35.标题归纳题。全文围绕“棉花糖实验”展开，第一段介绍了针对儿童的棉花 糖实验；第二段指出成年人每天都面临类似的棉花糖实验，诱惑物从“糖果”变为 “电子设备与各类信息”；第三、四段对比“人类对甜食的本能反应”与“对信息 的本能反应”，两者机制相似，最终提出“需要像管理热量摄入一样管理信息消 费”的观点。因此，D项作标题最合适。故选D。
考情分析
　　议论文类阅读理解在全国卷中的考查概率很低。题目涉及细节理解题、推理判 断题、词句猜测题和主旨大意题。
读文策略(共13张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块三　文体层面厚植素养　
第一讲　应用文
　　应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，包括广告、通知、申请书、人物简介、商品说 明与介绍、图表文章等，形式多样，题材各异，措辞简洁明了，直截了当，其目的是 向读者传递信息。
【典例】（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读A）
　　主题语境：人与社会——栖息地修复工作队的工作内容和招募志愿者的相关信 息
HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM
　　Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive（侵入的） plant removal， winter planting， and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.
GROUPS
　 Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
AGE， SKILLS， WHAT TO BRING
　　Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
　　Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.
　　We’ll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.
　　Bring a personal water bottle， sunscreen， and lunch.
　　No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfill（满足） community service requirements.
Time Meeting Location
Sunday， Jan.15
10：00 am—1：00 pm Battery Alexander Trailhead
Sunday， Jan.22
10：00 am—2：30 pm Stinson Beach Parking Lot
Sunday， Jan.29
9：30 am—2：30 pm Coyote Ridge Trailhead
UPCOMING EVENTS
文体特点
　　1. 语言特点：语言简洁，句式相对简单。
2. 结构特点：①平行段落：几条或者几类信息不同的段落以相同的顺序呈现，如时间、地点、过程、联系方式等；②次级标题：通过小标题把文章分成几个部分，每一部分有一个或几个段落围绕小标题进行阐述。（本文属于这类结构）③表格：利用列表的方式把不同的信息或者主题分割开，每一列或者每一行说明一个主题或者事件，直观明了。
21. What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team？
A. To discover mineral resources.
B. To develop new wildlife parks.
C. To protect the local ecosystem.
D. To conduct biological research.
22. What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team？
A. 5.　　B. 10.　　C. 15.　　D. 18.
23. What are the volunteers expected to do？
A. Bring their own tools.
B. Work even in bad weather.
C. Wear a team uniform.
D. Do at least three projects.
语篇图解
思路点拨
　　21. 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.”可知，栖息地修复工作队的志愿者在恢复山脊和山谷的敏感资 源和保护濒危物种方面发挥着至关重要的作用。由此可知，该工作队的目标是保护 当地的生态系统，故选C。
　　22. 细节理解题。根据AGE， SKILLS， WHAT TO BRING部分中的 “Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.”可知，加入栖息地修复工作队的最低年 龄限制是10岁，故选B。
　　23. 细节理解题。根据AGE， SKILLS， WHAT TO BRING部分中的“We’ll be working rain or shine.”可知，志愿者将风雨无阻地工作，故选B。
考情分析
　　每套试卷的A篇通常都是应用文。应用文的类型包括广告、海报、通知、旅游 信息等。该类文章主要考查细节理解题，偶尔考查推理判断题与词句猜测题。
　　 读文策略
　　1.先题后文法
　　做这类题时没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“先题后文法”来处理，即先看问题， 后看文章内容。这样在阅读中可以有重点地、有针对性地去读。在阅读时要特别留 意文中以黑体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的部分。
2.题干定向法
若题干的问题与原文中的相应句段基本相同，则可直接对号入座；若题干的问 题与原文中的相应句段有较大出入，则要进行一定的“处理”。这个“处理”是多 方面的，它可能包括对原文进行同义变换、对概念进行解析、对事实进行归纳、将 具体问题抽象化或将抽象问题具体化、将文中提到的原则或规则进行实际运用等。(共11张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块四　主题层面高度参悟　
主题一　科学发明与创新类
【典例】　（2021 新高考Ⅱ卷阅读D）
　　An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle， a development　　　　　　　
目的句：发明机器人是为了监测牛群的健康状况
that could bring big changes to a profession that’s relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades　　　　　　　
原因句：发明机器人是为了解决养牛业目前面临的劳动力短缺问题
but is facing a labor shortage.［本段介绍发明机器人的原因］
　　Salah Sukkarieh， a professor at the University of Sydney， sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine　　　　　　
原理句：四轮机器人依靠太阳能和电力运行，并使用摄像头和传感器监测牛群
whether a cow is sick. Radio tags（标签） on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape， color and texture（质地） of grass. That way， cattlemen
功能句：确定牛的健康状况、测量温度变化、监测草地的质量
will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes. ［本段介绍机器人的原理及功能］
　　Machines have largely taken over planting， watering and harvesting crops such as corn and wheat， but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.［过渡段： 引出机器人应用的争议点］
　　For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds， it’s increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching　　　　　　　
　　背景句：以Pete Bonds为例，说明牧民面临的行业困境
cattle. But Bonds doesn’t believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry—and　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　观点句：机器人不适合监测牛群
failed attempts to use technology—have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on　　　　　　　
观点支撑句：监测牛群最好的方法是人骑马进行检查
a horse. Bonds， who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago， still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick. ［本段呈现部分牧民对机器人的否定态度］
　　Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey， vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association， said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.
观点句：引用Michael Kelsey的观点，说明机器人在帮助养牛人解决牛被偷这一问题 上有很大潜力
Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen， making them appealing targets.［本段呈现部分牧民对机器人的肯定态度］
32. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry？
设问方向：发明机器人的原因
A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers.
C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability.
33. What will Sukkarieh’s robot be able to do？
设问方向：机器人的功能
A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes.
34. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle？
设问方向：对机器人的态度及原因
A. He wants to help them earn a living.
B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots.
D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.
35. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey？
设问方向：机器人的未来应用前景
A. Increase the value of cattle.
B. Bring down the cost of labor.
C. Make the job more appealing.
D. Keep cattle from being stolen.
解读语篇 语篇结构
　　【What】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了数十年来养牛业一直依靠低端科技，但现在却面临着劳动力短缺的问题。澳大利亚一位教授正在研发一款用于监测牛群健康的机器人。但是不同的牧民对这种机器人有着不同的看法。
　　【Why】文章旨在引导学生关注社会发展过程中科技的力量，养成科学探究和创新精神，思考利用科学技术解决实际问题的科学品质。
【How】文章依次介绍了设计机器人的原因、机器人的工作原理、功能、局限性以及未来发展前景。行文流畅，结构层次分明。文章通过列举牧民对机器人及其未来的不同态度，引导学生理解并分析不同观点，培养学生的批判性思维。
[自主解答] 32.B 33.A 34.B 35.D(共44张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块二　题型层面蓄势赋能　
第二讲　推理判断题
■题型特征
（一）熟悉设问方式，准确定位题型
1. What can we infer from the text？
2. What can be inferred from the last paragraph？
3. What is the purpose of this text？
4. What’s the author’s attitude toward（s）...？
5. Where does this text probably come from？
6. Where can the text be found？
7. Where is this text probably taken from？
8. Which of the following can best describe...？
9. What is the text probably intended for？
（二）把握选项特征，精准分析题目
1. 晓解题捷径
解答推理判断题时，一定要透过字里行间去体会作者的“弦外之音”。在进行推断 时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文、主观臆断。
（1）定位原文，字斟句酌，“一步推导”定隐含推断题；
（2）依照首段、尾段及文体特征判断文章来源；
（3）利用褒贬词汇，判断观点态度；
（4）围绕主题，恰当判断写作意图。
2. 正确选项特征
（1）“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推断出结果。
（2）选项中一般不可以出现表示绝对概念的词，如only， never， all， absolutely 等；正确选项的表述一般会用相对能够留下一些余地的词，如often， usually， sometimes， some， may， might， can， could， possibly， probably等。
3. 干扰选项特征
夸大事实 对原文中的细节或论断的某方面进行夸大处理
无中生有 捏造原文中并不存在的信息，并以此为依据进行推理
掺入常识 根据学生已有的常识是正确的，但并非基于文章信息推导得出
推理过头 引申过度，使结论过于绝对化
背离主题 选项背离了文章的主题思想
■题型破解
1. 设题特点
推断隐含信息是高考阅读理解的常见题型，难易程度不等。学生只有正确把握文章的 内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，理解弦外之音，才可能做出准确的推断。
2. 常见设问方式举例
①What can be inferred/concluded about...？
②What does the author indicate/suggest/imply...？
③What can we infer about...？
　类型1　　　隐含推断题
3. 逻辑分析推隐含
【典例1】　（2025 全国Ⅰ卷阅读D节选）Still， the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water， scientists found earlier this year， contains 10 to 1，000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Q：What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4？
A. The importance of plastic recycling.
B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water.
D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
［解题思路］　第四段首先指出“减少接触微塑料越来越难”，接着用瓶装水案例 （其微塑料含量比之前预期的高10—1 000倍）佐证问题的严峻性，由此可知，作者 提及瓶装水旨在强调微塑料污染问题的严重性。
［自主解答］　B
1. 设题特点
观点态度类的设题在高考中越来越灵活，题目难度也有所增加。
　类型2　　　观点态度题
①推断文章作者对某事所持的态度或观点；
②推断文章中的人物对文中事物或内容的观点或看法。
2. 常见设问方式举例
①How does the author feel about...？
②What does the author think of...？
③What is the author’s attitude toward（s）/to...？
3. 依据措辞定态度
【典例2】　（2024 全国甲卷阅读C节选）The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year， the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks， before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock（补给）. Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
　　Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
Q：What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services？
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful.
C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
［解题思路］　依据“忠于措辞法”。根据选文最后一段中杜克所说的话“I was very impressed”和“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”可推知，杜克对Saint Lukas列车服务的态度是赞赏的。
［自主解答］　A
1. 设题特点
各种话题的阅读材料都有可能考查写作意图题。
2. 常见设问方式举例
（1）整篇文章的写作意图：
①What is the author’s purpose in writing the text？
②What is the main purpose of the text？
　类型3　　　写作意图题
（2）某段或某处细节的写作意图：
③What is the purpose of... mentioned in paragraph...？
④What is the purpose of the last part of the text？
⑤Why does the author mention...？
3. “4看”推意图
【典例3】　（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B节选）Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
　　Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time， and if the past is any indication， he may be right： Since 1982， membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”
Q：Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association？
A. To prove Farber’s point.
B. To emphasize its importance.
C. To praise veterinarians.
D. To advocate animal protection.
［解题思路］　根据题干中的American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association可定位 到选文最后一段。“Since 1982， membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.”具体解释了上文中的the past，所 以作者提到这个组织是为了证明冒号前所说的“he may be right”。
［自主解答］　A
1. 设题特点
解答文章出处题要能够根据文章的主要内容和关键信息推断文章的出处和文体。
2. 常见设问方式举例
①Where can the text be found？
②In which section of a newspaper may this text appear？
③What is the text？
　类型4　　　文章出处题、类型题
3. 看内容判出处、文体
【典例4】　（2023 新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C节选）Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book， represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history， in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading， we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
Q：Where is the text most probably taken from？
A. An introduction to a book.
B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum.
D. A review of modern paintings.
［解题思路］　根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句“Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration... three hundred artworks from museums around the world.”可知，本 文对《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书的内容、特征进行了介绍，并对这本书 本身进行了评论，可看出本文是在推介这本书。由此可推知，本文最有可能出自这本 书的序言。
［自主解答］　A
1. 设题特点
推断文章作者的身份或读者对象其实就是推断“谁写的”和“写给谁看的”。
2. 常见设问方式举例
①What can we infer about the author from the text？
②What is the text mainly intended for？
　类型5　　　推断作者身份或读者对象
3. 三看三找定身份或对象
【典例5】　During an interview for one of my books， my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰） in his open office， he said， “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus.” His comment struck me as strange. After all， coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
Q：What can we infer about the author from the text？
A. He’s a news reporter.
B. He’s an office manager.
C. He’s a professional designer.
D. He’s a published writer.
［解题思路］　根据选文中的“During an interview for one of my books， my interviewer said something I still think about often.”可知，作者在为自己的一本书接受 采访。由此可推断出，作者是一位作家。
［自主解答］　D
A
　　（2025 广东六校联考）Do I think the sky is falling？ Sort of.
　　My husband and I were recently in Egypt， where the temperature reached 113 degrees Fahrenheit， a bit warm for my tiny princess-like self. Medic， medic！ So， we left Egypt. Back home， my dearest friends struggled with health stuff， with family craziness， with damaged children.
　　The game of life is hard， and a lot of us are playing hurt. I ache for the world but naturally I’m mostly watching the Me movie， where balance and strength are beginning to fail. What can we do as the creaking（嘎吱作响的） elevators of age slowly descend？ The main solution is to get outside every day， ideally with friends. Old friends—even thoughts of them—are my comfort.
　　Recently I was walking along a beach with Neshama. We go back 50 years. She is 84， short but strong. Every so often， she bent down somewhat cautiously and picked up small items into a small cloth bag. “What are you doing？” “I’m picking up micro litter. I try to help where I can.”
　　She reminded me of an old story. A great warhorse comes upon a tiny sparrow lying on its back with its feet in the air， eyes tightly shut with effort. The horse asks it what it’s doing. “I’m trying to help hold back the darkness.” The horse roars with laughter. “That is so funny. How much do you weigh？” And the sparrow replies， “One does what one can.” This is what older age means： we do what we can.
　　We continued our walk. Neshama bent to pick up bits of litter and started to slip， but I caught her and we laughed. We are so physically vulnerable at an older age. We have caught each other a lot and have come through some periods of darkness and overwhelming losses， but friendship makes it all a rowing machine for the soul. We can take it as long as we feel and give love， and laugh gently at ourselves as we fall apart. We know by a certain age the great lies in our life—if you do or achieve this or that， you will be happy and rich. No. Love and service make us rich.
　　［语篇解读］　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者和丈夫在埃及的经历、 与老朋友在海滩上散步的情景，以及通过讲述马和麻雀的故事来表达自己对生活、友 情、年龄和努力的看法，强调友情、爱和服务的力量超越物质追求。
1. What does the author think of her present life？
A. She enjoys making new friends.
B. She feels more struggles over the aging process.
C. She finds it challenging to handle family crises.
D. She wants others to learn from her life experiences.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The game of life is hard， and a lot of us are playing hurt... balance and strength are beginning to fail. What can we do as the creaking （嘎吱作响的） elevators of age slowly descend？”可知，作者觉得生活艰难，随着年 龄增长面临诸多困扰。故选B。
2. What message does the story of the sparrow convey？
A. Age makes small efforts less meaningful over time.
B. Strength in numbers is necessary to change the world.
C. Even the smallest action will contribute to a bigger result.
D. Every small action counts， no matter how insignificant it seems.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“And the sparrow replies，‘One does what one can.’ This is what older age means： we do what we can.”可推知，作者提到麻雀 的故事意在传达对于麻雀的行为的赞同：做自己能做的。也就是说，每一个小行动都 很重要，不管它看起来多么微不足道。故选D。
3. Which of the following can best describe Neshama？
A. Healthy and cautious.
B. Caring and responsible.
C. Cooperative and modest.
D. Educated and committed.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“She is 84... picked up small items into a small cloth bag... ‘I’m picking up micro litter. I try to help where I can.’”可知，84岁的 Neshama会弯下腰去捡微小的垃圾，尽力在自己能帮忙的地方提供帮助，这体现了她 关心环境、有责任感、乐于奉献的品质。故选B。
4. What does the author suggest about the meaning of life at an older age？
A. Love and acts of service bring true richness in life.
B. Happiness is achieved through love， rather than wealth.
C. Health and independence are definitely the ultimate goals.
D. True richness comes from love， service and achievements.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“We know by a certain age the great lies in our life—if you do or achieve this or that， you will be happy and rich. No. Love and service make us rich.”可知，作者认为到了一定的年龄，我们就会知道生活中巨大的谎言 —如果你做到了或实现了这个或那个，你就会快乐和富有。不。爱和服务使我们富 有。所以，作者认为晚年生活的意义不是物质上的实现，而是通过爱和服务的行为来 丰富生活。故选A。
B
　　（2025 吉林长春质量监测）“Turn off， tune out and drop in.” That’s the message for customers at a Dutch digital detox（戒瘾） cafe who are paying for the privilege of leaving their phones at the door. The Offline Club， which began life in Amsterdam， offers an oasis（乐土） of calm and pause from the constant digital busyness of life lived through the black glass of a smartphone. It creates moments of quiet reflection， and encourages conversations with strangers instead of endless keyboard arguments with 280 characters hammered out at a time.
　　With board games， a piano and books on hand， the idea is to swap recharging your device for refilling your soul， even for just a few hours. Aided by word spreading on social media， the club has already branched out to multiple cities across the Netherlands， and is now ready for an international launch.
　　“People love it： they tell us that this is exactly what they’ve been waiting for； they can’t believe it didn’t exist already，” says co-founder Ilya Kneppelhout. “A girl called Belinda who struggled with stress and anxiety told us she hadn’t felt so at peace with herself in a year and a half.”
　　Customers switch between time for themselves and time to connect. “People don’t just pay to get rid of their phones—they’re also paying to meet others，” says Kneppelhout. “We live in quite an isolated world where we’re more connected online， but in the physical world， it’s hard to meet people.”
　　He’s already had a group of digital downtime followers in the UK， where Georgina Sturmer， who has worked with clients experiencing over-dependence on phones， points out another benefit of a switched-off society. “We are constantly at risk of having every word or image captured and shared，” she says. “This sense of being endlessly photographed is something that has come with these devices being in our lives so much. Wouldn’t it be great to feel safe knowing it doesn’t matter if we’re having a bad hair day， or don’t really like our outfit？”
　　［语篇解读］　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了荷兰一家数字戒瘾咖啡馆， 它要求顾客将手机留在门口，为人们提供了一个远离数字喧嚣的宁静空间，让人们有 机会进行反思，并与陌生人交流。
5. What can we know about the Dutch digital detox cafe？
A. It is the first cafe in Amsterdam.
B. Interaction among people is advocated.
C. Only black smartphones are allowed there.
D. Customers have to type 280 characters nonstop.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It creates moments of quiet reflection， and encourages conversations with strangers”可知，这家咖啡馆鼓励人与人互动。故选B。
6. How did the cafe become more and more popular？
A. By the media’s advertising.
B. By netizens’ commenting online.
C. By employees’ handing out leaflets.
D. By customers’word-of-mouth promoting.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Aided by word spreading on social media， the club has already branched out to multiple cities across the Netherlands”可知，在社交媒 体上口碑传播的助力下，该俱乐部已经扩展到荷兰的多个城市。结合后文人们的具体 评论可知，这家咖啡馆是通过网民在网上的评论而变得越来越受欢迎的。故选B。
7. Why is Belinda mentioned in the third paragraph？
A. To show the effect of the cafe.
B. To explain the cause of her anxiety.
C. To stress the seriousness of her situation.
D. To introduce the problem of modern people.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段Ilya Kneppelhout所说的话可知，一个叫Belinda的女孩 之前一直在与压力和焦虑作斗争，自从来到这里后，她感受到了之前的一年半里没有 感受到的平和。据此可知，第三段提到Belinda是为了展示这家咖啡馆的效果，她在这 个咖啡馆里找到了内心的平静。故选A。
8. What is Georgina Sturmer’s attitude towards the cafe？
A. Ambiguous. B. Concerned.
C. Supportive. D. Doubtful.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Georgina Sturmer， who has worked with clients experiencing over-dependence on phones， points out another benefit of a switched-off society”可知，Georgina Sturmer曾为过度依赖手机的 客户提供服务，她指出了切断网络社交的另一个好处。据此可推知，Georgina Sturmer对这家咖啡馆是支持的。ambiguous含糊不清的；concerned担忧的； supportive支持的；doubtful怀疑的。故选C。(共36张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块二　题型层面蓄势赋能　
第四讲　主旨大意题
　　标题归纳题要求学生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构特点，从所给 选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强，不改变原文的意义和 感彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文并体现文章的主旨。
1. 理解标题的3大特点
　类型1　　　标题归纳题
2. 巧用3大方法确定文章标题
（1）正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，判断哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
（2）反面否定法：撇开原文，设想用各个备选项作标题写出来的“文章”将是什么 内容，然后和原文对照，逐一排除不符选项。
（3）研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词、结构、概括性等，排除 过于具体化、细节化的选项。
【典例1】　（2025 全国Ⅰ卷阅读C）While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years， transport studies also show declines in pedestrian（行人） mobility， especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school， so they pack them into the car instead.
　　Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement：How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives， they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
　　Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously， a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway， Jane Jacobs called on her mayor（市长） to champion “New York as a decent place to live， and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
　　Although these campaigns were widespread， the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people， among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
　　We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through， but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities？ The authors of Movement have it right： it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
Q：What can be a suitable title for the text？
A. Why the Rush？
B. What’s Next？
C. Where to Stay？
D. Who to Blame？
［解题流程］　
第一步　读文章，理清结构
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A 文章围绕城市街道设计过度服务汽车通行，追求快速，却引发行人 安全等问题展开，质问“为何要匆忙”，契合核心逻辑 精准概括
B 文中未聚焦“下一步做什么”，无相关讨论 无中生有
C 未涉及“停留地点”的抉择，与文章主题无关 偏离主旨
D 文章不是追究“该怪谁”，而是呼吁反思街道设计逻辑 方向错误
第三步 对比选项，得出答案
［自主解答］ A
　　文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在 文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。掌握寻找文章主题的三个小技 巧，可以快速确定文章大意。
　类型2　　　文章大意题
1. 主题句法
解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法：
（1）根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句
（2）根据行文标志来定位主题句
转折 词 段落中出现表示转折的词（短语），如but， however， in fact， actually等， 转折词后的句子很可能是主题句
总结 词 表示总结或结论的词（短语），如therefore， thus， in short， conclude等， 总结词后的内容往往是主题句
疑问 句 当首段出现疑问句时，对这个问题的回答可能就是主题句
2. 高频词法
若全文中无明显的主题句，则可以利用文章中反复出现的中心词，即高频词，来找出 文章的中心。
3. 逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果 自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的 即为正确选项。
【典例2】　（2024 新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However， most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey， Babylon Micro-Farm （BMF） shortens it even more.
　　BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally， it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital， restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
　　Specifically， it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud， BMF is remotely monitored. Also， there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated， it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil， the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest， users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod（容器） to get the next growth cycle started.
　　Moreover， having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions（排放） from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition， there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
　　BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office， they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste， carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee.
Q：What does the text mainly talk about？
A. BMF’s major strengths.
B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence.
D. BMF’s technical standards.
［解题流程］　
第一步　读文章，概括文意
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A BMF的主要优势
本文第一段介绍BMF缩短了食物到餐桌的运输过程，第二至四 段介绍BMF的创新设计系统及其相关优势，最后一段介绍员工 的可持续发展理念，因此全文从各个方面凸显了BMF的优势 涵盖性强，
覆盖全文
B BMF的综合管理
文中仅简要提及BMF的自动化系统，以服务于介绍BMF的优 点，并非全文的主要内容 以偏概全，
断章取义
C BMF的全球影响力
文中未提及相关内容 无中生有，
生搬硬套
D BMF的技术标准
文中未提及相关内容 无中生有，
生搬硬套
第三步 对比选项，得出答案
［自主解答］ A
　　段落大意题考查的是段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概 括段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
1. 定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意
每一段都是围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开的，所以段落的结构也有 一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。 一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框 架，在框架下判断主旨，准确性更高。
类型3　　　段落大意题
2. 常用写作架构
【典例3】　（2025 浙江1月卷阅读D）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities， there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping（形成刻板印象） their gendered objects in very traditional ways，” says Ashley Martin， a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work， gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects， particularly those designed with human characteristics.
　　In her study， Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male， female， and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example， participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices.
　　 While gendering a product may be good marketing， it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men， such as competitiveness and dominance， are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities， in turn， are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender.
　　Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance， if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless， like Miuu， participants would still assign a gender to it—they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”
　　Martin sees a silver lining， however： She believes that anthropomorphism（拟人 化） “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies， it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly， anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype- inconsistent roles—a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations， for instance.
Q：What does the last paragraph mainly talk about？
A. The quality of genderless products.
B. The upside of gendering a product.
C. The meaning of anthropomorphism.
D. The stereotypes of men and women.
［解题流程］　
第一步　理段落，概括段意
分析段落可知，第一句是此段的主题句：“拟人化能改变刻板印象。”
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A 无性别产品的质量 无中生有
B 赋予产品性别特征的好处 涵盖性强
C 拟人化的含义 偏离主题
D 对男性和女性的刻板印象 断章取义
第三步 对比选项，得出答案
［自主解答］ B
　　（2025 江苏南京调研测试）One day， my 11－year-old daughter told me that she wanted to return a pair of pants on Amazon. “You need to keep clicking the ‘something else’ button if you want to talk to a real person，” I told her. She followed my word， and after a bit of clicking， she managed to talk to a real person and get the pants returned. In the process， I had the chance to think about what this everyday interaction was teaching my daughter.
　　I thought about what it meant to constantly ask for “something else”. It’s not only about having a real person to talk with. It’s equally about the quality of our communication. It’s about thinking something， then saying it， and then having another person think and say something back to you. It seems simple and yet it may become the exception， not the rule. In many cases， it already has.
　　With the “quick responses” at the bottom of Gmail， potential responses often appear right in front of us： “Yes， sure.” “Of course！” or “I got it.” The responses， I’ve noticed， are mostly okay. Sometimes， they’re exactly what I want to say. Occasionally， they’re wildly wrong. At first， I told myself I wouldn’t use those pre- made responses. Soon enough， though， I found they were good.
　　What would happen if our language got automated in general in this way？ What if， instead of generating responses， we simply pointed and clicked？ Choosing a response is a kind of thinking， but it’s far less accurate than the kind needed to generate content. It has to do more with recognizing a “good enough” response. Instead of starting with a blank board， we critique（评判） things. That’s not useless， but it doesn’t replace thinking in a creative way. If kids only critique something， they won’t have original thoughts. They may become great editors， but they’ll probably struggle to create ideas in fresh ways.
　　There’s no simple solution and certainly no way to turn the clock back on automated talk. Yet， as we move forward， we need to consider carefully how simple changes in communication can have serious effects. If we want to help our kids， the “something else” we searched for—authentic human conversation—should not be the exception， but the rule.
　　［语篇解读］　本文是一篇议论文。因为女儿与自动对话相关的一次经历，作者 产生了一些关于自动对话的思考，并发表了自己的观点。
1. What contributes to high-quality communication according to paragraph 2？
A. The clear goals.
B. The exact expressions.
C. The process of thinking.
D. The immediate response.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It’s not only about having a real person to talk with. It’s equally about the quality of our communication. It’s about thinking something， then saying it， and then having another person think and say something back to you.”可 知，和真人交谈关系到沟通的质量，它是关于思考一些事情，然后说出来，然后让另 一个人思考并回应你。据此可知，思考的过程有助于高质量的沟通。故选C。
2. How does the author feel about using the pre-made responses？
A. Excited and eager to try them out.
B. Annoyed and not interested in them.
C. Disappointed by their inaccurate suggestions.
D. Unwilling but finally aware of their convenience.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“At first， I told myself I wouldn’t use those pre- made responses. Soon enough， though， I found they were good.”可知，作者一开始不 愿意使用预先生成的回答，但最终意识到了它们的方便。故选D。
3. What would happen to kids with the automation of language？
A. Their creativity will suffer.
B. Their critical thinking ability will increase.
C. Their editing skills will hardly improve.
D. Their expressions will be more accurate and efficient.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“If kids only critique something， they won’t have original thoughts. They may become great editors， but they’ll probably struggle to create ideas in fresh ways.”可知，如果孩子们只进行评判，他们就不会有原创的想 法，难以以全新的方式创造想法。据此可推知，语言自动化可能会影响孩子的创造 力。故选A。
4. What can be the best title for the text？
A. My Reflections on Automated Talk
B. My Unforgettable Online Return Experience
C. The Art of Guiding Children’s Creativity
D. The Benefits of Using Automation in Communication
答案：A
解析：标题归纳题。
根据文章脉络可知，文章主要介绍了作者关于自动对话的一些思考和观点，A项“我 对自动对话的思考”最适合作文章标题。故选A。
Para.1
女儿在退网购的裤子时，她的沟通方式引发了作者的思考。
Para.2
探讨“something else”背后的深层含义——真实人类互动的重要性。
Para.3
作者认为自动对话有时能表达沟通者的意图，有时不能，但确实很方便。
Para.4
作者认为自动对话限制了创造性思维。
Para.5
总结：我们需要真实的人类对话。(共13张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块四　主题层面高度参悟　
主题三　文学与艺术类
【典例】　（2023 全国甲卷阅读C）
　　I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of　　　　　　　
　　　　说明方法句：以作者的个人经历为例，引出阅读哲学著作的话题
ideas that were new to me， so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy（哲学）.［本段介绍了作者的哲 学启蒙经历］
引入话题：描述作者初次阅读哲学著作的经历
　　That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault， Baudrillard， or Confucius better than you—and then try to explain them.［本段介绍了作者对哲学的热情 有所消退］
　　Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express： In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened　　　　　　　
引出说明对象：Eric Weiner的作品《苏格拉底哲学快车》
my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation， but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.［本段介绍了Eric Weiner的作品使作者重燃对哲学的热爱］
　　Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context（背景） of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates， see like Thoreau， listen like Schopenhauer， and have no regrets 　　　　　　　
说明方法句：通过类比说明该书的行文特点及独特魅力
like Nietzsche. This， more than a book about understanding philosophy， is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.［本段介绍了《苏格拉底哲学快车》的行文 特点］
　　He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences，
评价句①：Weiner书中的哲学思考提高了我们人生体验的质量
and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history， and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding（解读） their 　　　　　　　
评价句②：Weiner加入了个人理解使得他能够与历史上的哲学家对话
messages and adding his own interpretation.［本段对Weiner的作品进行了评价］
　　The Socrates Express is a fun， sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and 　　　　　　　
评价句③：评价《苏格拉底哲学快车》的语言风格：有趣、直白，却引人深思
gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire， loneliness， and aging. The invitation is clear： Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s 　　　　　　　
总结句：呼吁更多读者阅读该书
worth your time， even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.［本段总结了该书的 语言风格并呼吁更多读者阅读］
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author？
设问方向：引出哲学著作
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4？
设问方向：行文特点
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express？
设问方向：评价内容
A. Its views on history are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers.
D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiner’s book？
设问方向：评价语言风格
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
解读语篇 语篇结构
　　【What】本文是一篇书评。文章重点介绍了哲学著作《苏格拉底哲学快车》，该书语言幽默，陈述直白，却能让读者深刻思考日常生活中的欲望、孤独等哲学问题。
　　【Why】引导学生增强自身修养，提升思考能力，深入地理解问题的根源，从而帮助学生在实践中选择更为有效的方法。
解读语篇 语篇结构
　　 【How】文章依次介绍了作者的个人阅读经历、《苏格拉底哲学快车》的写作特点、作者对其的评价及推荐阅读该书的原因。文章行文流畅，层层递进。通过多方位评价哲学书籍为人们生活带来的指导意义，引导学生开拓思维，学会思辨和探究，培养看待事物的多样化角度和方式，对人生形成更深层次的思考。
［自主解答］　28.C　29.D　30.B　31.D(共28张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块一　宏观层面内化于心　
第三讲　广泛积累“同义替换”　助力破解阅读理解题
真题 原文 题干＋正确选项 同义替换
2025 年全 国Ⅰ卷 　　“We need to speed up the development of green energy， and it will all get used，” says Wipke. Q：What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transition？
A. Limiting fuel consumption.
B. Putting more effort into renewables.
C. Improving energy efficiency.
D. Making electricity more affordable.
［自主解答1］　B renewables替 换green energy
任务一　例证同义替换在高考真题阅读理解中的体现
真题 原文 题干＋正确选项 同义替换
2025 年全 国Ⅰ卷 　　Most famously， a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway， Jane Jacobs called on her mayor（市长） to champion “New York as a decent place to live， and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Q：What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do？
A. Keep their cities livable.
B. Promote cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families.
D. Make expressways accessible.
［自主解答2］　A livable替 换a decent place to live
真题 原文 题干＋正确选项 同义替换
2025 年全 国Ⅱ 卷 　　It’s about problem- solving around what it means to have a full life. Those kids have dreams. School can keep those dreams alive by giving kids a way to learn and grow. Q：How does the hospital school benefit the students according to Good？
A. It eases peer pressure.
B. It helps them live in hope.
C. It frees them from aches.
D. It entertains them with stories.
［自主解答3］　B helps them live in hope替换 keep those dreams alive
真题 原文 题干＋正确选项 同义替换
2025 年全 国Ⅱ 卷 　　“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants，” says Knuth. Q：What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants？
A. They appeal more to students.
B. They purify the environment.
C. They raise the cortisol level.
D. They enhance productivity.
［自主解答4］　D enhance productivity替 换perform better academically
真题 原文 题干＋正确选项 同义替换
2025 年浙 江1 月卷 　　Instead， she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility，” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times， and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume—even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots. Q：What should kids do according to the “Division of Responsibility”？
A. Make diet decisions on their own.
B. Share their food with other kids.
C. Eat up what is provided for them.
D. Help their parents do the dishes.
［自主解答5］　A make diet decisions on their own替 换the kids themselves decide
真题 原文 题干＋正确选项 同义替换
2024 年新 课标
Ⅱ卷 　　Walk 3—Moonlight Under the Stars
　　Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs. A torch（手电筒） along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark. Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate. Q：What are participants in Walk 3 required to do？
A. Wear proper clothes.
B. Join a walking club.
C. Get special permits.
D. Bring a survival guide.
［自主解答6］　A proper clothes替 换suitable clothing
真题 原文 题干＋正确选项 同义替换
2024 年新 课标
Ⅱ卷 　　We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However， most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey， Babylon Micro-Farm （BMF） shortens it even more. Q：What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1？
A. It guarantees the variety of food.
B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance.
D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
［自主解答7］　C cuts... distance替 换shortens
真题 原文 题干＋正确选项 同义替换
2023 年新 课标
Ⅰ卷 　　We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety， including basic bikes with foot brake（刹车）， bikes with hand brake and gears（排 挡）， bikes with child seats， and children’s bikes. Q：What is an advantage of MacBike？
A. It gives children a discount.
B. It offers many types of bikes.
C. It organizes free cycle tours.
D. It has over 2，500 rental shops.
［自主解答8］　B many types of bikes替换 bicycles in a wide variety
真题 原文 题干＋正确选项 同义替换
2023 年新 课标
Ⅱ卷 　　And at first it is， says Abby Jaramillo， who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts， a school garden program at four low-income schools. Q：What do we know about Abby Jaramillo？
A. She used to be a health worker.
B. She grew up in a low-income family.
C. She owns a fast-food restaurant.
D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
［自主解答9］　D an initiator of Urban Sprouts 替换started Urban Sprouts
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
1 控告 accuse sb.of， charge sb.with 2 支持； 赞成 support， in favo（u）r of， favo（u）r， subscribe to， in support of
3 提前 in advance， beforehand， ahead of time/schedule 4 追溯到 date/go back to， date from， be traced （back） to
任务二　　驾轻就熟同义替换经典80例
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
5 重要 matter， count， be important/significant/critical/vit al/essential， be of importance/significance 6 由… …组 成 consist of， be made up of， be composed of
7 随机 at random， randomly 8 提出 put forward， come up with， raise
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
9 成功； 设法
做成 succeed in， be successful in， manage to do 10 未意识 到；
忽略 be unaware/unconscious of， fail to notice， overlook， neglect， ignore
11 一……就 as soon as， immediately， instantly， directly， hardly... when...， no sooner... than...， upon/on doing 12 方法； 方式；
手段 approach， way， method， means， manner
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
13 深信 hold the strong belief that， be greatly convinced that， strongly believe that 14 反对 oppose， be opposed to， object to， raise an objection to
15 尤其； 特别 especially， in particular， particularly 16 以……
为骄傲 be proud of， take pride in
17 取笑； 嘲笑 laugh at， tease， make fun of， play tricks/jokes on 18 穿 dress up， get/be dressed in， wear， put on
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
19 厌烦； 厌倦 be tired/sick of， be bored with， be fed up with 20 强调 stress， underline， emphasize， place/put great emphasis on， attach great importance/value to
21 容忍 bear， put up with， tolerate， stand 22 照顾 attend to， take care of， look after
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
23 流行；
受欢迎 catch on， be popular with， be fashionable， in fashion， in style， be well received， gain popularity 24 负责 be responsible for， take/bear/shoulder responsibility for， answer for， take charge of
25 不流行；不
受欢迎 be unfashionable， out of fashion， out of style 26 确保 make sure/certain， ensure， guarantee
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
27 有 时； 偶尔 now and then， sometimes， occasionally， from time to time 28 寻找 look for， search for， seek， be in search of
29 实现 梦想 realize/fulfil/achieve/accomplish one’s dream， make one’s dream come true 30 渴望 be eager/thirsty/hungry/despe rate for/to do， have a strong urge/desire to do， desire to do
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
31 能够； 有能力做某事 be able to do， be capable of doing， have the ability/capacity to do 32 对… …
有益 be good for， benefit， be beneficial to， be of benefit to
33 老年人 old people， the old， senior citizens， the aged， the elderly 34 故意/ 偶然 on purpose， deliberately， by design， purposely， by accident， by chance， accidentally
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
35 弥补 make up for， compensate for 36 澄清 clarify， make sth. clear
37 逃脱 flee， escape from， get away with 38 雇用 employ， take on， hire
39 疲惫 be tired out， be worn out， be exhausted， be burnt out 40 吸引 attract， be attracted to， appeal to， catch one’s eye/attention
41 独自 by oneself， on one’s own， independently， alone 42 有机 会做 have the chance/opportunity of doing/to do， have/gain access to
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
43 代替 take the place of， take one’s place， replace B with A， substitute A for B， use... as an alternative to 44 下 降； 减少 decline， come/go down， drop， fall， decrease， reduce
45 认为； 持有
……
观点 think， believe， hold the view/idea/opinion that， argue/claim that 46 提 及； 提到 refer to， mention， talk of， when it comes to
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
47 方便 的 at hand， handy， convenient 48 展览 on exhibition/show/display
49 意识 到 realize， recognize， sense， be aware/conscious of 50 对… …有 害 be harmful to， be bad for
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
51 像； 与… …
相似 be like， resemble， look like， bear a resemblance to， be identical to， be similar to 52 除了 apart from， aside from， besides， in addition to， as well as， moreover， furthermore， except， except for
53 同时 at the same time， meanwhile， in the meanwhile 54 影响 affect， influence， have an effect/impact/influence on
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
55 承诺 promise to do， make a promise to do， commit oneself to 56 面 对； 面临 face， be faced with， confront， be confronted with
57 占； 组成 account for， make up， occupy， take up 58 各种 各样 的 various， a variety of， varieties of， diverse， all kinds/sorts of
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
59 为……
所得到 be accessible to， have access to， be available to 60 虐待； 不好好
对待
某人 treat sb. badly， abuse sb.， maltreat sb.
61 要了某
人的命 claim one’s life， cost sb. the life， kill sb. 62 把……看作 treat... as， consider... as， think of... as， look on... as， see... as
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
63 推迟 postpone， put off， delay 64 出现 show up， turn up， appear
65 与… …不
同； 区分 differ from， be different from， tell the difference between... and...， make a distinction between... and...， tell/distinguish... from... 66 参 加； 参与 take part in， attend， participate in， involve sb. in sth.， be involved in， be engaged in
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
67 与… …一 致 be consistent with， be in line with， correspond with， agree with， consist with 68 沉醉 于； 沉迷
于； 沉浸 于 be addicted to， be hooked on， be lost in， be obsessed with， be drunk with， be absorbed in， be dedicated to
69 代表 represent， on behalf of 70 难以 置信 unbelievable， beyond belief， incredible
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
71 用 光； 耗尽 use up， run out of， give out， run out 72 大多数；
大部分 most， the majority of
73 充分 利用 make full use of， take full advantage of， make the most/best of 74 处理； 对付 deal with， do with， handle， cope with， tackle， address
75 在网 上 on the Internet， online 76 与……
有关 be related to， be linked to， be associated with， be connected with， be relevant to
序号 词义 同义替换 序号 词义 同义替换
77 导 致； 造成 bring about， contribute to， cause， result in， lead to， account for 78 优于； 有优势， 超过
…… be better than， have an edge/advantage over， be superior to
79 由… …引 起 result from， arise from 80 次于 be worse than， be inferior to(共55张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块二　题型层面蓄势赋能　
第三讲　词句猜测题
　　词句猜测类题目是高考阅读理解的常考题型，主要针对语篇中一些关键性的单 词、短语或句子进行设问，要求学生猜测其含义。这些需要猜测的单词、短语或句子 往往与上下文有紧密的逻辑关系，文章中往往会提供和这些词句相关的定义解释、提 示词或者句子结构等，学生做题时要善于寻找并捕捉这些隐性提示，并关联上下文的 文意进行猜测。这类题型分为词义猜测题、代词指代题和句意猜测题。具体命题特点 和设问方式如下：
词义猜测题 代词指代题 句意猜测题
根据上下文猜测单词或短语的含义。常见设问形式有：
①What does the underlined word/phrase “...” in paragraph... mean？
②What do the underlined words “...” in paragraph... mean？
③What does “...” underlined in paragraph... refer to？
④Which of the following best explains “...” underlined in paragraph...？ 根据上下文猜测代词所指代的含义。常见设问形式有：
①What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph... refer to？
②What does the underlined word “that/this” in paragraph... refer to？
③What does the underlined word “something” in paragraph... refer to？ 通过阅读上下文，猜测画线 句在文中的含义。常见设问 形式有：
①What does the author mean by saying “...” in paragraph...？
②What does the underlined sentence “...” in paragraph... mean？
③Which of the following statements is closest in the meaning to the underlined sentence above？
任务一　词义猜测题
　　1. 重述
　　作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用的、简明的 词或短语对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号、破折号、冒号、分号或括 号与句子的其他部分隔开，或用信号词（短语）引导。常见的信号词（短语）有or， namely， that is， in other words， that is to say， to be more exact， to put in another way等。
技法1　　　利用上下文线索猜测词义
【典例1】　（2025 浙江1月卷阅读C节选）A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting， this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden， and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers（化肥） and power tools， it’s based on an elegantly simple principle： to garden more like nature does.
Q：What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean？
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
［解题思路］　根据画线词前一句中的“this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden， and even some of the designing” 及画线词后的“to garden more like nature does”可知，“矩阵式”种植方法旨 在发挥自然在花园中的作用，以更加贴近自然的方式进行园艺种植，因此这种 种植方式通常不依赖化肥和电动工具。由此可推断，Eschewing意为“不使用； 远离”，与Keeping away from语义相近。
［自主解答］ B
2.定义
　　作者有时会通过给某些单词或短语下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科
普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。常使用的信号词（短语）有i.e.， is， are，
is/are called， mean， refer to， known as等。
【典例2】　Southbank， at an eastern bend in the Thames， is the center of British skateboarding， where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite： Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don’t worry about it. Once， when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）， I fell onto the stones， damaging a nerve in my hand， and Toby came over， helping me up： Safe， man. Safe. A few minutes later， when I landed the trick， my friends beat their boards loud， shouting： “Safe！ Safe！ Safe！” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks， being a good skater.
Q：What do the underlined words “Safe！ Safe！ Safe！” probably mean？
A. Be careful！ B. Well done！
C. No way！ D. Don’t worry！
［解题思路］　根据选段中的“And my favorite： Safe. Safe meant cool.”可知，作 者将Safe定义为cool，即“出色的”；同时结合下文可知，在作者成功完成了一次滑 板动作后，同伴们都大喊“Safe！ Safe！ Safe！”来祝贺并鼓励作者，夸作者“做得 好”。
［自主解答］ B
3.举例
　　有时，画线单词或短语后会跟有一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助学生理解画线
词的含义。常使用的信号词（短语）有such as， for example， for instance， like，
including， especially等。
【典例3】　（2022 全国乙卷阅读C节选）That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance， including sending maintenance staff， often at night， to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
Q：What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to？
A. Personnel safety.
B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair.
D. Construction of infrastructure.
［解题思路］　根据画线词后文“... a year on maintenance， including sending maintenance staff， often at night， to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”可知， 花在maintenance上的费用被用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure（检查和维修 铁路基础设施）”。由此可推知，“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁 路人员的安全，即画线词maintenance与inspection and repair含义相近。后文中的 including是关键词，其后是对画线词的举例说明。
［自主解答］ C
4.同义词或近义词
　　有时，在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的单词或短语，它往往
暗示了画线词或短语的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语
的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词（短语）有and， or， like， as well， similarly， too， also， either等。
【典例4】　（2023 浙江1月卷阅读C节选）Brilliant though it is， Project Debater has
some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments
and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such
wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out， yet they also point to a fundamental problem.
Q：What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to？
A. Arguments. B. Doubts.
C. Errors. D. Differences.
［解题思路］　根据画线词所在句前一句“This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.”和画线词所在的句子可知，这可能导致人类不会犯的各种错误。毫无 疑问，这些问题会得到解决，但它们也暗示了一个根本问题。因此，wrinkles与errors 的含义相近。
［自主解答］ C
5.反义词
　　有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词（短语）连接两个意思相反的单词或
短语，这时就可以根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词
（短语）有（whether...） or， unlike， but， yet， however， while，
although， nevertheless， instead， rather than， in contrast， on the contrary， on the other hand等。
【典例5】　When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America， the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately， it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽） were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations， greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.
Q：What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph？
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
［解题思路］　根据选段前两句话可知，探险家们第一次踏上北美大陆之前，北美土 著人把这里多种多样的野生动物照顾（take care of）得很好。由画线词所在的句子可 知，此处讲述的是不幸的事情，并与上文存在转折关系。结合下文的描述“Millions of waterfowl（水禽） were killed... Millions of acres of wetlands were dried... greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.”可猜测，这些探险家和定居者只用了几十年 的时间就破坏了这些资源的大部分。由此可推知，decimate与had taken care of的含义 相反。
［自主解答］　C
　　有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文 的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的单词或短语的意义。
　　1. 转折关系
　　在英语阅读理解中，转折关系是猜测生词词义最有效的逻辑线索之一。转折词前 后内容通常存在语义相反或相对关系，因此可以通过已知信息反向推导未知生词。
　技法2　　　根据上下文逻辑猜测词义
【典例6】　（2024 全国甲卷阅读B节选）Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit， but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators（食肉动物）. Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it’s been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it！
Q：Which best explains the phrase “take... up a notch” in paragraph 3？
A. Perform appropriately.
B. Move faster.
C. Act strangely.
D. Do better.
［解题思路］　根据转折连词but可知，前半句和后半句构成转折关系。画线处前半 句强调狗以其令人钦佩的取物习惯而闻名；选段倒数第三句表明猫会带来捡到的物品 向主人表达爱意。结合前后文语境及前后文之间的转折关系可推测，画线处表明猫的 取物能力更强。
［自主解答］ D
2.对比关系
　　有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或会出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。
【典例7】　（2024 新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D节选）Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives， we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future， and this is where AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution（变革）.
　　In the wrong hands， such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code（代码） that powers AI but， thankfully， Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic， making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which， by the close， will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
Q：What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean？
A. If read by someone poorly educated.
B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent.
D. If translated by someone unacademic.
［解题思路］　画线部分后强调坎贝尔的专业经验和能力。由此可推测，画线短语指 如果换一个能力不如坎贝尔的人来写这本书。
［自主解答］ C
3.类比关系
　　作为推理方法，类比关系是指各对象之间存在相似性（共同特征），它通过比较
不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的
信号词（短语）有similarly， like， also， just as， as well等。
【典例8】　（2023 全国乙卷阅读D节选）In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides， there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted， especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino， the Australian Aboriginals， the African people of Benin and the Incas， all of whom appear in this book， can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made： a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact（联系） between literate and non-literate societies such as these， all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted， only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation， we have to read not just the texts， but the objects.
Q：What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to？
A. Problem. B. History.
C. Voice. D. Society.
［解题思路］　根据选段中的“a history told through things gives them back a voice （实物能还原历史事实）”和“all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted， only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation， we have to read not just the texts， but the objects.”可知，我们掌握的一手文字描述不可避免地会 存在不实，它仅呈现了部分历史的状况。如果我们要发现历史的另一方面，就不仅要 阅读文字而且要研究历史遗留的物件。由此可推断，此处conversation是一个比喻，实 际指的是“历史”。
［自主解答］ B
4.递进关系
　　递进关系是指后一句须以前一句为基点，并在程度或范围上比前一句有更进一层
的语义关系。递进前后的内容表达的意思相近、感彩一致，但递进词后的内容往
往比其前的内容在程度上更重要，即“前轻后重，倾向一致，语义相近”。学生可根
据递进关系的这一特点，结合前后文语境，推测画线词应与其前后的感彩、倾向
保持一致。
【典例9】　（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C节选）When reading texts of several hundred words or more， learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen.
A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
Q：What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean？
A. Seem unlikely to last.
B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use.
D. Become easy to notice.
［解题思路］　选段第一、二句说明在阅读较长文本时，纸质阅读比屏幕阅读的学习 效果更好，且有大量研究证实了这一发现。结合前后文语境，画线处前后形成递进关 系，应进一步强调纸质阅读的好处。结合此逻辑关系代入分析四个选项，A项“似乎 不可能持久”、B项“似乎难以解释”、C项“变得随时可用”均与前文意思不一 致，D项“变得容易引起注意”能表明纸质阅读的好处。
［自主解答］　D
　　英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌 握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。
【典例10】　（2025 安徽合肥5月最后一卷节选）Climate change poses a terrible threat to humanity， and politicians aren’t doing enough to find solutions， protest organizers wrote on the Global Climate Strike website. Greenhouse gas emissions（排放） are a primary driver of global warming， but leaders have been irresolute about abandoning fossil fuels， even as global temperatures continue to climb.
Q：What does the underlined word “irresolute” in paragraph 2 probably mean？
A. Hesitant. B. Concerned.
C. Decisive. D. Thoughtful.
　技法3　　　根据构词法猜测词义
［解题思路］　画线词所在句表示“温室气体排放是全球变暖的主要驱动因素，但尽 管全球气温持续攀升，各国领导人仍对放弃化石燃料irresolute”。我们可以利用构词 法猜词，irresolute由“否定前缀ir－＋resolute”构成，而resolute和resolution（n. 坚 定；坚决）是同根词，由此可以推测出resolute的词义为“坚定的；坚决的”，画线 词irresolute的词义是“不坚定的；不坚决的”，即“犹豫的”。将其代入原文验证 （尽管全球气温持续攀升，各国领导人仍对放弃化石燃料犹豫不决），符合语境。A 项与画线词意思接近。
［自主解答］　A
　　有时学生可结合常识或背景知识，根据上下文猜测词义。
【典例11】　（2023 全国甲卷阅读B节选）Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY （do-it-yourself）. Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture， she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
　　She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six， Terri， now 26， accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money.
Q：Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1？
　技法4　　　根据常识或背景知识猜测词义
A. An artist. B. A winner.
C. A specialist. D. A pioneer.
［解题思路］　根据画线词所在句后一句“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture， she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.”可知， 泰瑞 博尔顿很擅长搭建架子和拼装家具，自己能做的事情绝不会花钱雇人完成。由 此可推断，她应该是一个DIY高手。A项“艺术家”、B项“获胜者”、C项“专 家”、D项“先驱”中，“专家”的意思最接近“a dab hand”的本义。
［自主解答］　C
　　在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句等，其对相关内容的 解释说明、补充限定功能，可成为推测生词词义的语法线索。
　技法5　　　根据语法知识猜测词义
【典例12】　In their study， published in Nature Communications， scientists investigated two types of non-brain human cells in a laboratory setting. These cells were exposed to various chemical signals， similar to how brain cells respond to neurotransmitters（神经递质） during learning. In response， the non-brain cells activated a “memory gene”—the same gene that brain cells use for detecting patterns and restructuring their connections to form memories. To monitor this process， the researchers engineered the cells to produce a fluorescent protein， allowing them to track when the memory gene was turned on or off.
Q：What does the underlined phrase “fluorescent protein” refer to？
A. A neurotransmitter produced by brain cells.
B. A type of chemical signal released by cells.
C. A protein found only in brain-related research.
D. A substance that indicates active memory genes.
［解题思路］　定位画线短语与实验逻辑链：画线短语“fluorescent protein”是实验 设计的关键工具——为监测这一过程，研究人员对这些细胞进行基因改造，使其产生 一种 　　　　，从而能够追踪记忆基因何时开启或关闭。前文铺垫了实验背景：两种 非脑部人类细胞在化学信号刺激下会激活“记忆基因”，这个基因与脑细胞用于识别 模式并重构连接以形成记忆的基因相同。而“fluorescent protein”是“监测记忆基因 活动”的技术手段。解析语法结构中的功能说明：句中“allowing them to track when the memory gene was turned on or off”是现在分词短语作结果状语，直接解释 “fluorescent protein”的核心功能，即让研究者能够追踪记忆基因的开关状态。D项 （一种指示记忆基因处于活跃状态的物质）精准对应“track when the memory gene was turned on or off”的功能，符合“监测工具”的实验逻辑，符合题意。
［自主解答］　D
任务二　代词指代题
　　代词指代题旨在考查学生根据上下文猜测代词的指代意义的能力。代词（it， that， he， him等）可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有 时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要总结前文内容，才能明确代词所 指代的事物。
“就近原则”找指代
【典例】　（2025 全国Ⅱ卷阅读B节选）There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho’s class. She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools. Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments； they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids，” Ho says. “They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.”
Q：What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4？
A. Offering regular lessons.
B. Paying extra attention.
C. Assigning no schoolwork.
D. Showing no sympathy.
［解题思路］　根据画线词所在句上文中的“Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments； they express sympathy instead.”可知，一些教师出于对学生的同情，不 给他们布置任何作业；结合画线词所在句中的“it is a disservice to the kids”和下文 “They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.”可推知，Ho认为这种方 式对孩子而言是一种伤害，孩子会认为老师不关心自己的功课，因此it指代上文提到 的“不给学生布置作业”这一举动。
［自主解答］　C
任务三　句意猜测题
　　句意猜测题指猜测一个具有概括性的句子的意思，要求学生通过分析上下 文语境来理解句子表达的含义。学生可以在原文中定位画线句，分析其语法和 逻辑关系。首先要理解句子前后的语境，然后将句子的意思与语境相结合进行 推断，从而做出选择。
“意义吻合”定句意
【典例】　（2025 湖南省长沙市第一中学高考适应性演练）After the diagnosis（诊 断） of Chase’s disease， friends prepared Mary for the worst： He’d never be able to have a job， never learn to socialize， and never be independent. Like many autistic patients， the sight， smell， feel and taste of almost everything on Chase’s plate tipped him over the edge.
　　However， when he watched cooking shows with his grandfather， he became addicted to seeing people enjoy what they were eating and started asking to try some of the food on the shows. Two years later， he recorded the first episode（集） of “Chase N Yur Face” with the help of his mother， which they posted on social media. The show quickly caught the attention of autism groups. Chase started reaching out to chefs he admired by email to invite them to tape episodes with him.
Q：What does the underlined part in paragraph 3 mean？
A. Food was appealing to Chase.
B. Food on Chase’s plate tasted bad.
C. Chase had no appetite for most food.
D. Chase wanted to cook himself.
［解题思路］　根据画线句的句意（和许多自闭症患者一样，Chase盘子里几乎所有 东西从视觉、嗅觉、感觉和味道方面都让他不知所措。）及下一段中的“However， when he watched cooking shows... on the shows.（然而，当他和祖父一起看烹饪节目 时，他沉迷于看到人们享受他们正在吃的东西，并开始要求尝试节目中的一些食 物。）”可推知，画线句意为“Chase对大多数食物不感兴趣”。
［自主解答］　C
　　（2025 江西赣州摸底考试）Although I am 28 years old， the time when I feel profoundly 48 is when I get nostalgic（怀旧的） about days when people were able to go on holiday without being continually contacted， because the price of sending a text message was the same as that of a glass of wine. WhatsApp has changed that.
　　Unlike social media and email apps， which can be temporarily deleted， WhatsApp is the dominant method that we use to communicate with our loved ones. It is hard to switch off as a result of the constant flow of information. Deleting the app while on holiday even doesn’t feel like an option， when people use it to convey important information alongside everyday dross. And in any case， the problem isn’t the app itself， of course； it’s the fact that being available 24/7 means we have lost our sense of boundaries in terms of what to communicate and when.
　　“Just don’t reply. Big deal！” said a friend. Easier said than done！ Trying to create those boundaries can make you feel like a terrible person. It’s not just about self- imposed pressure， but about the subtext（潜台词） of what not replying says. Previously you could blame your silence on high phone network rates or a poor signal， but now a non-response suggests you don’t care.
　　I have tried a number of tactics to give myself space while on vacation. I turned off read receipts because being visibly online felt very exposed. Turning off notifications came shortly afterwards. On a trip to Greece， I trialed a voice notes and video notes ban. Recently I’ve even gently talked to friends about not sending me non-urgent messages.
　　It doesn’t matter whether we are leaving the country or holidaying at home. This precious period of quiet may be the closest thing we have to a break. Although we are getting better at knowing how to prioritize rest， there is still necessity for us to shape our environment to enable this. We also have to consider the role we play in helping our loved ones to recover and relax.
　　［语篇解读］　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了WhatsApp等即时通信工具 让人们在假期也难以摆脱信息干扰，强调人们在交流时应设定界限。
1. What does the author actually miss？
A. Traditional ways of communication.
B. The price of text messages in the past.
C. Holidays without constant communication.
D. Experiences of drinking wine with friends.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第一句中的“I get nostalgic（怀旧的） about days when people were able to go on holiday without being continually contacted”可知，作者 怀念的是没有持续交流的假期。故选C。
2. What is the subtext of not replying now according to the author？
A. Too much self-generated pressure.
B. The poor mobile signal in the area.
C. A sign of indifference or lack of concern.
D. High mobile phone communication costs.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Previously you could blame your silence on high phone network rates or a poor signal， but now a non-response suggests you don’t care.”可知，现在不回复意味着不在乎，即冷漠或缺乏关心。故选C。
3. What does the underlined word “tactics” in paragraph 4 probably mean？
A. Requests. B. Notices.
C. Reasons. D. Methods.
答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“I turned off read receipts” “Turning off notifications” “I trialed a voice notes and video notes ban”和“Recently I’ve even gently talked to friends about not sending me non-urgent messages.”可知，作者采取了关 闭读取回执、关闭通知、禁用语音消息和视频消息等具体行动，这些都是前文提到的 “give myself space while on vacation（假期给自己留空间）”的方法。据此可推知， tactics指作者采取的方法，与D项“Methods（方法）”意思相近。故选D。
4. What does the author try to convey through this text？
A. Be brave enough to say no to unreasonable requests.
B. We should have boundaries when messaging others.
C. It’s necessary for people to obey the social manners.
D. A suitable app makes a great difference to our break.
答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据文章结构可知，文章从作者在假期中受到通信打扰的困扰， 到阐述现在不回复信息的潜台词，再到作者采取策略并发出呼吁几个方面进行论述， 核心是强调人们交流时应设定界限。故选B。(共13张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块三　文体层面厚植素养　
第三讲　说明文
　　说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段， 具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，让读者了解信息。
【典例】（2023 浙江1月卷阅读D）
　　主题语境：人与自然——太阳能农场
　　According to the Solar Energy Industry Association， the number of solar panels installed（安装） has grown rapidly in the past decade， and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space， and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy， few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
　　Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible， so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often， they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities， especially in farming regions， see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
　　“Solar projects need to be good neighbors，” says Jordan Macknick， the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment （InSPIRE） project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development， which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators（传粉昆虫）.
　　Habitat loss， pesticide use， and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades， which has damaged the U. S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens， businesses， schools， cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
　　Over the past few years， many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators， resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape，” says Macknick.
　　 文体特点
信息量大，难词较多，句式复杂，理解起来难度较大。
32.What do solar developers often ignore？
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D. The most recent advances in solar technology.
33.What does InSPIRE aim to do？
A. Improve the productivity of local farms.
B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34.What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4？
A. To conserve pollinators.
B. To restrict solar development.
C. To diversify the economy.
D. To ensure the supply of energy.
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A. Pollinators： To Leave or to Stay
B. Solar Energy： Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE： A Leader in Agriculture
D. Solar Farms： A New Development
语篇图解
思路点拨
　　32. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them”和“especially in farming regions， see solar farms as destroyers of the soil”可知，开发者忽略了安装太阳能电池板对土壤的负面影响。故选B。
　　33. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to ‘low-impact’ solar development， which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land.”可知，InSPIRE的目标是使太阳能项目更加 环保。故选C。
　　
　　34. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use.”可知，这些法律的目的是保护传粉昆 虫的栖息地和限制杀虫剂的使用。故选A。
　　35. 标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了旧式太阳能农场给土壤造成了破坏，为了实现 太阳能开发与环境之间的平衡，环境友好型的新型太阳能农场正在开发。故选D。
考情分析
每套试卷均有一到两篇说明文。说明文中考查主旨大意题、词句猜测题、写作 意图题和观点态度题的频率较高。
读文策略
策略指导 技法解读
抓首尾段 首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主 题；尾段往往重申并强调主题。
梳理
文章结构 “整体叙述＋细节”或“过程说明＋概括评述”；“现象＋原因＋后果 /启示/措施”；“研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程”。
破解
长难句 结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。(共38张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
板块一　宏观层面内化于心　
第四讲　突破阅读理解障碍　智慧识辨正确选项
　　在高考英语语篇中，学生经常会碰到一些陌生的词汇，给阅读和理解造成障碍。 事实上，对于那些没必要精准猜测的生僻词汇，不知道其确切含义也不会影响对基本 句意的理解。关键在于，平时做题时，学生要训练对生僻词的容忍度和破解障碍词汇 技巧的运用。对于试题中出现的障碍生僻词，学生可用以下技法去破解。
　　在阅读过程中，如果发现很多以大写字母开头的生词或者一连串的斜体单词，学 生可以快速略过，只需判定生词是哪类事物即可，比如人名、地名、作品名（常用斜 体）、报刊名（常用斜体）、物种名、机构组织名等，无须弄明白其具体所指。这些 单词一般不会影响对文章大意的理解。
　技法1　　　特定词汇速略法
【典例】（2025 全国Ⅰ卷阅读A节选）This energy transition（变革） is global， and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing，” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke（某人） at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory（某机构）.
（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读A节选）Help restore and protect Marin’s（某地） natural areas from the Marin Headlands（某地） to Bolinas Ridge（某地）. We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive（侵入的） plant removal， winter planting， and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team（某组织） volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.
　　高考语篇中生词数量是有限制的，但对课标词汇的义项考查是没有限制的。有些 课标词汇本身有很多释义，学生对其基本常用义比较熟悉，而对它的衍生生僻义则可 能会很陌生，这就是熟词生义现象。此时就需要学生在日常学习词汇时，培养结合具 体的语境由词汇的基本义推测其衍生义的能力，这也是高考的重点考查方向之一。
典例 分析
（2025 全国Ⅰ卷阅读A节选）The fuels for transport need to be not just green， cheap and powerful， but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around. green熟义为“n.绿色；adj.绿色的”。 在此作形容词，但结合语境可知它不再 表示颜色。结合语境，此处修饰交通燃 料，从而推出此处green是“adj.环保 的”的意思。
　技法2　　　熟词生义语境法
典例 分析
（2025 全国Ⅰ卷阅读B节选）They could have written pages on the necessity of computers， but writing， in and of itself， simply didn’t strike them as important. This would have to change. strike熟义为“v.打击；撞击；罢工”。 结合语境可知，写作本身没让他们觉得 重要，从而推出此处strike是“v.给（某 人以……）印象；让（某人）觉得”的 意思。
典例 分析
（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C节选） Audio（音频） and video can feel more engaging than text， and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say， assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. say熟义为“v.说”。在此也用作动词，但结 合语境可知它不再表示“说”。上文提到音 频和视频比文本更吸引人，因此大学教师越 来越多地采用这些技术。后面的内容“布置 观看某人的在线讲座，而不是阅读其撰写的 文章”正是老师们采用音视频科技的具体做 法，从而推出此处say应是“v.比方说”的意 思。
　　阅读中遇到的长难单词，学生可以利用英语构词法去猜测破解。英语中常见的构 词法有三类：
　　（1）合成法：合成法是由两个或更多的词组合成一个词，有的用连字符“－” 连接，有的直接写在一起，有的以空格分隔。合成法构成的词称为复合词。常见的复 合词有复合名词、复合形容词、复合动词及复合副词。如：
　　复合名词：self-control（自制力），headteacher（校长），distance learning（远 程学习）
　　复合形容词：out-of-date（过时的），lifelong（终身的）
　　复合动词：outnumber（在数量上超过），safeguard（保护，捍卫）
　　复合副词：somewhere（在某处）
　技法3　　　长难词汇构词法
　　（2）转化法：把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法称作转化法。如：
　　名词→动词：benefit（n.益处→vt.使受益　vi.得益），demand（n.要求；需求 →vt.强烈要求，需要）
　　形容词→动词：better（adj.较好的→vt.超过，优于；改善），empty（adj.空的 →vt.倒空　vi.变空）
　　副词→动词：further（adv.更进一步→vt.促进）
　　（3）派生法：派生法是在词根前或后加上某个词缀，构成一个与原单词意义相 近或相反的新词。如：
　　加前缀：endanger， disadvantage， review， cooperate， misfortune
　　加后缀：absolutely， arrival， clarify， breathless， confidence， discussion， growth， excitement， effective
典例 分析
（2025 全国Ⅰ卷阅读B节选）For the next two assignments， a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop， I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre （体裁） and that it contain a thesis. person（个人）＋al（……的）＋ narrate（叙述）＋ive（……的） →personal-narrative adj.个人叙述 的
典例 分析
（2025 全国Ⅱ卷阅读B节选）Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments； they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids，” Ho says. “They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.” dis（表示相反）＋service （服务）→disservice n.帮倒 忙（或有害）的行为
（2025 全国Ⅱ卷阅读D节选）Each dish was tailor- made to raise awareness regarding food waste. tailor（裁缝）＋made（制作 的）→tailor-made adj.定制的
典例 分析
（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D节选）This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. observe（观测）＋ation＋al （……的）→observational adj. 观测的；根据观察的
（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D节选）These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye- catching features. eye（眼睛）＋catch（抓住）＋ ing→eye-catching adj.引人注目 的
　　如果在阅读中遇到纯粹的生词或生僻短语，学生可以借助上下文的逻辑关系猜测 词义，常见的方法有：利用定义、定语从句、同位语等猜测词义；借助对比、同义或 反义表达猜测词义；通过因果、转折关系猜测词义；根据所举的例子反推词义等。
　技法4　　　巧用逻辑判断全新障碍词
典例 分析
（2022 全国甲卷阅读D节选）“I’ll miss these old boats，” he said as we parted.
　　“How do you mean？” I asked.
　　“Oh， they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster， but they’re not so elegant， and they’re not fun to pilot...” 找准指代关系巧判意义：them指代上文的 “these old boats”，由replacing以及下文 的“they’re not fun to pilot”可知， catamaran将被用来取代旧船，所以它也表 示一种“船”。
　　阅读理解得分低，根本原因是学生看不懂文章，尤其是过长或者结构复杂的句 子。句子过长或者结构复杂通常是指该句除了主干之外还包含一些附加成分，如插入 语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等。下面是破解英语阅读 中长难句的四招法宝。
　　一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间 需要一些关联词来连接。学生如果找准这些关联词，就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑 关系。弄清楚主句的意义和各从句的意义，长句就容易理解了。要掌握此方法，学生 必须对英语中常见的关联词熟记于心。
　第一招　　　寻关联，辨逻辑
典例 分析
（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C 节选）However， psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories， they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. 提主 干 本句主干为“主谓宾”结构：“psychologists have demonstrated that...”。
寻关 联 关联词that引导宾语从句；从属连词when引导 时间状语从句；从属连词if引导条件状语从 句。
句意 然而，心理学家已经证明，当成年人在阅读新 闻报道时，他们记住的内容比听或看相同内容 时要多。
　　有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成的，而且这些搭配中常常出 现分隔现象。学生若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，就会对句意 的理解产生偏差。
　第二招　　　看搭配，防分隔
典例 分析
（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C节选）The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text. 提主干 句子主干为“主谓”结构：“The benefits shine through.”。
看搭配 防分隔 when引导的时间状语从句中含有固 定搭配from...to...；在该固定搭 配中分别做了举例说明，从而产生 了分隔现象。
句意 当实验者从提出简单任务（如识别阅读段落中的主旨）转向需要思维抽象的任务（如从文本中得出主旨）时，纸质阅读的好处尤为明显。
　　一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等 所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意 思，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。
　第三招　　　提主干，去枝叶
典例 分析
（2025 全国Ⅱ卷阅读B节 选）Most of Ho’s students will recover， which means that preparing them to return to school is an increasingly important component of care. 提主 干 本句主干为“主谓”结构：“Most of Ho’s students will recover.”。
去枝 叶 which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句 子；that引导的宾语从句作means的宾语； preparing them to return to school是动名词短语作主 语。
句意 何老师的大多数学生都会康复，这意味着为他们 重返校园做准备是护理中一个日益重要的组成部 分。
　　一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），学生可以根据 谓语动词来确定其主语。如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则 该句可能是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。
第四招　　　寻谓语，找主干
典例 分析
（2023 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读 C节选）You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them， and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. 寻谓 语 本句的谓语为：hear和learn。
找主 干 本句的主干为主从复合句；learn后有两个由what 引导的宾语从句；其中that引导定语从句，修饰先 行词traps。
句意 你将了解到这些参与者的故事，知悉哪些策略对 他们有效，以及他们遇到了哪些你应当避开的陷 阱。
　　1. 同义转述
　　在阅读理解题目中，命题人有时会将文中的一个或多个信息换一种方式表达出 来，即同义转述。同义转述可能出现在题干中，也可能出现在选项中，和原文在意义 上的呼应方式也是多种多样的，如通过同义词、反义词、近义词或派生词等。借助 “同义转述”的照应或暗示，学生可以快速锁定答案。
项目1　　　正确选项“3特征”
【典例1】　（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C节选）Audio（音频） and video can feel more engaging than text， and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies— say， assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.
Q：Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers？
A. They can hold students’ attention.
［分析］　A项中的“hold students’ attention”是文中“engaging”的同义转述。
　　2.逻辑推断
　　阅读理解语篇通常具有清晰的逻辑线索，解题时可通过分析句内、句际、段内、 段落与语篇主题之间的逻辑关系快速锁定答案。学生要特别关注连接标志词，研读照 应与替代，探究省略和词汇衔接，通过推理、判断来梳理篇章结构，解读文本。
【典例2】　（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D节选）... “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens（标本）， and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change， I wanted to know： Are they usable？”
　　Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants， insects， birds， and animals， Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
Q：What does Daru’s study focus on？
C. Observational data.
［分析］　
　　3.整合概括
　　高考阅读理解不仅考查学生提取文本中表层信息（文本中直接陈述的事实与观 点）的能力，同时也会考查学生的深层理解能力，要求学生理解散落在文本各处的信 息点并进行归纳整理，从而得出文章的深层含义。因此，一些题目的正确项就是对文 中碎片信息的整合与概括。
【典例3】　（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D节选）“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias（使有偏差） data， like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.
　　Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover， these data are biased and favor certain regions， time periods， and species...
Q：What has led to the biases according to the study？
C. Improper way of sampling.
［分析］　根据选段第一段中的“... like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it”可知，不同物种被 拍照记录的可能性不同；根据选段第二段中的“Moreover，these data are biased and favor certain regions， time periods， and species”可知，收集生物数据的人偏爱某些 采样区域、时段以及物种。由此可以归纳概括出：不当的采样方式会导致收集到的数 据有偏差。
　　1. 偷梁换柱
　　这一套路考验学生的阅读专注度和理解准确度。在设置干扰项时，命题人常把一 句话的部分内容进行同义或近义转述，另一部分进行概念偷换，干扰项内容看似与原 文差不多，实则含义相差甚远。学生若没有仔细阅读、分析，就会做出错误的理解和 判断。
　项目2　　　干扰选项“4套路”
【典例4】　（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D节选）Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area， a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
Q：What do we know about the records of species collected now？
干扰项：C. They are limited in number.
［分析］　文中in the number指的是一个地区的物种数量，说明的是现有的观 测数据在探测这些数量变化方面是有用的，并未提及观测数据的数量问题。C项 属于偷换概念。
　　2.无中生有
　　命题人常把干扰项设置成与问题无关的内容，或是原文信息的某一个词，或是根 本没有提到的内容，或是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，或是名言警句、真理 等，这些内容可能本身是正确的，但与文章内容不相符或与问题无关。学生只关注其 在实际生活中的正确性，却往往忽略了其与文本和问题实际上的关联及作者的真实意 图。命题人借此来考查学生的应用能力。
【典例5】　（2024 全国甲卷阅读A节选）Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual celebration of the Harvard community’s artistic creativity. We invite you to join us for the coming ARTS FIRST. We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances， art exhibitions and art-making activities.
Q：What do we know about ARTS FIRST？
干扰项：A. It is an exhibition of oil paintings.
B. It offers art courses for all ages.
［分析］　由于原文信息中出现了art exhibitions和art-making activities，命题人就把 exhibition与oil paintings联系在一起，把art与courses联系在一起，但是原文是说“艺术 展览和艺术创作活动”，A、B两项属于无中生有。
　　3.曲解文义
　　曲解文义通常有两种形式：一是通过其中某个词的形近词、派生词或多义词的其 他义项等转述原文信息，如用trouble me替换in trouble，用dangerous替换in danger，用 trustworthy替换trust等；二是丢掉重要的修饰词或限定词等，导致语义改变。由于此 类干扰项和原文有较高相似度，学生很可能掉以轻心，从而误选，这就是我们常说的 “差之毫厘，谬以千里”。
【典例6】　（2024 新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C节选）Also， there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated， it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil， the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest， users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod（容器） to get the next growth cycle started.
Q：What information does the convenient app offer？
干扰项：D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
［分析］　选项中的pre-seeded pods与文中的信息是一致的，但是忽略了原文中的 “users simply replace the plants with”，是用户直接用提前育种的容器替换，而不是 该应用程序提供提前育种的容器的可用性信息，所以曲解了文义。
　　4.颠倒是非
　　颠倒是非是基于原文信息得出错误的、偏离或有悖于原文的结论，命题人据此设 置干扰项，干扰学生思考。
【典例7】　（2024 浙江1月卷阅读C节选）Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts， no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence， private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
Q：What can we infer from the last paragraph？
干扰项：B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
［分析］　原文最后一句信息是“私人气候工程可以在相对合法安全的情况下进 行”，而B项“在加拿大，私人气候工程是非法的”就是颠倒是非，推理错误；原文 第一句信息是“没有人成功地打赢了对人工播云公司的诉讼”，而C项“对人工播云 的质疑已经消失”也是颠倒是非，推理错误。

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