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(共42张PPT)
Unit 3 Getting along with others
Grammar and usage
Note 1:定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
his desk Tom’s father
a beautiful city three teachers
women teachers in the room above
a developing country
a developed country
There is nothing to do today.
an article about how to learn English
a city which is beautiful
物主代词
形容词
名词
现在分词
过去分词
不定式
介词短语
从句
名词所有格
数词
副词
What is attributive（定语）？
定义：“定”语相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，常译为“的”
Guidance and exploration
1.定语
形容词
名词
介词短语
非谓语动词
从句
(定语从句）
She is a beautiful girl.
Amy is a woman teacher.
The girl in red is my sister.
I have something to say.
The boy making face is my son.
Japan is a developed country.
I like people who smiles a lot.
形式
位置
单个单词-前置；句子、短语-后置
2.定语从句
定义
结构
定语从句
关系词
修饰名词或代词的句子
先行词
关系词
被修饰的名词或代词
引导定语从句的连词
关系代词
关系副词
who whom that which whose as
when where why
eg. Harry Porter is a boy who has magic power.
This is a book.I bought yesterday.a bookthatThis is the book that I bought yesterday.This isthe bookthatI bought yesterday.关系词的作用连接主句和从句代替先行词在定语从句中充当句子作用成分定语从句所缺句子成分主语宾语状语关系词关系代词(that,who,whom,which,whose)关系副词(when,where,why)定语I am confident that all of us have the potential to go to university.
Maybe you have a habit which is driving your family crazy.
You couldn’t understand people who talked fast.
He has a friend whose face is filled with spots .
Quick judge
√
√
√
×
The novel whose title is Red and Black is very interesting.
Posts should not give out personal Information and they should not include advertisements.
The news that he told me is true.
The news that he has passed the math exam is true.
Quick judgement
√
√
×
×
Below is a magazine article on friendship in the modern age. Find the sentences with restrictive relative clauses in the article and fill in the box below. The first one has been done for you.
Part A
A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on. A real friend is someone who sees our true self, not just the face that we show to the world.Yet these days,the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship. We may be able to make many friends online, but these friendships can be quite shallow.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love. Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting."Sharing" our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us. “Liking" our friends' photos online does not develop the connection which we share. To make friends a real part of our lives, we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.
A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
A real friend is someone who sees our true self, not just the face that we show to the world.
Yet these days, the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.
Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.
“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express
the values which matter most to us.
7. “Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we share.
Rules
The most frequently used relative pronouns include who, whom, which, that, whose.
We use ______ for things, and _______ and whom for people. We can use ______ for both things and people. We use _______ to show possession.
The relative pronouns(关系代词), who, whom, which, that, often act as a component in clauses.
which
who
that
whose
关系代词 指代的先行词 充当从句的成分
who
whom
which
that
whose
人
主、宾
人
宾
物
主、宾
人，物
主、宾、表
人，物
定
Exploring the rules.
当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，可以______
省略
Relative pronouns
常见的关系代词有
who, whom, which, that, whose
The boy who broke the window is Tom.
He is the man (who) we are waiting for.
who指人，充当从句主语和宾语,（作宾语可省略）
宾语
主语
who
1. The boys are playing football are from Class One.
2. 将两句合并成一句
Do you know the girl
The girl is standing under the tree.
A: Do you know the girl who is standing under the tree
Practice
who
This is the teacher (whom) we like best.
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.
whom指人，只充当从句宾语（可省略）
宾语
宾语
whom
1. The man you met just now is my friend.
2. 将两句合并成一句
They are my friends.
I value my friends very much.
A: They are my friends (who/whom) I value very much.
Practice
(who/whom)
He is reading a book which is too difficult for him.
This is a reason (which) we must not forget.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from
which指物，作主语或宾语（作宾语可省略）
主语
宾语
宾语
which
1. Football is a game is liked by most boys.
足球是一项为大多数男生所喜欢的运动。
2. This is the pen he bought yesterday.
这是他昨天买的笔。
3. He talked about the schools _____he had visited.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
Practice
which
(which)
A plane is a machine that can fly.
The school (that) he once studied in is very famous.
He is the man (that) I told you about.
The man that met us yesterday is having breakfast.
that 指人或物，作主语或宾语（作宾语可省略）
主语
宾语
宾语
主语
that
1. 判断正误
The people come to visit the city are all here.
Where is the man that I saw this morning
Did you see the computer whom I bought yesterday
Practice
F
F
T
The girl whose hair is golden is Amy.
This is the book whose cover is blue.
whose指人或物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词，表示先行词与whose后的名词为所属关系
指人：whose+n.=of whom+the+n.
指物：whose+n.=of which+the+n.
定语
Whose
定语
1. The girl whose hair is golden is Amy.
=The girl is golden is Amy.
2. This is the book whose cover is blue.
This is the book is blue.
whose
of whom the hair
of which the cover
The classroom door is broken will soon be repaired.
He has a friend father is a doctor.
Practice
whose
whose
三、定从与并列句
1) I saw some trees, and the leaves of them were rather green.
2) I saw some trees, the leaves of which were rather green.
是否有连词是区分定语从句和并列句的关键
四、只用that的情况
Tom is the cleverest boy that I have ever known.
This is the first play that I have seen since I came here.
①序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时
I’ve read all the books that you lend me.
②先行词被every, some, no, all, any, little, much等修饰时
③everything, something, nothing, all, anything, 等不定代词作先行词时
Everything that we saw in this film was true.
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday
④先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。
This is the very book that belongs to him.
⑤主句已有who或which时
I’ve never heard of the people and things that you
talked about just now.
⑥当先行词同时指人和物时
1. This is the school in _______ you will study.
3. Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library, ______ was newly open to us.
五、只用which
关系词前面有介词，而且先行词是物
时，只能用which.
非限制性定语从句，用which.
which
which
A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
Social media like blogs has come between us and
the friends whom we love.
“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.
主语
定语
宾语
主语
说一说：关系代词在从句中作什么成分？
Three stages
找出先行词
分析先行词在定语
从句中的成分
确定关系词
练一练：用适当的关系代词填空
Jack is the boy you should care about.
(2)The number of viewers come to visit the city reaches one million every year.
(3)The gold medal he won has been given to her old
school.
(4)This is the scientist name is known all over the country.
who/whom/that
that/who
which /that
whose
技巧：1. 确定定语从句 2.看先行词是指人还是指物
3. 确定先行词在定语从句中做的成分 4. 确定关系代词
1. Common interests provide rich ground.
Many friendships grow from rich ground.
Common interests provide rich ground ________________________________.
which
from which many friendships grow
2. When friend’s communication is warm and open, friendships grow best.
Friendships grow best between friends __________________________________.
friend’s communication = whose communication
whose communication is warm and open
Applying Rules
3. Friendships are like flowers.
These flowers need to be taken good care of.
Friendships are like flowers ____________________________________.
which/that
which/that need to be taken good care of
4. A relationship with a true friend will surely produce fruit.
You can count on a true friend.
A relationship with a true friend ______________________________will surely produce fruit.
whom/who/that you can count on
whom/who/that
Applying Rules
5. You have been helped by others.
To make friends, you should help others in the same way.
To make friends, you should help others the way __________________________________________.
in which/that you have been helped by others
Applying Rules
In Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the friendship (1) forms between Huck Finn and Jim is an important theme of the book, though the appear to be an unlikely pair. Huck is a poor white boy (2) father often beats him, while Jim is a black slave (3) longs to be free.
The passage below is about friendship in a great plete the passage with correct relative pronouns where necessary.
which / that
whose
who / that
One day, Huck runs away from home to an island. There he meets Jim and makes friends with him. Then they leave the island together on a raft (4) they find on the Mississippi River. They head north to Illinois, a state in
(5) Jim can become free. The high point of the story comes when Huck is faced with the decision of whether to hand Jim over to some slave catchers. In the end, Huck decides that Jim is a friend(6)_______ he needs and values, and refuses to give him up. From this story we can see that friends are people (7) support you through thick and thin.
which / that
which
who / that
who / that
(which/that)
whose
who/that
which/that
whose
(which/that)
(that)
who/that
(who/whom/that)
(in which/that)

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