Unit 3 Growing up 词汇讲义2025-2026学年人教版英语八年级下册

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Unit 3 Growing up 词汇讲义2025-2026学年人教版英语八年级下册

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八年级下册 Unit 3 Growing up 成长 动词的过去分词的形成方式(和过去式的形成方式类似,有规则和不规则之分) 1.动词原形+ed, 例: 中文意思 原形 过去式 过去分词 问 ask asked asked /ɑ skt/ 2.动词词尾的字母是e时,只加d, 例: 居住,生活 live lived lived /l vd/ 3.词尾是“辅音+y"时,先把y改成i,再加ed,例: 赶紧 hurry hurried hurried / h rid/ 4.重读单音节动词,词尾是"元辅”,先重复该辅音字母,再加ed, 例: 停止 stop stopped stopped /st pt/ 动词的过去分词的词尾ed的发音方式参照过去式的词尾ed发音方式。 有些动词不按照一定的规则变化,叫做不规则动词, 请熟记常用不规则动词的变化。 动词的过去分词常用于被动语态(be+过去分词)和完成时(have/has/had +过去分词) 被动语态:在一个句子中,当主语是动作的执行者时,这个句子叫主动句。如果把动作的承受者(宾语)变成主语,这个句子就是被动句。请比较: He cooks breakfast.(他做早饭)。——主语是他,是主动句。 Breakfast is cooked by him. 早饭是他做的。——主语是早饭,是被动句。 被动句的主语是从主动句的宾语变来的,所以只有用及物动词的过去分词才能形成被动态。原来主动句的主语在被动句中变成介词by的宾语,形成介词短语。一般情况下,这个介词短语可以省略。汉语中用来表示被动的“被”、“受”、“由”等字有时是可以省略的,但英语必须用被动句来表示。例:汉语讲“饭做好了。” 英语要讲成“饭被做好了。Dinner is done.” 被动语态的形成方式:be+及物动词的过去分词。这里的be是助动词,帮助动词形成被动语态。 请比较目前4种基本时态的被动式: 一般现在时:is / am / are + 过去分词, 例: The work is done. (工作做好了。) 现在进行时:is / am / are + being + 过去分词, 例: The work is being done. (工作正在进行。) 一般将来时:shall / will + be + 过去分词, 例: The work will be done. (工作将会被做好。) 一般过去时:was / were + 过去分词, 例: The work was done two days ago. (工作两天前做好的。) 被动语态的用法 当不知道动作的执行者是谁的时候,或没有必要知道动作的执行者是谁的时候。例: The door was opened just now.(刚才门打开了。)——不知道是谁打开的。 当有必要强调动作的承受者时,例: The tiger was killed by him. (老虎被他杀死了。)——强调老虎。 当动作执行者不是人时,例: The whole village was washed away by the flood. (整个村庄被洪水冲走了)——执行者是洪水。 表示客观的说明,用It is +过去分词句式,例: It’s said that Lucy had gone abroad. (据说露西已经出国了。) 类似的还有:It’s reported that...(据报道……);It’s believed that...(大家都相信……) 注意“be+过去分词”不一定是被动语态,有时候它用来表示一种状态,过去分词相当于一个形容词。请比较: The book is well written. (这本书写得不错。)——表示状态 The book is written by him. (这本书是他写的。)——表示被动 带情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+过去分词。例: He can do it well. (他能把这件事做好。) It can be done well by him.(他能把这件事做好。) 被动式的否定句与疑问句 This watch isn’t made in China. (这块手表不是中国制造的。) Was the bike broken by you (这辆自行车是你弄坏的吗?) 【练】 The Smiths invited Tom to the party.(改被动句) It will solve the problem. (改被动句) ________________________________________ _________________________________ 【把上面的句子改成一般疑问句】 ________________________________________ _________________________________ 【作肯定回答和否定回答】 ________________________________________ _________________________________ People plant millions of trees every year. The workers are building a new hospital. ________________________________________ _________________________________ 【把上面的句子改成一般疑问句】 ________________________________________ _________________________________ 【作肯定回答和否定回答】 ________________________________________ _________________________________
deal with 处理;对付
emotion / m n/ n. 情感;情绪 emotional adj. 情绪的;情感的 emo·tion
How do we deal with our emotions 我们如何应对自己的情绪?
upset / p set/ adj. 难过的;沮丧的 up·set be upset about sth. 为某事不安 make sb. upset 让某人心烦意乱 get upset 感到不安
What makes you upset 是什么让你心烦意乱?
Peter felt upset after his fight with Harry. 彼得和哈利吵架后感到心烦意乱。
I was very upset, and I was afraid to tell my dad about it too. 我很沮丧,也不敢告诉爸爸这件事。
lonely / l nli/ adj. 孤独的;寂寞的 alone adv. 单独地;独自地 lone·ly
shocked / kt/ adj. 震惊的 shock n. 休克;震惊v.使...震惊 shocking adj. 令人震惊的
alone / l n/ adv. 独自;单独 lonely adj. 孤独的;寂寞的 a·lone
control /k n tr l/ v. & n. 控制 con·trol
anger / ɡ (r)/ n. 怒火 angry adj. 生气的 control someone’s anger 控制某人的愤怒
He couldn’t control his anger when he talked to Harry. 他跟哈利说话时无法控制自己的愤怒。
advise / d va z/ v. 建议;劝告 advice n. 建议;劝告 ad·vise advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
Ella advised Peter to call Harry. 埃拉建议彼得给哈利打电话。
hurtful / h tfl/ adj. 伤感情的 hurt v. 伤害 n. 心灵创伤 hurt·ful say hurtful things to sb. 对某人说伤人的话
Peter said hurtful things to Harry. 彼得对哈利说了伤人的话。
in future 今后;从今以后
I’ll be more careful in future. 我以后会更加小心。
forgive /f ɡ v/ v. 原谅;宽恕(过去式:forgave /f ɡe v/,过去分词:forgiven /f ɡ vn/) forgiveness n. 宽恕;宽仁之心 for·give forgive and forget 不念旧恶;既往不咎
I forgive you. 我原谅你。
fault /f lt/ n. 过错;责任 faulty adj. 有缺点的;有错误的 in fault 有过错的
It was my fault. = I am in fault. 这是我的错。
clear the air 尽释前嫌
Harry also felt sorry about the fight and wanted to say sorry to Peter so that they could clear the air. 【注】so that they could clear the air 是表示目的的状语从句,so that 表示“以便”,“这样” 哈利也为这场争吵感到难过,想跟彼得道歉,这样他们就可以消除误会了。
present / preznt/ n. 礼物 pre·sent
Peter told Harry the guitar was a birthday present from his grandfather and it meant a lot to him. 彼得告诉哈利,这把吉他是他祖父送给他的生日礼物,对他来说意义重大。
standard / st nd d/ n. & adj. 标准;水平;标准的 stand·ard have high standards 有很高的标准
My parents have very high standards. 我父母的标准非常高。
award / w d/ n. 奖;奖品 a·ward win awards 获奖
She gets better grades, plays the piano well and often wins awards. 她成绩好,钢琴弹得好,经常获奖。
get across 解释清楚;传达 get your message across 传达你的信息
clearly / kl li/ adv. 清楚地 clear adj. 清楚的 clear·ly
How about writing them a letter so that you can get your message across clearly 给他们写封信怎么样?这样你可以把你的想法清楚地传达给他们。
pressure / pre (r)/ n. 压力 press v. 按;压 press·ure feel pressure 感到压力 under pressure 在压力下
I’m feeling a lot of pressure. 我感到压力很大。
purpose / p p s/ n. 目的;意图 purposeful adj. 目的明确的;有目的的 pur·pose
on purpose 故意;有意地
Although people might hurt you sometimes, it doesn’t always mean that they did it on purpose. 虽然人们有时可能会伤害你,但这并不总是意味着他们是故意的。
reduce by half 减少一半
Talk to your loved ones whenever you feel good or bad so that your joy will be doubled, and your problems will be reduced by half. 【注】 loved adj. 被爱的;珍爱的;loved ones 亲近的人 your joy will be doubled和your problems will be reduced by half 是被动句 无论心情好坏,都要和亲近的人聊聊,这样你的快乐会加倍,烦恼则会减半。
apologize / p l d a z/ (=apologise) v. 道歉 apolo·gize apologize to sb. =________向某人道歉
Until you apologize, the other person might not want to talk to you. 除非你道歉,否则对方可能不想和你说话。
put oneself in sb's shoes 设身处地;处于某人的境地
You won’t understand why she got upset until you put yourself in her shoes. 除非你设身处地为她着想,否则你不会理解她为什么生气。
shut / t/ v. 关闭;合上;住嘴(过去式/过去分词:shut, shut)
shut sb./sth. away 把……关(藏)起来;隔离
Next, share your problems with someone you trust instead of shutting yourself away. 接下来,把你的问题告诉你信任的人,而不是把自己封闭起来。
lastly / lɑ stli/ adv. 最后 last·ly
Lastly, remember to take care of yourself. 最后,记得照顾好自己。
plenty / plenti/ pron. 充足;丰富;大量
plenty of 充足;大量
You should eat healthy food, get plenty of sleep, and exercise so that you’ll reduce stress. 你应该吃健康的食物,保证充足的睡眠,锻炼身体,这样你才能减轻压力。
feel blue 感到忧郁的
Are you still feeling blue about Saturday night’s game 你仍然对周六晚上的比赛感到沮丧吗?
be on top of the world 欢天喜地 feel on top of the world 感觉身处世界之巅;感觉非常幸福 【反】feel blue 感到忧郁
be all smiles 笑容满面 【反】have/pull a long face 闷闷不乐
low /l / adj. 沮丧的;低的 【反】high adj. 高涨的;高的
in low spirits 情绪低落;精神不振 【反】in high spirits 情绪高涨
ring /r / v. 发出铃声(过去式:rang /r /,过去分词:rung /r /)
enter / ent (r)/ v. 进入 entrance n. 入口
entry n.(日记的)一则;条目;记录
When the bell rang, Matt entered the classroom with a heavy heart. 【注】with a heavy heart心情沉重地 【反】with a light heart 心情愉快地;无忧无虑地 铃响时,马特心情沉重地走进教室。
dare /de (r)/ v. & modal v. 敢于 dare to do sth. 敢做某事= ___________ truth or dare 真心话还是大冒险 How dare you! 你敢!胆子真大!
He didn’t dare to look at Tom as he spoke. 他说话时不敢看汤姆。
everybody / evrib di/ pron. 每人;所有人 (单数概念)
let down 使失望 =_____________
I’m really sorry about letting everybody down. 我真的很抱歉让大家失望了。
be hard on 对…苛刻或过分严厉
Don’t be too hard on yourself. 不要对自己太苛刻。
player / ple (r)/ n. 运动员;选手
Although you pushed their player, it was just an accident. 虽然你推了他们的球员,但这只是一个意外。
referee / ref ri / n. 裁判 re·feree
Matt knew the referee didn’t share Tom’s opinion. 马特知道裁判不同意汤姆的意见。
take back 撤回;收回
He couldn’t take it back. 他无法收回。
decision /d s n/ n. 决定 decide v. 决定 de·cision make a decision 做决定
I guess we have to respect his decision. 我想我们必须尊重他的决定。
kick oneself (因干了蠢事等)自责或懊恼
I could just kick myself. 我只能自责。
look on the bright side 从好的方面想;抱乐观态度=______________
Try to look on the bright side. 试着往好的方面看。
score /sk (r)/ n. 得分;比分
The other team is the best in our area, but our scores were really close. 另一支球队是我们地区最好的,但我们的得分非常接近。
proud /pra d/ adj. 骄傲的;自豪的 pride n. 骄傲;自豪
proud of 为……感到骄傲
coach /k t / n. 教练
as well 也;又 【注】用于句尾,相当于too 【改同义句】We eat bamboo shoots too. _________________________________
I’m proud of us, and I know our coach and everyone else in our school are as well. 【注】our coach and everyone else in our school are as well 是简略句,完整的句子是our coach and everyone else in our school are proud of us as well 我为我们感到骄傲,而且我知道我们的教练和学校里的其他人也同样为我们骄傲。
bit /b t/ n. 有点儿;稍微
a bit 有点儿;稍微
Matt felt a bit better. 马特感觉好多了。
That gives you an opportunity to calm down and become a little less angry. 【注】 a little = a bit 都可以接比较级 give sb. an opportunity to do sth. 给某人机会做某事 calm down 冷静下来 这给了你一个机会冷静下来、变得没那么生气。
repeat /r pi t/ v. 重复 repetition n. 重复 re·peat
It’s more important to learn from your mistakes so that you don’t repeat them in future. 【注】 learn from your mistakes 从错误中吸取教训 更重要的是从错误中吸取教训,这样以后就不会再犯同样的错了。
pull together 齐心协力;通力合作
If we pull together, we should win next time. 如果我们齐心协力,下次应该能赢。
though / / conj. 虽然;尽管
even though 即使;虽然
Why did Tom feel proud of their team even though they lost 为什么即使他们输了,汤姆也为他们的球队感到骄傲?
solution /s lu n/ n. 解决办法;解决方案 solve v. 解决 so·lu·tion
joyful / d fl/ adj. 高兴的;令人愉快的 joyfully adv. 高兴地;喜悦地 joy n. 高兴;愉快 joy·ful
thankful / θ kf l/ adj. 感谢的;感激的 thankfully adv. 幸亏;高兴地;感激地 thank·ful
negative / neɡ t v/ adj. 否定的;消极的 negatively adv. 否定地;消极地 【反】positive adj. 肯定的;积极的 nega·tive
We should always try our best to control our anger instead of expressing it in negative ways. 我们应该始终尽力控制自己的愤怒,而不是用消极的方式去表达它。
bully / b li/ v. & n. 霸凌;恐吓;恶霸
We should say no to bullying. 我们应该对霸凌说“不”。
shout at sb. 冲某人喊叫
I’m sorry I shouted at you just now. I was just feeling stressed. 【注】feel stressed 感觉有压力 对不起,我刚才对你大喊大叫。当时我只是觉得压力很大。
from time to time 不时;偶尔 =____________
behave /b he v/ v. 表现;举止得体 behaviour n. 行为;举止 be·have
differently / d f r ntli/ adv. 不同地 different adj. 不同的 different·ly behave differently 表现不同
People can behave differently under stress. 【注】under stress 在压力下 人在压力下可能会有不同的表现。
physics / f z ks/ n. 物理;物理学 physical adj. 身体的;物理的 physicist / f z s st/ n. 物理学家 physician /f z n/ n. 内科医生 phys·ics fail physics 物理不及格
I’m really worried about failing physics. 我真的很担心物理不及格。
awake / we k/ adj. 醒着的 wake v. 醒;醒来 a·wake lie awake 清醒地躺着
Last night, I couldn’t get to sleep, and I lay awake most of the night. 【注】most of the night 大半个晚上 昨晚我睡不着,大半个晚上都醒着躺在床上。
normal / n ml/ adj. 正常的;普通的 normally adv. 正常地;通常地 norm·al
mad /m d/ adj. 发狂的;疯的 madness n. 疯狂 get mad 大动肝火 get mad at sb. 生某人的气 get mad about sth./sb. 痴迷某事或某人
It is normal to get mad at others from time to time. 偶尔生别人的气是正常的。
mean /mi n/ adj. 刻薄的;吝啬的 meanness n. 刻薄;卑鄙 say mean things to sb. 对某人说刻薄的话
When we’re mad, we might shout at other people or say mean things to them. 当我们生气的时候,可能会对别人大喊大叫,或者说一些伤人的话。
deep /di p/ adj. 深的;有……深的 depth n. 深度
take a deep breath 深呼吸
pass away 去世(委婉说法)=___________
You helped me a lot, especially after my grandmother passed away. 你帮了我很多,尤其是在我祖母去世后。
anybody / enib di/ pron. 任何人 any·body
I couldn’t talk about my feelings to anybody until you sat with me during lunch that day. 直到那天吃午饭时你陪我坐在一起,我才敢向别人倾诉自己的感受。
remain /r mi n/ v. 继续存在;保持不变 remaining adj. 剩余的 re·main remain in my mind 留在我的脑海里
That day will always remain in my mind. 那一天将永远留在我的脑海里。
not only ... but also ... 不但……而且…… 【注】这是一个并列连词结构,用于连接两个 对等的成分,强调but also后面的内容。 相当于both ...and... 但用法有些区别: not only...but also... 的谓语和but also后的主语一致,即就近原则; both ... and...的谓语按复数处理 【比较】 Both my sister and I are interested in history. = Not only my sister but also I am interested in history. =Not only my sister but I am interested in history as well. 【填】 _______ the teacher ______ the student likes this interesting story. ______ the teacher _______ the student like this interesting story. They will travel not only to Beijing but also ____ Shanghai this summer. She not only ______(sing) but also______(dance) beautifully at the party. 【用not only…but also…合并】 He likes reading. He enjoys playing football.(合并谓语) _________________________________ _________________________________ My sister is going to the party. I am going to the party.(合并主语) __________________________________________________________________ I like apples. I like bananas.(合并宾语) _________________________________________________________________ He is smart. He is hard-working.(合并表语) _________________________________________________________________ I spoke English slowly. I spoke English clearly.(合并状语) ________________________________
Thank you so much for being not only my teacher but also my friend. 非常感谢您不仅是我的老师,也是我的朋友。
Thompson / t mps n/ 专有名词 汤普森

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