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Unit 4动词不定式作宾语补足语
一、基本概念
动词宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的动作、状态或特征的成分，动词不定式（to do）作宾补时，能明确宾语的具体动作或目的，使句子语义更完整。
二、核心结构
基本句式为主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + to do（不定式），其中不定式用来补充说明宾语要做的事。
三、常见可接不定式作宾补的动词/短语
1. 表“命令、要求、希望”类
ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
例：The teacher asks us to finish homework on time.
tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事
例：My mom tells me to brush teeth before bed.
want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
例：He wants his sister to help him with math.
wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
例：I wish you to have a good trip.
require sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事（稍正式）
例：The school requires students to wear uniforms.
2. 表“允许、禁止”类
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
例：The manager allows workers to take a 15-minute break.
permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事（正式）
例：The library doesn’t permit readers to eat snacks.
forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事
例：Parents forbid their kid to play games for too long.
3. 表“邀请、建议、帮助”类
invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事
例：She invites me to go to the cinema this weekend.
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
例：The doctor advises him to exercise more.
help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事（to可省略）
例：I helped my grandma (to) carry the heavy bag.
4. 其他高频动词
expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某
例：We expect him to win the competition.
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
例：Teachers encourage students to ask questions in class.
warn sb. to do sth. 警告某人做某事
例：The policeman warned the driver to drive slowly.
四、特殊情况——省略to的不定式作宾补
以下动词后接宾补时，不定式需省略to，即动词 + 宾语 + do，可总结为口诀“一感二听三让四看半帮助”：
1. 一感：feel（感觉）
例：I feel the ground shake.
2. 二听：hear（听见）、listen to（听）
例：She heard the bell ring. / We listen to the teacher speak carefully.
3. 三让：let（让）、make（使）、have（使/让）
例：Let him go first. / The boss made workers work 10 hours a day.
4. 四看：see（看见）、watch（观看）、notice（注意到）、observe（观察）
例：I saw him enter the room. / They watched the stars shine at night.
5. 半帮助：help（帮助，to可省可不省，上文已提及）
注意：这类结构变为被动语态时，to必须还原。
例：主动：The teacher made her clean the classroom.
被动：She was made to clean the classroom by the teacher.
五、否定形式
不定式作宾补的否定结构为动词 + 宾语 + not to do sth.，直接在to前加not。
例：
1. The teacher tells us not to be late for class.
2. My parents ask me not to play with fire.
3. The doctor advises him not to eat junk food.
六、易混点区分
1. 不定式作宾补 vs 不定式作宾语
作宾补：谓语动词后先接宾语（人/物），再接不定式，不定式说明宾语的动作
例：He wants me to buy a book.（me是宾语，to buy a book补充说明me的动作）
作宾语：谓语动词后直接接不定式，无额外宾语
例：He wants to buy a book.（to buy a book直接作want的宾语）
2. 与现在分词作宾补的区别
不定式作宾补：表动作完整、一次性或未发生
例：I saw her cross the street.（看见她过马路的整个过程）
现在分词作宾补：表动作正在进行
例：I saw her crossing the street.（看见她正在过马路）
动词不定式作宾语补足语
易错点精讲及强化练习
1. 不定式否定形式的误用
易错表现：直接在动词原形前加not（如误写为tell sb. not do sth.），而非在to前加not。
正确规则：不定式作宾补的否定结构为动词+宾语+not to do，否定词not需置于to之前。
例句对比
错误：My parents ask me not stay up late.
正确：My parents ask me not to stay up late.
2. 省略to的不定式的固定场景混淆
易错表现：在“一感二听三让四看半帮助”类动词后加to，或在普通动词后省略to。
例句对比
错误：The teacher made us to clean the classroom.
正确：The teacher made us clean the classroom.
3. 被动语态中to的还原遗漏
易错表现：将“一感二听三让四看”类动词的主动句变被动时，忘记还原to。
正确规则：主动句中省略to的不定式作宾补，变为被动语态时，to必须还原，结构为主语+be+动词过去分词+to do。
例句对比
错误：He was seen enter the building.
正确：He was seen to enter the building.
4. 祈使句中不定式否定的混淆
易错表现：将“tell/ask”等开头的祈使句的宾补否定，误写为祈使句整体否定（如Don’t tell sb. to do）。
正确规则：宾补的否定只需在to前加not，整句否定才用Don’t开头，二者语义不同。
例句对比
混淆句：Don’t tell him to come early.（禁止你告诉他）
正确宾补否定：Tell him not to come early.（告诉他别早来）
二、强化练习题
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. The coach told the players ______ (not be) late for the training.
2. I felt the floor ______ (shake) when the earthquake happened.
3. The little boy was made ______ (apologize) for his mistake.
4. Mom helps me ______ (fold) the clothes every weekend.（to可省）
5. The police warned the tourists ______ (not walk) alone at night.
二、单项选择
1. We saw the old man ______ the street carefully just now.
A. cross B. to cross C. crossing D. crossed
2. She was heard ______ a beautiful song in the next room yesterday.
A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. sang
3. The teacher asks us ______ our homework on time.
A. finish B. to finish C. finishing D. finished
4. Let the children ______ games in the yard, it’s safe here.
A. play B. to play C. playing D. played
5. My parents don’t want me ______ too much time on computer games.
A. spend B. to spend C. spending D. spent
三、按要求改写句子
1. The boss made the workers work 10 hours a day.（改为被动语态）
2. She tells her brother to turn down the TV.（改为宾补否定句）
3. The teacher allows students to drink water in class.（改为否定句）
4. I heard her sing a folk song.（改为被动语态）
5. Ask him to bring the dictionary tomorrow.（改为宾补否定句）
动词不定式作宾语补足语专项练习题
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. The teacher asks us ______ (finish) our homework before 6 p.m.
2. My mother tells me ______ (not play) computer games for too long.
3. Let him ______ (help) you with your English, he is good at it.
4. The doctor advised her ______ (drink) more water every day.
5. I heard the girl ______ (sing) a song in the next room just now.
6. We expect them ______ (win) the basketball match this afternoon.
7. The boss made the workers ______ (work) 12 hours a day last month.
8. She invited her friends ______ (come) to her birthday party.
9. The policeman warned the driver ______ (not drive) after drinking.
10. I helped my grandma ______ (carry) the heavy basket yesterday.
二、单项选择
1. My parents want me ______ a doctor in the future.
A. be B. to be C. being D. was
2. The teacher made him ______ the blackboard again because of his mistake.
A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned
3. I saw Tom ______ into the classroom just now, but I didn’t see when he left.
A. go B. to go C. going D. gone
4. The headmaster forbids the students ______ snacks in the library.
A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. ate
5. She was heard ______ an English song in the music room yesterday.
A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. sang
三、按要求改写句子
1. The manager allows workers to take a 10-minute break.（改为否定句）
2. He wants his sister to help him with math.（对划线部分提问，划线部分为“to help him with math”）
3. The teacher made her clean the classroom.（改为被动语态）
4. My friend invited me to go to the park.（改为一般疑问句）
5. Tell him to come to the office at once.（改为否定句）
易错点精讲及强化练习答案
一、填空
1. not to be（考查不定式否定结构，not置于to前）
2. shake（feel属于“一感”类动词，后接原形作宾补）
3. to apologize（被动语态需还原to）
4. (to) fold（help后to可省可留）
5. not to walk（warn sb. not to do的固定结构）
二、单选
1. A（see属于“四看”类，主动句后接原形表完整动作）
2. B（被动语态中hear后需还原to）
3. B（ask sb. to do的固定搭配）
4. A（let后接原形作宾补）
5. B（want sb. to do的固定结构）
三、改写句子
1. The workers were made to work 10 hours a day by the boss.（被动还原to）
2. She tells her brother not to turn down the TV.（宾补否定直接在to前加not）
3. The teacher doesn’t allow students to drink water in class.（句子否定，宾补结构不变）
4. She was heard to sing a folk song by me.（被动还原to）
5. Ask him not to bring the dictionary tomorrow.（宾补否定加not to）
专项练习题答案
一、填空
1. to finish
2. not to play
3. help
4. to drink
5. sing
6. to win
7. work
8. to come
9. not to drive
10. (to) carry
二、单选
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. B
三、改写句子
1. The manager doesn’t allow workers to take a 10-minute break.
2. What does he want his sister to do
3. She was made to clean the classroom by the teacher.
4. Did your friend invite you to go to the park
5. Tell him not to come to the office at once.

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