资源简介 (共12张PPT)附:动词不规则变化清单第二部分 语法专题攻关1. AAA型(原形—原形—原形)原形 过去式 过去分词 中文cut cut cut 切,割cost cost cost 花费hit hit hit 撞,击hurt hurt hurt 伤害let let let 让put put put 放read read read 读set set set 安排2. ABA型(原形—过去式—原形)原形 过去式 过去分词 中文become became become 成为come came come 来run ran run 跑3. ABC型(原形—过去式—过去分词)(1)ow—ew—own原形 过去式 过去分词 中文blow blew blown 吹grow grew grown 生长know knew known 知道(2)i—a—u原形 过去式 过去分词 中文begin began begun 开始drink drank drunk 喝ring rang rung 打电话swim swam swum 游泳(3)原形—过去式—过去式+(e)n原形 过去式 过去分词 中文choose chose chosen 选择forget forgot forgotten 忘记wake woke woken 醒hide hid hidden(特殊) 躲藏(4)原形—过去式—原形+(e)n原形 过去式 过去分词 中文eat ate eaten 吃fall fell fallen 落下give gave given 给draw drew drawn 画4. ABB型(原形—过去式—过去式)原形 过去式 过去分词 中文bring brought brought 带来fight fought fought 打架think thought thought 思考catch caught caught 捉,抓teach taught taught 教feel felt felt 感到原形 过去式 过去分词 中文deal dealt dealt 处理mean meant meant 意思是build built built 建造hear heard heard 听见make made made 制造lay laid laid 放置原形 过去式 过去分词 中文lose lost lost 丢失pay paid paid 支付feed fed fed 喂find found found 发现hold held held 拥有,握meet met met 遇见win won won 赢5. 有两种形式原形 过去式 过去分词 中文burn burned burned 燃烧burnt burntdream dreamed dreamed 做梦dreamt dreamthang hanged hanged (被)绞死hung hung 悬挂原形 过去式 过去分词 中文lie lied lied 说谎lay lain 躺,放平smell smelled smelled 闻smelt smelt(共35张PPT)专题十 被动语态第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题十 被动语态 分析近5年甘肃各地区真题可知,对动词语态的考查主要集中在单项选择(省卷5年2考,兰州5年1考)、完形填空(兰州5年1考)和词汇考查(省卷5年3考,兰州5年3考)等题型中。被动语态的考查一般会和时态相结合,考生在做题时看到选项里面有被动语态,首先可以排除主动语态的选项,再根据题干判断是哪种时态的被动语态,具体判断方法见专题九动词的分类和时态。■考点一 语态概述动词有两种语态,它体现了主语和谓语的关系:主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者,或者说动作是由主语完成的,用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,或者说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。More and more people speak Chinese in the world.世界上越来越多的人讲汉语。(谓语动词speak的动作是由主语More andmore people来执行的)Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.世界上越来越多的人讲汉语。(主语Chinese是谓语动词speak的承受者)■考点二 被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异体现在助动词be的变化上,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。被动语态与主动语态的构成区别如下:时态 主动语态 被动语态一般现在时 do/does am/is/are+done一般过去时 did was/were+done一般将来时 will/be(am/is/are) going to+do will/be(am/is/are)going to+be+done现在完成时 have/has done have/has been+done情态动词 情态动词+do 情态动词+be+done时态 主动语态 被动语态现在进行时 am/is/are+doing am/is/are+being+done过去进行时 was/were+doing was/were+being+done过去完成时 had+done had+been+done【注意】被动语态的一般疑问句是将第一个助动词置于主语之前;否定句是在第一个助动词后加not;特殊疑问句的语序为“特殊疑问词(组)+一般疑问句”。The broken glass should not be thrown away.碎玻璃(杯)不应该(被)扔掉。■考点三 被动语态的用法1. 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。The flowers are watered every day.这些花每天都被浇水。2. 强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。The task will be finished in two months.这项任务将于两个月后完成。(强调任务)3. 当我们既要强调动作的承受者,又要强调动作的执行者时,可在句尾加by短语。The pen was used by my father.这支钢笔是我父亲使用过的。4. 在文章标题、广告、新闻等中常用省略助动词be的被动语态。Teachers Wanted.招教师。(广告用语,省略了are)Road Blocked.道路堵塞。(新闻消息,省略了is)5. 当动作的执行者不是人时,往往也用被动语态。Many houses were washed away by the flood.很多房子被洪水冲走了。6. 商务书信通常是以公司的名义写,多用被动语态。其次,发布通知等文件也用被动语态。Your email has been sent.你的电子邮件已发出。■考点四 主动语态变被动语态的方法1. 主动语态变成被动语态的步骤:(1)把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语;(2)把谓语动词变成被动结构(be+过去分词);(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格;(4)其他的成分(定语、状语)不变。(2)变成被动语态的新的主语要与谓语保持数的一致。She grows tea plants in the southeast.→Tea plants are grown by her in thesouthest.【注意】(1)主动、被动的时态要保持一致;2. 带双宾语的被动语态有些动词有两个宾语,用于被动语态时,一般把指“人”的间接宾语变为主语,直接宾语“物”仍然保留在谓语后面。My teacher gave me a storybook.→I was given a storybook by my teacher.如果将直接宾语“物”变为主语,间接宾语的前面通常要加上介词to或for。He gave me an apple. An apple was given to me by him.常见的能接双宾语的动词归纳如下:give, pass, show, lend,bring, send等,这些词与介词to搭配;buy, make, cook, draw等,这些词与介词for搭配。My father bought Mary a new watch. Mary was bought a new watch by myfather./A new watch was bought for Mary by my father.3. 除了单一的及物动词可以用于被动语态外,有些动词短语由动词加介词或副词构成,在主动语态变为被动语态时,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。They pointed to a tower happily.→ A tower was pointed to by themhappily.(point to是一个整体,不可分开或丢掉介词)4. 含that的宾语从句变为被动语态时,通常改为一些固定的句式结构,如表示“据说”或“相信”的词组等,基本是有believe,consider,expect,report, say, think等出现的宾语从句。It is said that...据说……It is reported that...据报道……It is believed that...大家相信……It is hoped that...大家希望……5. 不定式的被动结构动词不定式的被动语态为“to be+过去分词”。主动:You are to leave the bag here.被动:The bag is to be left here.(are to随新主语变为is to)■考点五 主动表示被动的几种情况1. 不及物动词与状语连用,用来表示主语的品质和状态。常见的动词有:cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。These books sell well.这些书卖得很好。Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不久。2. 一些连系动词的主动形式+形容词。常见的有:look, smell, taste,sound, feel等。The fish soup smells tasty.鱼汤闻起来很美味。3. 一些不定式在某些形容词之后,且与主语有动宾关系,用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。常见的形容词有:hard, difficult, easy, heavy,good, impossible等。形容词worth后直接加动名词时表被动。The book is worth reading.这本书值得阅读。■考点六 被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别含义不同 被动语态强调动作,强调主语和谓语的被动关系,重点说明动作由谁完成,怎样被完成;过去分词作表语通常来描写情景,叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态Students are moved by his speech.学生们被他的演讲感动了。(被动结构,强调动作的执行者)We all felt surprised at the news.我们都对这则新闻感到很吃惊。(系表结构,说明状态)用法不同 被动语态通常用much, so much, very much等来修饰;过去分词作表语可以用so, very, too等程度副词修饰,它主要是表示主语的特征或状态,时态多用一般现在时Lucy was so much shocked by his action.露西被他的这一行为搞得大吃一惊。(被动语态)Tony is very interested in swimming.托尼对游泳有极大的兴趣。(系表结构)■考点七 初中教材中与被动语态相关的短语1. be covered with被……覆盖be filled with被……装满2. be made of由……制作(能看出原材料)be made from由……制作(看不出原材料)be made in在(某地)制造be made by由(某人)制造3. be used for被用来……be used as被当作(作为)……来使用be used to do sth.被用来做某事■考点八 不可变为被动语态的几种情况1. “I teach myself English.”不可变为“Myself is taught English.”因为反身代词不可单独作主语。2. “We help each other.”不可变为“Each other is helped.”因为相互代词不作主语。3. “He lost heart.”不可变为“Heart was lost by him.”有一部分动宾结构的固定短语,如:lose heart, make a face等只能用于主动形式,不能用于被动形式。4. “She took part in the sports meeting.”不能变为“The sports meeting wastaken part in.”因为take part in, belong to, own, have, hate, fail等表状态的动词(短语)没有被动语态。【易混易错剖析】1. 一些在主动语态中不带to的不定式在变为被动语态结构时要加to。例1 Lucy is made watch a movie tonight.(改错)【答案】 watch→to watch【解析】 make在主动语态中的结构为“make sb. do sth.”,在被动语态中要加to。【误区警示】 有一些在主动语态中不带to的不定式在变为被动语态的结构后要加上to,常见的是使役动词和感官动词,如:make, let, have,see, hear, watch等。2. 有些连系动词加上形容词用主动语态表被动的意义。例2 This jacket is looked cool.(改错)【答案】 This jacket looks cool.【解析】 look意为“看起来”,是连系动词,其后跟形容词作表语,没有被动语态。【误区警示】 有一些连系动词加上形容词,用主动的形式表被动的意义。常见的连系动词有look, smell, taste, sound, feel等。除这些连系动词之外,还有部分不及物动词用主动的形式表被动的意义,用以表示主语的品质和状态,如:sell, write, cook, wash, keep, read等。精选真题1. (2024·临夏州)Many trees every year to protect the environment.A. plant B. are plantedC. were planted D. have plantedB ( D )2. (2021·省卷)Which of the following is RIGHT?A. He is used to live there.B. She is listening to music at 8 o’clock last night.C. I have borrowed the book from the library for two weeks.D. Kids under 18 are not allowed to drive.D3. (2025·省卷)Do you know when the car was (invent)?4. (2025·白银)人们认为,茶在六至七世纪传到了朝鲜和日本。that tea was brought to Korea and Japan during the 6thand 7th centuries.invented It’s believed 5. (2022·白银)The bees collect honey from the flowers.(改为被动语态)Honey from the flowers by the bees.6. (2021·天水)Finally, the police officer caught the thief.(改为被动语态)Finally, the thief by the police officer.is collected was caught 拓展提升1. Too much water in our daily life. Let’s take action to save it.A. wastes B. wastedC. is wasted D. will be wasted2. (2025·陇南三模)The students of Grade Nine how to deal with stressfrom study yesterday.A. taught B. should teachC. will be taught D. were taughtC D 3. Last month, an old people’s dining hall in our community.A. was built B. has builtC. will be built D. is built4. There are many problems to work out. This task today.A. may finishB. should finishC. may be finishedD. should be finishedA D 5. He has ordered a watch online for his father and it to him beforeFather’s Day.A. send B. will be sentC. was sent D. sent6. (2025·白银三模)—It is said that the new kind of medicine which can to treat this disease will be on the market next month.—That’s great!A. use B. be usedC. have used D. be usingB B 7. In the Wolong Panda Reserve, visitors to get closer to pandas.A. allow B. allowedC. are allowing D. are allowed8. —Do you know anything about the Belt and Road Initiative?—Yes, it over 10 years since it started.A. was B. had beenC. is D. has beenD D 9. —Bob, your room is so dirty. It must every day.—OK, Mom. I’ll do it right now.A. clean B. be cleanedC. is cleaned D. is cleaningB 10. People of all ages love the Monkey King as a traditional Chinese cartoonhero until today.(改为被动语态)The Monkey King by people of all ages as a traditionalChinese cartoon hero until today.11. Some doctors have offered some special treat for the old.(改为被动语态)The old have some special treat by some doctors.is loved been offered 请完成《精练册》对应练习第48页(共45张PPT)专题七 介词与介词短语第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题七 介词与介词短语分析甘肃各地区近5年中考真题可知,介词属于必考点,涉及的题型有单项选择、完形填空、根据汉语意思或首字母填空、句子翻译和任务型完形填空,其中以完形填空(省卷5年4考,兰州5年4考)和单项选择(省卷5年2考)中考查其词义及用法辨析居多。涉及的命题点主要有时间介词、方位介词、方式介词和其他常见介词的基本用法。介词短语及固定搭配是甘肃中考的重点,介词往往同其他词类搭配构成介词短语,学生应熟记近年来甘肃中考常考的介词短语及固定搭配。■考点一 介词的分类与用法1. 表示时间的介词词条 用法 示例at 用来表示在具体的时刻或年龄 at 7:00在七点at noon在中午at the age of 20在20岁时on 用来表示在具体的某一天或特定的某一天的上午/下午/晚上 on June 1st在6月1日on Monday morning在周一上午on the evening of May 2nd在5月2日的晚上词条 用法 示例on 用在星期、节日前 on Tuesday在星期二on Father’s Day在父亲节in ①用在某个世纪、年份、月份、季节前或泛指在上午、下午或晚上 in 2025在2025年in October在10月份in summer在夏天in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上in a few months几个月后词条 用法 示例in ②“in+一段时间”表示在一段时间之后,用于将来时 in 2025在2025年in October在10月份in summer在夏天in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上in a few months几个月后词条 用法 示例during 表示“在……期间”,指从开始到结束 during the winter holiday在寒假期间for 后接时间段,常与完成时连用 We has been in Xi’an for six years.我们在西安六年了。through 表示“从……开始到结束”,强调动作发生的全过程时段 The children are too young to sit through aconcert.这些孩子太小了,音乐会没结束就坐不住了。词条 用法 示例since 后接时间点/时间的分界线,或表示时间点的时间状语从句,常用于现在完成时 They have worked here since 2015.自从2015年以来他们就一直在这儿工作。I have lived here since ten years ago.自从10年前我就一直住在这儿。before 在……之前 Bob has to come back home before nineo’clock.鲍勃必须在9点前回家。词条 用法 示例after 后接时间点,常用于将来时 I will go to school after eight o’clock.我将在8点之后去上学。后接以过去为起点的时间段,多用于过去时 Uncle Jack finished school after four years.杰克叔叔四年后毕业了。词条 用法 示例from 后接开始的时间,常用搭配:from...to...从……到…… The shop is open from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00p.m.这家商店从上午九点营业到下午六点。by by+时间点(表过去),常用于过去完成时 By 2026, I had studied in Beijing for threeyears.到2026年为止,我已经在北京学习三年了。词条 用法 示例by by+时间点(表将来), 常用于将来完成时 By the end of this month, I will have written 3stories.到这个月结束时,我将写完三个故事。until 表示动作持续到某一时刻 We must wait here until 11 o’clock.我们必须在这儿等到十一点钟。2. 表示地点和方位的介词词条 用法 示例at 后接较小的场所或具体地点 at school在学校at the bus station在公交站on 与……表面接触 on the bed在床上表示两地接壤或相邻 Guangxi is on the west of Guangdong.广西在广东的西边。词条 用法 示例in 表示在较大的地方(国家、省、城市等) in the US在美国in Hebei在河北在周围环境是立体的地方 in the park在公园里in the office在办公室里to 在……范围之外,不接壤 Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国的东部。词条 用法 示例across “横过;穿过”,指从物体表面的一边到另一边 Go across the road, and you can see apark.过了马路你就会发现一个公园。through “穿过;透过”,指从某一物体的空间内部穿过 Go through the forest, and you will besafe.穿过森林,你将会是安全的。词条 用法 示例over “越过;翻过”,指从某一物体的上方越过,表面不接触 “在……正上方”,不接触,其反义词是under,意为“在……正下方”。还可表示“超过” The plane flew over the mountains.飞机从那些山峰的上方飞过。A new bridge is over the river.河上有一座新桥。词条 用法 示例past “经过”,指从旁边经过 We saw a dog running away when wewalked past the park.当我们经过公园时,我们看到一只狗跑开了。above “在……的上方”,不接触,且不一定垂直,其反义词是below,意为“在……下方”,还可表示温度、海拔等 The plane is flying above the clouds.飞机在云层上方飞行。词条 用法 示例between 表示在两者之间 The hotel is between the bank and thehospital.旅店在银行和医院之间。among 表示在三者或三者以上的人或事物之间 She sits among us, like a student.她坐在我们当中,像个学生。3. 表示方式、方法、途径的介词词条 用法 示例by by+表示交通工具的单数名词,且名词前不加任何修饰词,表示交通方式 by bike骑自行车by bus坐公交车I will go there by subway.我将坐地铁去那里。by+名词/动名词,表示凭借工具或手段 This new scarf was made by hand.这条围巾是手工做的。词条 用法 示例in in+空间较小、封闭的交通工具,且名词前有限定词 Alan goes to the office in his new car.艾伦开着他的新车去上班。in+某种材料/语言/声音等 She can write poems in French.她会用法语写诗。Can you write in blue ink?你能用蓝墨水书写吗?词条 用法 示例on on+开放型或大型交通工具,且名词前有限定词;固定搭配除外,如:onfoot We go to school on a bus every morning.我们每天早上坐公交车去上学。表示用网络、电话、收音机、电视等 They talked on the phone and made a deal.他们通过电话交谈并达成了协议。词条 用法 示例with 表示“用;以;借助于”,其后常接具体的工具 I wrote the letter with a pen.我用钢笔写了这封信。4. 其他常考介词的用法Everyone went to the park except him.除了他,每个人都去了公园。I learn English and math besides Chinese.除了语文,我还学习英语和数学。I’m leaving for New York next month.下个月我将去纽约。He left the office with a book in his hand.他手里拿着一本书离开了办公室。Let me speak to you as a friend.让我以朋友的身份对你讲。He is leaning against the wall and he is against my opinion.他靠在墙边,反对我的观点。The shelf is made of wood.这个架子是由木头制作的。Can you tell me something about that beautiful girl?你能告诉我一些关于那位漂亮女孩的事情吗?5. 不用介词的几种情况在含有today, yesterday, tomorrow的时间状语前,不加介词Where are they going tomorrow afternoon?明天下午他们要去哪里?在含有last, next, this, that, these, those, every, one, some, all等词的时间状语之前,不加介词They traveled to Beijing last week.上周他们去北京旅行了。在含有here, there, home, back, abroad等副词前,不加介词My uncle will come here next month.我的叔叔下个月将要到这儿。■考点二 介词短语 介词和动词、形容词及名词相结合后,有特定的意思,应熟记。常见搭配 示例动词+ 介词 look at 看 look for寻找 remind of提醒 arrive at/in到达be动词+ 形容词+ 介词 be friendly to...对……友好 be good at擅长be interested in...对……感兴趣be bad for...对……有坏处 be late for迟到常见搭配 示例介词+名词 on business出差 on foot步行in red穿红色(的衣服) by accident偶然without doubt毫无疑问其他 at once立刻 with one’s help在某人的帮助下by the way顺便问一下to one’s surprise使某人惊奇的是【易混易错剖析】1. in front of与in the front of例1 There is a new car in the front of the supermarket.(改错)【答案】 There is a new car in front of the supermarket.【解析】 in front of 意为“在……的前面”,前后所指内容不在同一范围内;in the front of 意为“在……的前面”,前后所指内容在同一范围内。句中指“超市前面有一辆新车”,是指超市外面的前面,所以要用in frontof。【误区警示】 很多词在表示范围时要分内外,如:in front of指范围之外的前面;in the front of指范围之内的前面。There is a new bookcase in the front of the classroom.教室前面有一个新书架。behind意为“在……后面”,指范围之外的后面。A little cat hides behind the door.一只小猫躲在门后面。at the back of...意为“在……后面”,指范围之内的后面。There is a bookshelf at the back of my bedroom.我的卧室后面有一个书架。表示方位时,in表示在某一地区之内的地方,to表示在某一范围之外的地方。England lies to the west of France.英格兰在法国西部。Shandong lies in the east of China.山东在中国的东部。2. across与through例2 We went across the dark forest.(改错)【答案】 We went through the dark forest.【解析】 the dark forest意为“黑暗的森林”。across表示从物体表面穿过,through表示从空间内部穿过。根据句意可知,我们是从森林内部穿过。故要用through。【误区警示】 表示“通过,穿过”的介词across,through, past和over的用法区别:across意为“横穿(从一边到另一边)”,表示动作是在物体表面上穿过。across the road横跨马路sail across the sea穿越大海through意为“从……中穿过”,表示从空间内部穿过,这个动作是在三维空间内进行的。He ran through customs.他跑着通过了海关。past意为“经过,路过”。They ran past a bank.他们路过一家银行。over表示越过障碍物,多指从空间范围上越过。He jumped over a big stone.他跳过一块大石头。3. 表时间的介词by例3 I had finished two novels by the end of next month.(改错)【答案】 I will have finished two novels by the end of next month.【解析】 本句时态用了过去完成时。但by表示“在……之前,到……为止”的意思,by后是将来的时间,所以应与将来完成时连用。【误区警示】 “在……之前”可以用ago, before, by。ago与一般过去时连用;before和by一般要与完成时连用,有时也可与将来时连用,by可用于固定短语by the end of。4. 介词from用于出发地,for和to用于目的地例4 Mary decides to leave Beijing to Hainan next week.(改错)【答案】 Mary decides to leave Beijing for Hainan next week.【解析】 掌握固定短语的具体含义,即leave for指“离开某地去某地”,为固定搭配,不能把for改为to。【误区警示】 for和to都可以在后面加目的地,for一般跟在含有出发或开始意义的动词后,如:start for“动身前往某地”,set out for“出发去某地”,sail for“乘船前往”等。to跟在含有来来往往的行动的意义的动词后,如:go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride等。5. among与between例5 There are ten pigs on the farm. A dog is sitting between them.(改错)【答案】 A dog is sitting among them.【解析】 句意:农场有十只猪,一只狗正坐在它们之间。句中是指三者或三者以上之间,而between表示在“两者之间”,among表示在“三者或三者以上的人或物之间”。【误区警示】 between表示在“两者之间”,among表示在“三者或三者以上的事物之间”或“在众多的人或物之间”,而没有明显的数目。of也可以表示范围,它没有限定,要看后面所跟的事物的多少。Fish protein is the best among them.其中鱼类蛋白最好。Jack is the smarter of the two.两个人中杰克是较聪明的那个。6. in与on例6 We can see some big apples in the tree.(改错)【答案】 We can see some big apples on the tree.【解析】 in the tree表示外来的人或物在树上;on the tree表示树本身的东西长在树上,如:树上的果实、树叶等,因此此处用on the tree。【误区警示】 in和on作介词时会表达出完全不同的意义。in the wall指在墙里面,与墙本身有关。There is a hole in the wall.墙上有一个洞。on the wall指在墙表面。They put a new clock on the wall.他们把一个新钟表挂在了墙上。in the newspaper指的是报纸上刊登的内容;on the newspaper指放在报纸上的东西。精选真题1. (2024·武威)—After being out in the rain, Tom’s feeling .—He’d better go to see a doctor.A. on top of the worldB. under the weatherC. like a million dollarsD. like a kid againB 2. (2021·省卷)We left such a hurry that we forgot our tickets.A. on B. for C. to D. in( C )3. (2025·白银)To my surprise, the little girl can speak threelanguages.A. Easily B. ActuallyC. Unexpectedly D. Finally( B )4. (2023·白银)Do you recognize that man in the white T-shirt?A. buying B. wearingC. drawing D. washingD CB拓展提升1. When we are in danger, it’s important to make ourselves calmdown .A. at first B. in totalC. at last D. in turn2. (2026·首席原创)My cousin’s plane landed the evening of January25th, 2026.A. at B. in C. to D. onA D 3. Kate felt excited to see a group of sheep walking her into a village inQinghai.A. over B. pastC. across D. through4. If you stand in the city park, you can hear birds singing.A. in public B. in fearC. in silence D. in total5. Lily often studies English making word cards.A. for B. of C. by D. onB C C 6. You’d better not play sports warming up properly, or you may gethurt.A. without B. againstC. including D. beyondA 7. (2025·天水麦积区一诊)妇女节和植树节都在三月。Both Women’s Day and Tree Planting Day March.8. 毫无疑问,茶在世界各地都受欢迎。, tea is welcomed all over the world.are in Without doubt 请完成《精练册》对应练习第45页(共65张PPT)专题九 动词的分类与时态第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题九 动词的分类与时态 动词这一版块包含内容较多,分析甘肃近5年各地区中考真题可知,此部分的考查主要集中在动词的时态(省卷5年5考,天水5年3考,兰州5年3考)、情态动词(省卷5年5考,天水5年3考,兰州5年3考)和动词短语(省卷5年5考,天水5年3考,兰州5年3考),考生需牢固把握各部分知识。情态动词侧重于基本用法,同时也会涉及其表推测的用法。动词时态中过去进行时考查频率最高,其次为现在完成时和现在进行时,以单项选择居多。现在完成时中重点把握非延续性与延续性动词的转换。动词短语的考查集中在意义辨析。■考点一 动词的分类动词的分类实义 动词 表示一定的动作或状态,有完整的意义,并能单独作谓语及物 动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整 He needs help.他需要帮助。不及物 动词 本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语 They cried loudly.他们大声地哭叫。动词的分类连系 动词 本身有一定词义,但不完整,不能单独作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有be(是),become(变得;成为),seem(似乎),look(看上去),feel(感觉),sound(听起来),turn(变得),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来),keep(保持),stay(坚持;停留),remain(仍然)等 It tastes delicious.它尝起来很美味。动词的分类助动词 本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,必须和实义动词一起构成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气等,或帮助构成疑问句和否定句。常用的助动词有do(does,did),have(has, had)等 Do you watch TVevery day?你每天看电视吗?情态 动词 本身具有一定的意义,但不完整,不能单独作谓语,必须和实义动词或连系动词的原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气或情感。常用的情态动词有:can, may, could, might, must, haveto, shall, will, should, ought to, would等 I can play footballwell.我踢足球踢得很好。■考点二 动词的时态英语中绝大多数动词有四种基本形式:动词原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。在英语中,不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示。这种表示动作发生时间或状态存在时间的各种动词形式,称为时态。英语中共有十六种时态,初中重点学习以下九种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时。1. 一般现在时一般现在时一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态,常与always,usually, often, sometimes等时间状语连用一般现在时动词第三人称单数的构成规则 构成方法及读音一般情况下在动词词尾加s,清辅音后读/s/,浊辅音或元音后读/z/;t后读/ts/;d后读/dz/help—helps take—takes以字母s, x, ch, sh结尾的动词加es,读/ z/。如果动词原形词尾已有e,则直接加s。以o结尾的动词加es,读/z/guess—guesses move—moves go—goes以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先变y为i,再加es,读/z/fly—flies carry—carries一般现在时句式结构 肯定句句式:主语+谓语(be动词/实义动词)+其他.否定句句式:主语+be动词+not+其他.主语+don’t/doesn’t+动词原形+其他.一般疑问句句式及答语:Be动词+主语+其他?Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+be动词/do/does.否定回答:No,主语+be动词/do/does+not.一般现在时句式结构 特殊疑问句句式:(1)特殊疑问词在句中不充当主语时:特殊疑问词(组)+be动词+其他?特殊疑问词(组)+do/does+主语+动词原形+其他?(2)特殊疑问词在句中充当主语时:特殊疑问词(组)+be动词+其他?特殊疑问词(组)+动词第三人称单数形式+其他?一般现在时用法 表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态I get up early every day.我每天都早起。表示人的习惯、能力、职业、特征等He works in a hospital.他在一家医院工作。表示现在发生的动作或存在的状态They feel a little hungry.他们感到有点饿。表示客观事实或普遍真理、格言等The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.太阳东升西落。一般现在时用法 可以用go, come, start等动词的一般现在时表示安排或计划好的将来的情况He goes boating tomorrow.他明天去划船。School begins on September 1.九月一日开学。在时间、条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来We’ll have a picnic if it is fine tomorrow.如果明天天气晴朗,我们将去野餐。一般现在时用法 在以here,there开头的句子中,用一般现在时表示现在正在进行的动作There comes a train.火车来了。还可用于戏剧、电影的剧本解说、体育比赛的解说以及图片说明等Tom carries the ball to the left.汤姆把球传到了左边。(2)动词have的形式及搭配:除第三人称单数用has外,其他全用have。(3)其他动词。如果主语是第三人称单数,要在动词原形后加s或es。其余情况一律用原形。【注意】(1)系动词be的形式及搭配:I用am,you用are,is跟着she,he,it,复数全用are。2. 一般过去时一般过去时一般过去时表示在过去某一时刻发生的动作或存在的状态,也可用来表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作或行为。常和yesterday, last night, ago,just now等表示过去的时间状语连用一般过去时动词过去式的变化规则 规则变化动词 一般情况下直接在词尾加edwalk—walked work—worked以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,加dlive—lived move—moved以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加edcry—cried study—studied以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加edstop—stopped plan—planned一般过去时动词过去式的变化规则 部分不规则变化动词 run—ran go—went come—camehave—had say—said swim—swamsay—said keep—kept feel—feltbegin—began spend—spent take—took一般过去时句式结构 肯定句句式:主语+动词过去式+其他.否定句句式:主语+did not+动词原形+其他.主语+was/were not+其他.一般过去时句式结构 一般疑问句句式:Did+主语+动词原形+其他?Was/Were+主语+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+did/was/were.否定回答:No,主语+didn’t/wasn’t/weren’t.一般过去时句式结构 特殊疑问句句式:(1)疑问词在句中不充当主语时:特殊疑问词(组)+was/were+主语+其他?特殊疑问词(组)+did+主语+动词原形+其他?(2)疑问词在句中充当主语时:特殊疑问词(组)+was/were+表语+其他?特殊疑问词(组)+行为动词过去式+其他?一般过去时用法 表示过去某个时刻发生的动作或存在的状态He went fishing yesterday.昨天他去钓鱼了。表示过去的习惯性动作或过去经常、反复发生的动作或存在的状态Bob usually ate outside last year.鲍勃去年通常在外边吃饭。用“used to+动词原形”或用“would+动词原形”,也可以表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作He used to stay up late.他过去经常熬夜。在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中,常用一般过去时表示过去将来时He said he would call me back as soon as he arrived in Beijing.他说他一到北京就给我回电话。【注意】be动词的过去式有人称和数的变化,其形式为am/is—was, are—were。3. 一般将来时一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如:tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future等句式结构 肯定句句式:主语+will/shall+动词原形+其他.否定句句式:主语+will/shall+not+动词原形+其他.一般将来时句式结构 一般疑问句句式及答语:Will/Shall+主语+动词原形+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+will/shall.否定回答:No,主语+won’t/shan’t.特殊疑问句句式:特殊疑问词(组)+will/shall+主语+动词原形+其他?一般将来时注意:(1)在口语中,will常缩略为’ll, will not常缩略为won’t。 (2)在表示“带意愿色彩的将来”时,常用助动词will。 (3)在疑问句中,主语为第一人称(I和we)时,常用助动词shall。 (4)在书面语中,主语为第一人称(I和we)时,也常用助动词shall。但在口语中,所有人称都可以用will。一般将来时be going to+ 动词 原形 be going to相当于一个助动词,与后面的动词原形一起构成谓语,其中be的形式随主语的人称和数可变化为am,is或are肯定句句式:主语+be going to+动词原形+其他.否定句句式:主语+be not going to+动词原形+其他.一般疑问句句式及答语:Be+主语+going to+动词原形+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+be动词.否定回答:No,主语+be动词+not.特殊疑问句句式:特殊疑问词(组)+be动词+主语+going to+动词原形+其他?一般将来时be going to的 用法 表示主观上打算在将来要做某事,常与tomorrow, next year等表示将来的时间状语连用We’re going to watch a movie tonight.我们打算今晚看一场电影。表示根据迹象主观判断肯定要发生的事It’s going to be rainy tomorrow.明天将会是个雨天。一般将来时be going to的 用法 come, go, arrive, move等表示位置移动的动词,很少用在begoing to之后,而是用现在进行时表示将来The Spring Festival is coming.春节就要到了。一般将来时there be 句型的一般将来时 There be going to be+主语+其他.There will be+主语+其他.注意:(1)当there be句型用be going to形式表将来,意为“将有……”时,to后用be,不能用have。 (2)be going to中的be有人称、数、时态等的变化。一般将来时be going to和 will的区别 be going to指已计划过或思考过的意图或打算,will表示未事先思考或未计划而临时做出的决定We’re going to swim tomorrow.我们打算明天去游泳。I will answer the door.我去开门。be going to表示客观迹象表明马上要发生的事,而will则表明说话者的主观意识Look at the clouds. There’s going to be a storm.看看这些云,暴风雨要来了。I hope he will come to the party.我希望他能来派对。4. 现在完成时现在完成时过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态句式结构 肯定句句式:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他.否定句句式:主语+have/has not+过去分词+其他.现在完成时句式结构 一般疑问句句式及答语:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+have/has.否定回答:No,主语+haven’t/hasn’t.特殊疑问句句式:特殊疑问词(组)+have/has+主语+过去分词+其他?现在完成时用法 表示发生在过去的动作对现在仍有影响He has finished his project.他已经完成他的项目。现在完成时用法 表示从过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态。此时,句中谓语动词通常是延续性动词,且常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用He has studied here since 2012.自从2012年以来,他一直在这儿学习。现在完成时常用 的时间状语 recently, already, yet, never, since+时间点, for+时间段,in the past few years, before, up to now, so far等现在完成时have/ has been to与have/ has gone to have/has been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once,twice, often, never, ever连用I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京两次。(现在已经不在北京了)have/has gone to去某地了,表示说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的路上或已在某地,所以此句型一般只用于第三人称My father has gone to Beijing.我父亲去北京了。(我父亲可能已在去北京的路上,或已到北京,或在从北京回来的路上,总之,现在不在这里)现在完成时现在完成时与一般过去时的区别Tom has already studied English for 5 years.汤姆已经学了五年英语。(汤姆已经学了英语)I studied English last week.上周我学了英语。(陈述“我”上周学英语的事实,并没有涉及现在的情况)5. 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时句式结构 肯定句句式:主语+have/has been+动词的现在分词+其他.否定句句式:主语+have/has not been+动词的现在分词+其他.疑问句句式及答语:Have/Has+主语+been+动词的现在分词+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+have/has.否定回答:No,主语+have/has+not.现在完成进行时用法 表示动作从过去某时开始一直延续到现在,可能刚完成,不再继续下去,也可能仍在进行着How long has it been raining?雨下多久了?(动作仍在进行)表示从过去某时开始一直到现在反复发生的动作Lisa has been running these days.莉萨这些天一直在跑步。6. 现在进行时现在进行时现在进行时表示现在或当前一段时间正在进行的动作,也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作。常与listen, look, now, these days等连用现在分词的变化规则 一般情况下直接加ingsleep—sleeping break—breaking以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加ingmove—moving use—using现在进行时现在分词的变化规则 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写辅音字母后再加ingbegin—beginning cut—cutting少数以ie结尾的动词,先变ie为y,再加ingdie—dying lie—lying以oe, ee, ye结尾的动词,直接加ingsee—seeing eye—eyeing现在进行时句式结构 肯定句句式:主语+be动词+动词-ing形式+其他.否定句句式:主语+be动词+not+动词-ing形式+其他.一般疑问句句式:Be动词+主语+动词-ing形式+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+am/is/are.否定回答:No,主语+am not/isn’t/aren’t.特殊疑问句句式:特殊疑问词(组)+be动词+主语+动词-ing形式+其他?现在进行时用法 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的动作或存在的状态They are watching Ne zha 2.他们正在看《哪吒2》。表示长期的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行We are writing stories these days.这些天我们在写故事。已经确定或安排好的将来的活动,用现在进行时表将来。常用的单词主要有:come, go, run, leave, begin, arrive等短暂性动词I’m leaving for Shanghai.我将要离开去上海。现在进行时用法 表示渐变的动作。这类动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run,go, begin等It’s getting warmer and warmer.天气越来越暖和了。以look, listen开头的句子表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时Look! The tiger is eating.看!老虎正在吃东西。7. 过去进行时过去进行时句式 结构 肯定句句式:主语+was/were+现在分词+其他.She was working at the time of lunch.午饭时间她正在工作。过去进行时句式 结构 否定句句式:主语+was/were+not+现在分词+其他.一般疑问句句式及答语:Was/Were+主语+现在分词+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+was/were.否定回答:No,主语+wasn’t/weren’t.特殊疑问句句式:特殊疑问词(组)+was/were+主语+现在分词+其他?过去进行时用法 表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作They were watching TV at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon.昨天下午3点他们正在看电视。表示一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行注意:when连接一般过去时,而while连接过去进行时I was sleeping when the bell rang.铃响时我正在睡觉。I was doing my homework while he was sleeping.我做作业时他在睡觉。过去进行时用法 表示过去某一段时间内持续进行的动作She was dancing this afternoon.今天下午她一直在跳舞。go, come等词的过去进行时,可表示过去将来要发生的动作She told me she was going to Shanghai.她跟我说她要去上海。常用于表示一个历时较长的体现背景的动作或情况One day, a little monkey was playing in the trees.一天,一只猴子正在树上玩耍。过去进行时用法 表示过去的一个习惯动作Tina was always running in the park.蒂娜总是在公园里跑步。时间 状语 与过去进行时连用的时间状语有:then, at that time, at this timeyesterday, at+点钟+yesterday, all night以及while引导的时间状语从句We were working at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候我们正在工作。8. 过去完成时过去完成时句式结构 肯定句句式:主语+had+动词的过去分词+其他.否定句句式:主语+had+not+动词的过去分词+其他.疑问句句式及答语:Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+had.否定回答:No,主语+had not.过去完成时用法 表示过去某一时刻或动作以前就已经发生或完成了的动作或存在的状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。时间标志为by,before等介词(短语)或when, before等引导的时间状语从句,也可通过上下文来暗示She had been ill for a week before she came back.她在回来之前病了一个星期。9. 过去将来时过去将来时句式结构 肯定句句式:主语+should/would+动词原形+其他.否定句句式:主语+should/would+not+动词原形+其他.疑问句句式及答语:Should/Would+主语+动词原形+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+should/would.否定回答:No,主语+shouldn’t/wouldn’t.过去完成时用法 表示过去看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中表示现在情况的虚拟条件句中,主句谓语用“would+动词原形”,从句用一般过去时If I were you, I would refuse him.如果我是你,我就会拒绝他。【易混易错剖析】1. 现在完成时的时间状语为“for+时间段”或“since+过去时间点”等表一段时间的结构时,要用延续性动词来表示。例1 Mark has borrowed this bike for two weeks.(改错)【答案】 borrowed—kept【解析】 borrow为非延续性动词,若要与一段时间连用,必须变为延续性动词表状态,即:borrow—keep。【误区警示】 现在完成时的时间状语为“for+时间段”或“since+过去时间点”等表一段时间的结构时,要用延续性动词来表示。常考的这类词还有join—be a member of, die—be dead, start/begin—be on, leave—beaway, buy—have等。2. 初中阶段现在完成时中难以区分的三个结构。例2 —Where have you gone? Your teacher is looking for you here and there.—Well, to the library. I read books there.(改错)【答案】 gone—been【解析】 根据问句句意“你去哪里了?你的老师在到处找你。”可知,已经从某地回来,故用have/has been to。【误区警示】 在中学阶段易混的三个结构:have been to...,have goneto...和have been in/at...。其区别是:have been to...现在不在某地;havegone to...现在不在说话地点;have been in/at...现在待在某地。精选真题1. (2025·武威)A low-fat diet can the risk of heart disease.A. help B. reduceC. encourage D. supportB 2. (2025·天水)—Cindy, my sunglasses are on the floor and they are broken.What happened?—Sorry, dear. I don’t know. I in the kitchen then.A. cook B. was cookingC. have cooked D. will cookB 3. (2024·白银)—Oh, no! Your brother left his umbrella at home.There heavy rain this afternoon.—Don’t worry, Mom. I’ll bring it to him.A. was B. has beenC. are D. will beD 4. (2023·省卷)That was the best meal I’d .A. ever been toB. ever chatted withC. ever readD. eaten in a long time5. (2022·平凉)We a e and join in it.A. were having B. are havingC. had D. have beenD B 6. (2025·天水)We all (love) our country very much!love 7. (2024·临夏州)We (visit) the Great Wall last summer vacation.8. (2023·天水)I (learn) English ever since I was inGrade 3.visited have learnt/learned 9. (2021·兰州B卷)Aunt Li (ask) me to help her feed the chickenslast week.asked 拓展提升1. The film for half an hour.A. has been on B. had been onC. had started D. has started2. (2025·天水麦积区一诊)With the help of his teacher, he muchprogress in writing since last year.A. made B. makesC. was making D. has madeA D 3. —Do you know what time your uncle Lanzhou tomorrow?—At 2 p.m. I will meet him when he at the airport.A. gets to; arrivesB. will get to; will arriveC. will get to; arrivesD. gets to; will arriveC 4. At the school talent show last week, my friend a beautiful song shewrote herself.A. sang B. will singC. sings D. is singing5. (2025·酒泉一模)If it tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.A. rains B. rainedC. will rain D. is rainingA A 6. —Look! What are those boys doing?—They basketball.A. are playing B. playedC. plays D. play7. (2025·白银三模)—Jack, I called you yesterday afternoon, but no oneanswered.—Oh, I the film Ne Zha 2 with my friends at that time.A. am watching B. watchedC. was watching D. have watchedA C 8. —Where is your brother?—Look! He (play) basketball on the playground.9. (2025·酒泉三模)Middle schools have (provide) students withclasses to learn basic life skills.10. Mary (regret) playing a joke on Tom, so she went over tohim and said sorry.11. My friend, Tony, (like) playing ping-pong on the playground.12. (2025·庆阳二模)The movie (start) at 7:30 p.m. Don’t belate.is playing provided regretted likes starts 请完成《精练册》对应练习第47页(共43张PPT)专题八 连 词第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题八 连 词 连词用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子。连词也是一种虚词,所以它不能在句中单独作句子成分,也没有词形变化。连词从本身的含义及其所连接的成分的性质来分,可分为并列连词和从属连词。从甘肃各地区近5年的真题中可看出连词为必考题。主要涉及的题型有单项选择(省卷5年5考)、完形填空(省卷5年2考,天水5年2考,兰州5年3考)和任务型完形填空(兰州5年3考)。■考点一 并列连词并列连词用来连接同等关系的词、短语或句子。1. 并列连词的用法并列连词 含义及用法 例句and 意为“和,并且”,表并列或顺承关系 Come on, John, and I will show youmy photo.约翰, 快点,我给你看我的照片。but 意为“但是”,表转折关系;不能与though, although连用 He is very young, but he is tall.他虽然年龄很小, 但个子很高。并列连词 含义及用法 例句or 意为“或者”,表选择关系;意为“否则”,表条件关系 Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.快点儿,否则你将错过火车。so 意为“所以,因此”,表因果关系,不能与as, because,since连用 Jim is waiting for me, so I have to go.吉姆正在等我,所以我不得不走了。for 意为“因为”,表因果关系 It’s too hot, for it is July now.天气太热了,因为现在是七月。【注意】在“祈使句+and/or+一般将来时的陈述句”结构中,祈使句表示条件,and表顺承,or表转折。Get up early, and you’ll catch the early bus.早点起床,你就会赶上早班公共汽车。Get up early, or you will miss the early bus.早点起床,否则你会错过早班公共汽车。2. 并列连词短语的用法连词短语 含义及用法 例句neither... nor... 意为“既不……也不……”,连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词遵循“就近原则” Neither I nor he has been to France.我和他都没有去过法国。either... or... 意为“或者……或者……”,连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词遵循“就近原则” Nick is either in London or in Paris.尼克不是在伦敦就是在巴黎。连词短语 含义及用法 例句notonly... butalso... 意为“不但……而且……”,连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词遵循“就近原则” Not only you but also he wants to goboating.不但你而且他也想去划船。both... and... 意为“两者都……”,连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词用复数形式 Both children and adults love thisplace.孩子和成年人都喜欢这个地方。连词短语 含义及用法 例句as well as 意为“和;与”,连接两个并列主语时(强调前者),谓语动词遵循“就远原则” Jim as well as I is responsible for thework.吉姆和我都应对这项工作负有责任。■考点二 从属连词1. 引导时间状语从句从属连词 含义及用法 例句when 意为“当……时”。从句谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是非延续性动词 It was raining when she got home.当她到家时,正在下雨。从属连词 含义及用法 例句while 意为“当……时”。while引导的从句中,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,且常用进行时 While I was running, I was called by astranger.当我正跑步时,一个陌生人叫住了我。从属连词 含义及用法 例句before 意为“在……之前”。表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态 Try to finish your work before youleave.你离开前尽力把你的工作做完。从属连词 含义及用法 例句until 意为“直到……为止”。常用在“not...until...”结构中,表示“直到……才……” She didn’t go to sleep until she finishedher homework.她直到做完了家庭作业才去睡觉。从属连词 含义及用法 例句after 意为“在……之后”。指的是以过去(或现在)时刻为起点的一段时间之后 After we finish tea, we will sit on thegrass.喝完茶之后我们坐在草地上。since 意为“自……以来”。主句用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时 I have lived in England since I wasthree.我自三岁以来一直住在英格兰。从属连词 含义及用法 例句once 意为“一旦……就”。用于连接时间状语从句,相当于as soon as Once they find people in need, theywill try their best to help them.一旦他们发现有需要帮助的人,他们就尽最大的努力帮助他们。从属连词 含义及用法 例句as 可与while互换,着重指主、从句的动作同时发生,而不是一前一后。as引导时间状语从句时,意为“正当,一边……一边……,随着”等 As time passed by, things seemed to getbetter.随着时间的流逝,事情好像变得更好了。从属连词 含义及用法 例句assoon as 意为“一……就……”。该短语所引导的主从复合句中,若主句为一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时表示将来 I’ll let you know as soon as I hear fromher.我一收到她的来信就通知你。2. 引导条件状语从句从属连词 含义及用法 例句if 意为“如果”。if引导的条件状语从句,从句用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时 If you don’t get up quickly, you won’tcatch the early bus.如果你不快点儿起床,你就赶不上早班车。从属连词 含义及用法 例句unless 意为“除非;如果不”。unless可以转化为“if...not...”结构,主从句时态与if从句用法一致 You will fail unless you work hard.你若不努力就会失败。从属连词 含义及用法 例句aslongas 意为“只要”。主从句时态与if从句用法一致 As long as we never give up, we can win thegame.只要我们永不放弃,我们就能赢得比赛。3. 引导原因状语从句从属连词 含义及用法 例句because 意为“因为”。表示直接的原因或理由,而不是推断的原因,着重点在从句,常用于回答why引导的问句,不能与so连用 He couldn’t go to school becausehe had a cold.他因感冒而不能去上学。从属连词 含义及用法 例句since 意为“既然;因为”。表示人们已知的事实,不需要强调的原因,通常放在句首。since引导的从句是次要的,重点强调的是主句的内容 Since he can’t answerthe question, we’d better asksomeone else.既然他不能回答这个问题,我们最好还是问别人吧。从属连词 含义及用法 例句as 意为“由于;因为”。与since用法差不多,所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显,或已为听话人所熟悉而不需要用because加以强调。as引导的从句与主句具有同等的重要性 As it was getting late, I decidedto go home.因为天很晚了,所以我决定回家。4. 引导目的状语从句从属连词词组 含义及用法 例句so that 意为“以便于”。后接从句,只能用于句中 She sat in the front of the classroom so that shecould hear the teacher clearly.她坐在教室的前面以便能听清楚老师的话。从属连词词组 含义及用法 例句in order that 意为“为了”。后接从句,可用于句首或句中 We used the computer in order that we mightsave time.我们使用计算机是为了节约时间。5. 引导让步状语从句从属连词(词组) 含义及用法 例句though 意为“虽然;尽管”。引导让步状语从句时,不能与but同时使用 Though he is very tired, he is still practicingthe piano.尽管他非常累了,但他还在练习弹钢琴。从属连词(词组) 含义及用法 例句although 意为“虽然;尽管”。引导让步状语从句时,不能与but同时使用 Although he is tired, he is very happy.他虽然累却很快乐。从属连词(词组) 含义及用法 例句even though/if 意为“尽管;即使” Even though I am sad that junior high school isover, I look forward to new life.尽管初中生活的结束让我很难过,但是我很期待新生活。从属连词(词组) 含义及用法 例句疑问词-ever 系列 意为“无论……”,相当于“no matter+疑问词” Sit wherever you like.请随便坐。6. 引导结果状语从句从属连词词组 含义及用法 例句so... that... 意为“如此……以至于……”。so修饰的中心词是形容词或副词,结构为:“so+adj./adv.+that”;“so+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+that” It’s so difficult a questionthat none of us can answer it.那是一个很难的问题,以至于我们没有一个人能回答出来。从属连词词组 含义及用法 例句such... that... 意为“如此……以至于……”。such修饰的中心词是名词,结构为:“such+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+that”;“such+adj.+复数名词/不可数名词+that” She is such a lovely girl thateveryone likes her.她是一位如此可爱的小女孩以至于每个人都喜欢她。【易混易错剖析】例1 While I got home, my mother was watching TV in the living room.(改错)【答案】 While→When【解析】 while后必须接延续性动词或表示状态的动词,when后既可以接延续性动词,也可接非延续性动词。get是非延续性动词,故应用when,而非while。【误区警示】 可译为“当……时”的词除了when, while之外,还有as,它们都能引导时间状语从句。但when表示时间既可指某一段时间,也可指在某一特定时刻,它引导的从句中的谓语动词与主句的谓语动词的动作既可以同时也可以有先后;while只指一段时间,并强调动作的同时性,在从句中用延续性动词;as表示某一段时间,但侧重点在于主句和从句的两个动作同时进行,即“一边……一边……”。例2 —Lisa, do you know if Lily will attend the meeting tomorrow?—I think she will come whether she is free.(改错)【答案】 whether→if【解析】 if有“如果;是否”的意思,whether“是否”。根据句意可知,此处指“我”认为如果她有空,她就会来。故应用if,而非whether。【误区警示】 if当“如果”讲时,引导条件状语从句,当“是否”讲时,引导宾语从句;whether除了引导宾语从句外,还可以引导主语从句和表语从句,而if则不能。另外,whether不能引导条件状语从句。精选真题1. (2022·白银)I haven’t got any apple juice, I’ve got some orangejuice. Would you like some?A. but B. and C. or D. for2. (2021·省卷) you practice every day, you won’t make anyprogress.A. Although B. UnlessC. If D. SinceA B 3. (2024·平凉)人生就像一匹马,要么你驾驭它,要么它驾驭你。Life is like a horse, and you ride it it rides you.either or 拓展提升1. (2025·酒泉一模)Hurry up, you will miss the beginning of theconcert.A. so B. or C. and D. but2. Students should put up their hands they speak in class.A. after B. though C. before D. unlessB C 3. —Do your parents like pop music, Jane?— my dad my mom likes it. They both prefer classical music.A. Not only; but also B. Either; orC. Neither; nor D. Both; and4. (2025·张掖甘州区一模) it was raining, they decided to play socceroutside.A. Though B. BecauseC. Whatever D. OrC A 5. Sally likes pandas she thinks they are lovely.A. so B. but C. because D. though6. (2025·白银二模)Hu Qianqian usually sleeps with the windows open it is too cold.A. whether B. unlessC. until D. because7. he get up early, he also goes to bed early.A. Not only do; but B. Not only does; butC. Not only; but D. Not does; but doesC B B 8. Our teacher lets us write down the good sentences while reading wecan put them to good use in our writing.A. so that B. as soon asC. as long as D. even though9. —When are you going to tell Henry the good news?— he comes back.A. Since B. As soon asC. Because D. UntilA B 10. I believe it I see it with my own eyes.A. won’t; and B. will; butC. will; until D. won’t; until11. My sister has practiced tennis for a long time. She plays tennis you.A. as good as B. so well asC. as well as D. so good asD C 12. Lisa Lucy may go with you because one of them must stayat home to take care of the dog.A. Not only; but also B. Neither; norC. Both; and D. Either; or13. you don’t give up, your dreams will come true.A. As long as B. As soonC. As well as D. As far asD A 14. In autumn, the weather gets cooler the green leaves start to turngold.A. because B. butC. whether D. andD 请完成《精练册》对应练习第46页(共27张PPT)专题十一 主谓一致第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题十一 主谓一致 分析甘肃各地区近5年真题可知,在主谓一致方面主要考查主语与谓语动词的一致性(兰州5年3考,天水5年2考)和there be句型的主谓一致及时态(兰州5年1考,天水5年2考)。近5年来,此类知识点考查不多。考生尤其要注意一些词语连接主语的句子中的主谓一致原则,如:with, as wellas, both...and..., either...or...等。■考点一 主谓一致的意义在英语句子中谓语动词在人称和数上要跟主语保持一致。■考点二 主谓一致的三项原则1. 语法一致原则语法一致指主语和谓语必须在语法形式上保持一致关系。即:主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数。Lucy likes apples.露西喜欢苹果。We are Chinese.我们是中国人。 除上述基本的语法形式一致外,还必须掌握以下几种情况:用法 例句代词each, another, the other, either以及不定代词someone, anyone,somebody,anybody, nobody, something, anything,nothing, everybody, no one等作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式 Each of us likes cooking.我们每个人都喜欢烹饪。Nobody knows me.没人认识我。“each/every+可数名词单数”作主语时,谓语动词用单数 Each student needs a pen.每个学生都需要一支钢笔。用法 例句“one of+可数名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用单数 One of the buildings was tooold.其中一座楼太旧了。主语后面跟有with, as well as, like(像),together with, including, except,but(除……之外), rather than, besides等起连接作用的词,其后带有单复数名词时,其谓语动词与最前面的主语的单复数保持一致 Mark as well as his fatherdoesn’t like noodles.马克和他的爸爸都不喜欢面条。用法 例句非谓语动词(动名词、动词不定式)作主语时,谓语动词用单数 To have breakfast is veryimportant.吃早饭很重要。“特殊疑问词+to do”作主语时,谓语动词用单数 How to deal with theproblem is my business.如何处理这个问题是我的事。用法 例句“many a/an+可数名词单数”或“more thanone+可数名词单数”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式 Many a duck is swimming inthe river.许多鸭子在水里游泳。and连接两个或两个以上的并列名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式 Lucy and Bob are fromChina.露西和鲍勃都来自中国。用法 例句在倒装句中,谓语动词应与后面的主语在人称、数上保持一致 Here comes a bus.公交车来了。在定语从句中,关系代词that、 who、 which作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数保持一致 I found a coat which is on theshelf.我在架子上找到了一件外衣。由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the restof, 分数/百分数+名词”构成的短语,谓语动词的数取决于短语后面名词的数 There are a lot of books youcan choose.你有很多书可以选择。2. 意义一致原则意义一致指从意义上着眼处理主语与谓语的一致关系,包括如下几点:用法 例句集合名词作主语表示总称意义时,谓语动词用复数形式 Your clothes are in style.你的衣服很时髦。math(maths), physics, news, works(工厂)等名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式 I think maths is an interestingsubject.我认为数学是一门有趣的学科。The news was so exciting.这条新闻太令人兴奋了。用法 例句表示金钱、时间、距离、重量等名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式 Three hours is not enough.三小时不够用。“the+形容词”作主语表示一类人时,谓语动词用复数 The rich aren’t happysometimes.富人有时也不快乐。用法 例句“a number of+可数名词复数”作主语时,意为“很多,大量”,其谓语动词用复数形式;而“the number of+可数名词复数”作主语时,意为“……的数量”,谓语动词用单数形式 A number of birds are circlingoverhead.许多鸟在空中盘旋。The number of desks in myclass is 40.我班上的课桌总数为40张。用法 例句“the+可数名词单数+and+可数名词单数”,如the doctor and teacher指同一个人,意为“这位医生兼老师”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数 The director and actor hascome here.这位导演兼演员已来到这儿了。Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep这几个名词的单复数形式相同,其谓语动词的形式要取决于它们作主语时意义上的单复数 The deer like running.这些鹿喜欢奔跑。the+姓氏名词复数,表示“……一家”或“……夫妇”,谓语动词用复数形式 The Greens are going back tothe U. S. 格林一家/夫妇打算回美国。3. 就近一致原则就近一致指谓语动词与它最靠近的那个主语的单复数形式相一致。分为以下几种情况:用法 例句or, either...or..., neither...nor..., notonly...but also..., not...but...等连接并列主语时,谓语动词的数要由离谓语最近的主语来确定 Not only he but also I amgoing to Beijing.他和我都要去北京。用法 例句在there be句型中,谓语动词与离其最近的主语在数上保持一致 There is a book and threedictionaries on the desk.书桌上有一本书和三本字典。在here引导的句子中,主语不止一个时,谓语动词通常与离其最近的主语在数上保持一致 Here is an apple, twooranges and some peachesfor you.这是给你的一个苹果、两个橘子和一些桃。【易混易错剖析】1. 主语后面有with, together with, except, as well as等连接的词或短语时,谓语动词仍与最前面的主语保持一致。例1 Lynn with her friends the guitar in the classroom now.A. were practicing B. are practicingC. is practicing D. was practicing【答案】 C【解析】 主语后面有with连接的词语,但是谓语动词仍与最前面的主语Lynn保持一致;而句中给出的时间状语是now,因此用现在进行时。故选C。【误区警示】 主语后有with连接的名词时,谓语动词的单复数与最前面的主语保持一致。但and连接两个或两个以上并列名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。2. population意为“人口”,作主语时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式,但当它被分数修饰时,谓语动词要与后面的内容一致。例2 About three fifths of the population in China farmers.A. is B. are C. be D. was【答案】 B【解析】 此句中population被分数three fifths(五分之三)修饰,其谓语动词要取决于后面的内容,即farmers,故谓语动词应用复数形式。故选B。【误区警示】 有些学生会认为population是不可数名词,它作主语时谓语动词一律用单数形式,这是不正确的;当表达“某地的人口是多少”时,不管这个数字是几,谓语动词一律都用单数形式;但当其被分数修饰时,谓语动词取决于后面的内容。精选真题1. (2025·天水)Look! There a notebook and three keys on the desk.A. is B. was C. are D. were2. (2024·省卷)Linda prefers musicians who different kinds of music.A. play B. playsC. was playing D. is playingA A 拓展提升1. I plan to travel to America next month, and I think 2,000 dollars enough.A. was B. are C. is D. were2. One thousand kilometers quite a long way to the ancients, but nowwe can complete the journey in about one hour by air.A. was B. had C. were D. haveC A 3. (2026·首席原创)Pang Zhongwang won the 2025 Touching China award.Never giving up the key to his success.A. is B. are C. were D. have4. —The song is very popular now.—That’s for sure! Both the young and the old it.A. likes B. likeC. liked D. will likeA B 5. —Hurry up, Jason! We’re going to the cinema, but the clothes stillneed .—Don’t worry. I think thirty minutes enough.A. washing; are B. to wash; areC. to wash; is D. washing; is6. —Using public chopsticks necessary when eating with others.—That’s right.A. is B. are C. was D. wereD A 7. Not only Peter but also his father crazy about the basketball match.A. am B. is C. are D. be8. (2025·白银二模)—There an old man living here years ago.—I know him. He was nice and kind to everyone.A. is B. will beC. was D. has beenB C 9. Eighty percent of the students in this school three to five times aweek.A. exercises B. exerciseC. exercising D. to exercise10. —The number of tourists over 33 million this year.—Yes. A large number of tourists so far because of the new look ofour city.A. is; have come B. is; has comeC. are; has come D. are; have comeB A 11. Nearly of the earth covered by sea, but 95 percent of it issalty water.A. three fourth; is B. three fourths; isC. three fourth; are D. three fourths; areB 请完成《精练册》对应练习第49页(共37张PPT)专题十三 句子的种类第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题十三 句子的种类英语句子按其用途和意义可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四类。分析甘肃近5年各地区中考真题可知,疑问句(省卷5年4考,天水5年3考)、祈使句(天水5年2考,兰州5年2考)和感叹句(省卷5年2考)考查居多,反意疑问句少有涉及。陈述句偶有考查句子结构和句型变换的题型。■考点一 陈述句用于说明事实或说话人的看法。陈述句包括肯定结构和否定结构,陈述句句末用句号肯定结构 主语+系动词+表语.I’m a cook.我是一名厨师。She looks beautiful.她看上去很漂亮。肯定结构 主语+不及物动词.She always cries.她总是哭。主语+及物动词+宾语.We took a walk yesterday.昨天我们去散了步。主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语.Bill gave me a new scarf.比尔给了我一条新围巾。主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语.He made the computer work again.他让计算机重新运行起来了。否定结构 主语+系动词+not+其他.They are not doctors.他们不是医生。主语+情态动词/助动词+not+动词原形+其他.I can’t speak English very well.我英语说得不好。可以用no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nobody,neither...nor..., none, nothing等词构成否定句She has no ability in that kind of work.她没有做那种工作的能力。否定结构 在宾语从句中,若主句的主语是第一人称且为一般现在时,主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose等时,从句的否定词要转移到主句I think he is an honest student.我认为他是一名诚实的学生。“too...to...”句型本身具有否定的含义She is too short to get the book on the top.她太矮,够不到顶部的书。■考点二 疑问句 用于提出问题。疑问句包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句等。1. 一般疑问句句型 例句Be+主语+其他? —Are you a student?你是一名学生吗?—Yes, I am.是的,我是。助动词+主语+动词原形+其他? —Did you finish your homework?你写完你的家庭作业了吗?—Yes, I did.是的,写完了。句型 例句情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他? —Can I sit here?我可以坐这里吗?—No, you can’t.不,你不能。答语:肯定回答用yes,否定回答用no。【拓展】(1)一般疑问句也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词或句子回答,如certainly, sure, of course, I think so, all right, not at all, sorry, notyet, I’m afraid not等。—Would you mind my smoking here?你介意我在这儿抽烟吗?—Of course.当然介意。(2)一般疑问句的否定形式通常以be动词、情态动词或助动词与not的缩略形式开头,往往表示惊讶、怀疑等语气。在回答时也用yes或no,但其汉语意思与其原意正好相反。—Don’t you know that?你不知道那件事吗?(表惊讶)—Yes, I do.不,我知道。/No, I don’t.是的,我不知道。2. 特殊疑问句 以特殊疑问词开始的以寻求信息为目的的疑问句称为特殊疑问句。词条 用法 例句who 询问身份 Who is your uncle?谁是你的叔叔?what 询问内容、职业、外貌长相、性格、体重、身份等 What does your brother do?你弟弟是做什么工作的?What’s your father like?你的爸爸怎么样?词条 用法 例句where 询问地点或去向 Where will we live?我们将住在哪里?when 询问时间 When do you get up every day?你每天什么时候起床?why 询问原因 Why are you late again?你为什么又迟到了?词条 用法 例句which 询问对事物的选择 Which is your bag?哪一个是你的包?how 询问方式或感受 How do you feel today?你今天感觉怎样?whose 询问所属关系 Whose coat is it?这是谁的外衣?【拓展】which, what可在后面加上名词,构成特殊疑问词组,引导特殊疑问句。What sport do you like?你喜欢什么运动?Which animal do you like best?你最喜欢哪种动物?3. 选择疑问句 提出两种或两种以上的选项,要求对方选择其一的问句称为选择疑问句。选项之间用or连接,回答不用yes或者no,而需要用具体的选择来作答。选择疑问句可以分为以下两种:种类 结构 例句一般选择疑问句 一般疑问句+or+另一选项? —Do you come from China or Japan?你来自中国还是日本?—I come from China.我来自中国。特殊选择疑问句 特殊疑问句,A orB? —What would you like, tea or water?你想喝点什么,茶还是水?—Tea.茶。4. 反意疑问句 反意疑问句由“陈述句+简短问句”组成,问话者欲对陈述句部分的内容做进一步证实。结构 例句前肯 后否 Jim can swim well, can’t he?吉姆会游泳,不是吗?前否 后肯 Lucy can’t play the guitar, can she?露西不会弹吉他,是吗?特殊 结构 对祈使句进行反问Lucy is unhappy, isn’t she?(否定前缀不影响)【注意】反意疑问句一般用yes或no回答,但要注意时态及人称代词的呼应。对“前否后肯”的反意疑问句进行回答时,答语中的yes意为“不”,no意为“是”。—He isn’t at home, is he?他不在家,是吗?—Yes, he is./No, he isn’t.不,他在家。/是的,他不在家。■考点三 祈使句祈使句用来表达命令、要求、请求等语气。有时为了强调向谁提出要求或发出命令,也可保留主语。祈使句的谓语动词没有时态、数的变化。Be on time, please.请准时。Wash your clothes by yourself.你自己洗衣服。Let’s stop here first.让我们先停在这儿。You’d better stay here.你最好待在这里。No parking!禁止停车!■考点四 感叹句 用来表示惊讶、喜悦、愤怒、悲伤等强烈感情的句子,常用what或how引导。What a lazy boy (he is)!多么懒的家伙!What beautiful flowers (they are)!多么美丽的花啊!What good news (this is)!(这是)多么好的消息啊!How beautiful the flowers are!多么漂亮的花啊!How new your car (is)!你的小汽车多新啊!How carefully he works!他工作得多么认真啊!【易混易错剖析】1. 选择疑问句的答语。例1 —Do you like action movies or cartoon movies?(作出回答)— .【答案】 I like action movies/cartoon movies【解析】 本题考查选择疑问句的答语。选择疑问句不能用yes或no来回答,而是选择其中一部分回答。用yes或no回答的是一般疑问句。【误区警示】 因为选择疑问句句子结构为“一般疑问句+or+另一成分”,所以回答时,只能选择其中的一个成分进行回答。—Did he lose a key or a cellphone?—He lost a key/cellphone./A key/cellphone.一般疑问句是能用yes/no来回答的句子。—Do they have supper at home?—Yes, they do./No, they don’t.2. 反意疑问句中不定代词作主语时,简短问句的主语要用人称代词。例2 Everything begins to grow in spring, doesn’t ?(完成反意疑问句)【答案】 it【解析】 本题考查反意疑问句。everything作主语构成反意疑问句时,简短问句的主语用it。【误区警示】 当反意疑问句中不定代词作主语时,简短问句的主语,要视不定代词自身的意义而定。当表示个体, somebody, someone作主语时,反意疑问句的简短问句的主语用he;something, nothing作主语时,反意疑问句的简短问句的主语用it。Somebody is running there, isn’t he?Nothing has happened at night, has it?当不定代词作主语表示集体,everybody, everyone作主语时,反意疑问句的简短问句的主语用they。Everyone is from the countryside, aren’t they?每个人都来自乡村,不是吗?3. 肯定句变为否定句时,并不都是单纯变谓语动词。例3 Both you and I are going to go climbing the mountain this afternoon.(改为否定句)【答案】 Neither you nor I am going to go climbing the mountain thisafternoon.【解析】 both...and...意为“两者都……”,其否定形式是对两者的全部否定;neither...nor...意为“既不……也不……”,其连接两个主语时,谓语动词的单复数遵循“就近原则”;又因本身就含有否定意义,故谓语动词不能出现否定形式。【误区警示】 英语中有许多特殊的用法,这就需要我们特别记忆。在变否定句时,有一些句子就需要根据意思去变,而不是单纯地去变谓语动词。Both of them are workers.→Neither of them is a worker.4. 反意疑问句的答语。例4 —Tom wasn’t happy today, was he?— . He felt happy.【答案】 Yes【解析】 本题考查反意疑问句的回答。回答时要根据事实情况进行回答。“是”就用肯定形式回答;“不是”就用否定形式回答。根据“He felthappy.”可知,汤姆感到开心,“感到开心”是肯定的,用肯定形式“Yes”回答。【误区警示】 一般疑问句与反意疑问句的回答在形式上没有区别,但在译法上存在不同。如:一般疑问句“Are you from China?”的肯定回答用“Yes, I am.”,意为“是的,我来自中国”。反意疑问句“You aren’tfrom China, are you?”的回答“Yes, I am.”意为“不,我来自中国”。精选真题1. (2024·临夏州)— do you visit your grandparents?—Once a week. We should care about the old.A. How long B. How oftenC. How soon D. How many2. (2023·白银)— do you learn these words by heart?—By using them in different ways.A. When B. How C. Why D. WhereB B 3. (2021·省卷)—They’ve bought the sick children some toys and flowers.—So they have. nice of them!A. How B. What C. How a D. What a4. (2025·白银)I think the computer can still work.(改为否定句)I think the computer still work.5. (2024·省卷)那几艘龙舟好美呀!the dragon boats are!6. (2024·白银)Mary comes from Australia.(改为一般疑问句)Mary from Australia?7. (2022·白银)The dragon boat is very pretty.(改为感叹句)the dragon boat is!A don’t can How beautiful Does come How pretty 拓展提升1. (2025·白银一模)— do you go to the library?—Twice a month.A. How many B. How longC. How often D. How far2. the apple in half and each of us has one half.A. Cut B. CuttingC. To cut D. CutsC A 3. —So far, Li Hua is the only student who has finished the 100-meter race inless than 12 seconds in our school.— he runs!A. How slow B. How fastC. What slow D. What fastB 4. (2025·天水麦积区一诊)—Excuse me. can I get the car if I order ittoday?—In a month.A. How often B. How longC. How much D. How soon5. beautiful the poem Mom Knows Best is! I want to read it to mymom.A. What B. What aC. How D. How aD C 请完成《精练册》对应练习第51页(共35张PPT)专题二 名 词第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题二 名 词 名词是词性的一种,也是实词的一种,是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。甘肃各地区近5年中考对名词的考查主要出现在单项选择(省卷5年5考,兰州5年1考)、完形填空(天水5年5考,兰州5年5考)、词汇考查(省卷5年5考,兰州5年5考)、任务型完形填空(天水5年5考,兰州5年5考)题型中,每年考查单项选择和完形填空1—3题,词汇题1—3题,任务型完形填空1题。■考点一 名词的分类类别 意义 用法专有 名词 某一特定的人、事物、地方、团体或机构专有的名词。专有名词中实词的第一个字母必须大写 July七月Monday星期一China中国English英语普通 名词 个体名词:表示某类人或事物中的个体的名词 teacher教师house房子 table桌子类别 意义 用法普通 名词 集体名词:表示一些人或事物的总称的名词 people人们 family家庭police警察物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质的名词 water水 meat肉milk牛奶类别 意义 用法普通 名词 抽象名词:表示人或事物的状态、情感、品质或其他抽象概念的名词 labor劳动 love爱health健康【拓展】个体名词和集体名词所表示的人或事物可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词;物质名词和抽象名词所表示的事物一般不能用数目来计算,称为不可数名词。■考点二 名词的数英语中的名词有专有名词和普通名词之分,普通名词又有可数名词和不可数名词之分,而可数名词又有单数和复数之分可数名词 可数名词是可以用数量计算的名词,它有单数形式和复数形式可数名词单数 单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a(n)或表示数量的词one等,一般不可以单独使用This is a map.这是一张地图。I have only one bed.我只有一张床。可数名词 可数名词复数 构成方法 读音规则 例词一般在词尾加s s在清辅音后读/s/;在浊辅音和元音后读/z/ cup—cups/k ps/bag—bags/b gz/以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词在词尾加es 词尾es读 / z/ bus—buses/ b s z/box—boxes/b ks z/构成方法 读音规则 例词可数名词 可数名词复数 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,变y为i后,再加es 词尾ies读 / z/ story—stories/ st riz/baby—babies/ be b z/构成方法 读音规则 例词可数名词 可数名词复数 有些以f或fe结尾的词,变f或fe为v,再加es 词尾ves读 /vz/ leaf—leaves/li vz/wife—wives/wa vz/以字母o结尾的有生命意义的词,在词尾加es 词尾es和s均读/z/ tomato—tomatoes/t mɑ t z/potato—potatoes/p te t z/构成方法 读音规则 例词可数名词 可数名词复数 以字母o结尾的无生命意义的词,在词尾加s 词尾es和s均读/z/ radio—radios/ re di z/piano—pianos/pi n z/单复数同形的名词常见的有:sheep(绵羊),fish(鱼), deer(鹿), Chinese(中国人), Japanese(日本人)等。可数名词 可数名词复数 可数名词复数的不规则变化:有的名词单数变复数时,没有一定的规则。man—men男人 woman—women女人child—children孩子注意:(1)一些以man,woman结尾的合成词,构成复数时与man,woman的变化形式相同。policeman—policemen(男)警察Englishwoman—Englishwomen英国女人(2)human(人), German(德国人)不是合成词,其复数不能按照man的变化规律,而是按规则变化,即humans, Germans。(3)有些名词只有复数形式,这些名词常用来表示成双成对的物品:clothes衣服, glasses眼镜, scissors剪刀,pants裤子, trousers裤子等。不可数名词 不可数名词是不能用数量计算的名词,没有复数形式,前面不能用不定冠词a、an或数词表示量,但是可以用much, a lot of, some,little, a little等修饰,作主语时常被看作单数There is some soup in the bowl.碗里有一些汤。不可数名词常用a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a bottle of等修饰。不可数名词的量由of前名词的数来体现I need two cups of water now.我现在需要两杯水。注意:有些名词既可以作可数名词又可以作不可数名词,但意义不同。chicken鸡肉—chickens小鸡hair头发—three grey hairs三根白发room空间—rooms房间time时间—times次数,倍数■考点三 名词所有格名词所有格 定义 名词的所有格,表示名词的“所属”关系,即某物的归属’s 形式的所有格 一般情况下,在单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词的词尾直接加’sThis is Lucy’s bike.这是露西的自行车。注意:以s结尾的人名或单数名词的所有格的构成是在其后加’或’s,如James’或James’s,读作/d e mz/或/ d e mz z/。James’/James’s watch was lost yesterday.詹姆斯的手表昨天丢了。名词所有格 ’s 形式的所有格 以s或es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加’;不以s或es结尾的复数名词,仍加’sThey are teachers’ bags.它们是老师们的包。These are children’s toys.这些是孩子们的玩具。名词所有格 ’s 形式的所有格 并列名词表示各自所属时,在每个名词后都加’s,且后接复数名词;表示共同所属时,只在最后一个名词后加’s,且后接单数名词Jack’s and Bob’s rooms杰克和鲍勃的房间(两人各有一间,共两间)Jack and Bob’s room杰克和鲍勃的房间(两人共同拥有一个房间)名词所有格 ’s 形式的所有格 在英语中,凡是表示时间、距离、国家、城市、组织、天体、度量单位等的名词,也可以用’s来表示所有关系ten minutes’ walk十分钟的步行名词所有格 of 形 式 的 所 有 格 无生命东西的名词所有格一般用of构成短语。在用这种方法时,应当注意修饰词与被修饰词的位置,这样构成的所有关系一般表示前者属于后者the door of the store商店的门当一个名词的后面有修饰词或of短语表示所修饰名词的具体内容时,只能用of短语the father of a player一位运动员的爸爸名词所有格 双重所有格 双重所有格的两种形式:of+’s;of+名词性物主代词a friend of Mary’s玛丽的一个朋友a friend of hers她的一个朋友注意:(1)双重所有格表示整体中的一部分。双重所有格所修饰的名词(即of之前的名词)前常有a(n), two, some, any, no, few,these, those, which以及several等词修饰,但切记不可以和定冠词连用。a student of my mother’s我妈妈的一个学生(2)双重所有格还表示爱憎、褒贬的感彩。这时双重所有格所修饰的名词常和指示代词this, that等连用。The book of yours is under the desk.你的书在课桌下面。【拓展】(1)在上下文中明显提到或暗示到的被修饰的名词(即所有格后面的名词),为避免重复,有时候可以省略。The bike is not yours, but Jim’s.这辆自行车不是你的, 是吉姆的。(2)被修饰的名词是某人的家、店铺或教堂等指定地点的名词时, 习惯上可省略。at the doctor’s在医务室■考点四 名词作定语一般用单数形式 school education 学校教育个别名词用复数形式 sports meeting 运动会man, woman作定语,修饰单数名词用单数形式;修饰复数名词用复数形式 a man doctor一位男医生two men teachers两位男老师【易混易错剖析】对表示各自和共有的所有关系、双重所有格区分不清,不能正确使用。例1 This is bike. It’s new and cool.A. Amy’s and Sarah’sB. Amy and Sarah’sC. Amy and SarahD. Amy’s and Sarah【答案】 B【解析】 根据“It’s new and cool.”可知,bike是两者共有的,即只把后一个名词变成名词所有格。故选B。【误区警示】 一定要弄清楚句中所叙述的物品是共有的还是各自所有的。若表达共有的,只把后一个名词变成名词所有格;若表示各自所有的,需把每个名词都变成名词所有格。例2 I found written by Mark. It is on the desk.A. a letter of me B. a letter of myC. a letter of yours D. a letter of I【答案】 C【解析】 双重所有格的表达方式有“of+名词所有格”和“of+名词性物主代词”两种方式,因此“你的一封信”的表达是a letter ofyours。故选C。【误区警示】 对于双重所有格,首先要记准确,同时要熟练掌握名词所有格和名词性物主代词,这些都是相关联的,然后在运用时谨慎一些就可以了。精选真题1. (2024·临夏州)Of all the , I love spring best because it is a symbolof life.A. seasons B. subjectsC. colors D. hobbiesA 2. (2023·天水)Put first and be careful while riding on the road!A. interestB. moneyC. knowledgeD. safety3. (2022·省卷)The rang and Pat answered it. It was his son calling fromNew York.A. telephone B. doorbellC. clock D. bikeD A 4. (2025·兰州)His cousin keeps on painting in order to becomean (art).5. (2023·白银)Frank has more than 500 (stamp).6. (2021·省卷)There are three (apple) on the table.artist stamps apples 拓展提升1. (2025·陇南三模)—I play tennis and basketball, and I go swimming insummer.—You are really a lover!A. music B. foodC. sports D. danceC 2. —Have you set a on your new phone?—Certainly. I have to protect my personal information.A. date B. lockC. wallpaper D. language3. The theme park is about ride from the museum. You should start outright now.A. two hour B. two hour’sC. two hours’ D. two hoursB C 4. —Would you like some drinks, boys?—Yes, , please.A. some orangesB. two boxes of chocolateC. some cakesD. two bottles of cola5. room is big and bright. They like it very much.A. Tom and Sam B. Tom’s and SamC. Tom and Sam’s D. Tom’s and Sam’sD C 6. Teenagers are always full of . They never get tired.A. pleasure B. energyC. secrets D. chances7. Our community health care station offers family to keep us healthy.They are helpful.A. doctors B. musiciansC. singers D. driversB A 8. (2025·庆阳二模)You have a(n) —you can fly to Shanghai tomorrowor you can take a train there today.A. choice B. expressionC. attention D. agreement9. The teacher’s smile made us feel warm. It was like a valuable .A. example B. spiritC. chance D. treasure10. (2025·庆阳一模)The (art) who perform shadow puppets(皮影戏) are called “masters of light”.A D artists 11. I like playing the piano and singing songs, so my dream is to bea (music) in the future.12. A family of (mouse) were sleeping in the kitchen on Saturdaymorning when a big cat came in.13. (2025·酒泉三模)After playing football, the students took afew (minute) rest.14. These (box) are full of books. You can choose one to read.musician mice minutes’ boxes 请完成《精练册》对应练习第40页(共27张PPT)专题五 数 词第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题五 数 词分析甘肃各地区近5年的真题可以看出,数词涉及有所增加,主要考查基数词(省卷5年5考,兰州5年2考)和序数词(天水5年5考,兰州5年3考)的用法。考生需牢记部分特殊变化的序数词及其用法。概数词的考查也偶有涉及。■考点一 数词的分类英语中,数词包括基数词与序数词两大类。基数词:表示从1数到N。one, two, three, ...序数词:表示第N个(表顺序),由基数词转变而来。■考点二 基数词的表示法示例1~12单独记 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven,eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve13~19词尾为后缀-teen thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen,eighteen, nineteen20~90逢十词尾为后缀-ty twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy,eighty, ninety示例21~99(除逢十词外)在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成 twenty-nine, thirty-eight, forty-seven, fifty-six,sixty-five, seventy-four,eighty-three, ninety-two单位词 hundred, thousand, million, billion908 nine hundred and eight(2)千位以上的数字,先从后向前数,每三位用一个千分撇隔开。第一个千分撇表示thousand(千),第二个千分撇表示million(百万),第三个千分撇表示billion(十亿),然后一节一节地用几百几十几的方法表示。1,234 one thousand, two hundred and thirty-four【注意】(1)101~999先说几百,再加and,再加末尾两位数(或末位数)。246 two hundred and forty-six■考点三 基数词的用法基数词的用法基数词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语和定语Ten and three is thirteen.十加三等于十三。She has six new books.她有六本新书。用于名词之后表示顺序I’m in Class One.我在一班。基数词的用法基数词可表示世纪、年份、时间(钟点)、电话号码、年龄等My brother was born in May 2008.我的弟弟出生于2008年5月。My phone number is 334-4053.我的电话号码是334-4053。表示确切的数量We only have ten bottles of milk at home.家里只有十瓶牛奶了。基数词的用法表示不确切的数量 hundred、thousand、million、billion等可以构成短语,表示泛指的数目。这些词用复数形式并与of连用时,其前不能有具体的数词修饰,但可以被several、a few、many等修饰。hundreds of数以百计的 thousands of数以千计的注意:hundred、thousand、million、billion前有具体数词时,用单数形式。two hundred二百■考点四 序数词的用法1. 基数词变序数词基数词 序数词 基数词 序数词1/one 2/two 3/three 4/four 5/five 6/six 7/seven 8/eight first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth 16/sixteen 17/seventeen 18/eighteen 19/nineteen 20/twenty 21/twenty-one 39/thirty-nine 40/forty sixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenthtwentiethtwenty-firstthirty-ninthfortieth基数词 序数词 基数词 序数词9/nine 10/ten 11/eleven 12/twelve 13/thirteen 14/fourteen 15/fifteen ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth 50/fifty 80/eighty 90/ninety 100/one hundred 101/one hundred and one fiftietheightiethninetiethone hundredthone hundredand first 从上表可知,在大部分情况下,基数词后加-th变为相应的序数词,但one, two, three, five, eight, nine, twelve, twenty, twenty-one等属于特殊情况,因此可以记住下面这个关于基数词变序数词的口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th;一二三特殊记,词尾字母t、d、d;八去t,九去e,f来把ve替;若遇-ty来结尾,变ty为tie,后面再加-th;如果遇到几十几,只变个位就可以。2. 分数表达法分子用基数词,分母用序数词one second/a half5five and three fourths当分子大于1时,分母要用复数two thirds five sixths当分数修饰名词作主语时,其谓语动词要根据被修饰的名词而定Two thirds of it is the Arctic Ocean.其中三分之二是北冰洋。注意:分母若是2和4,则分别用half和quarter; 表示带分数时,带分数中的整数用基数词,与分数之间用and连接。【拓展】当表示“第几”时用序数词,前面要加定冠词the。但如果序数词前有形容词性物主代词或所有格时,则省略the。My brother’s eleventh birthday is coming in two months.两个月后是我弟弟的十一岁生日。the+序数词+最高级。The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国的第二长河。【易混易错剖析】1. 序数词前应用定冠词the,但如果前面有形容词性物主代词或所有格时,则省略the。例1 It will be eleventh birthday on March 15th.A. Bob’s the B. the Bob’sC. Bob D. Bob’s【答案】 D【解析】 根据句意可知,3月15日将是鲍勃的11岁生日,应用序数词,而序数词前加定冠词the似乎很正确,但记住一点,当被修饰的名词前有my, your, his, her, our, their等形容词性物主代词或Lucy’s,Jim’s等所有格时,则省略the。故选D。【误区警示】 学生在掌握序数词的用法时,要灵活变通,活学活用。“the+序数词”是一条规则,但有特殊情况,即当序数词前有形容词性物主代词或所有格时,省略the。2. 序数词前用定冠词the和用不定冠词表示的含义不同。例2 Although I have eaten three cakes, I want to try cake.A. a fourth B. the fourthC. fourth D. forth【答案】 A【解析】 句意:尽管我已经吃了三块蛋糕了,但我想再吃一块。(实际上已经吃了三块蛋糕了,这是第四块)。“a/an+序数词”表示“再一,又一,另一”,相当于“another+基数词”。故选A。【误区警示】 大多数学生见到此题会毫不犹豫地选择B,而不去进一步了解句中暗含的意思。此处表达“再一,另一”。精选真题1. (2025·武威)There are 30 students in the art club. One third are boys. So,the club has girls.A. 10 B. 20C. 30 D. 402. (2024·省卷)June is the month of a year.A. fifth B. sixthC. seventh D. eighthB B 3. (2023·天水)Our home is the (three) from the end on the left.4. (2023·兰州)This piece of music is so beautiful that I’d like to listen to ita (two) time.5. (2022·省卷)I go to a chess club (two) a week.6. (2021·兰州A卷)Judy visits her grandparents (one) a week.third second twice once 拓展提升1. Mom, of the apples gone bad. We’d better eat up therest as soon as possible.A. one third; have B. one thirds; haveC. one third; has D. first three; has2. (2025·酒泉三模)Please turn to Page and look atthe picture.A. twentieth; third B. twentieth; threeC. twenty; third D. twenty; threeA C 3. Mother’s Day falls on Sunday of May.A. two B. secondC. twice D. the second4. (2026·首席原创) volunteers will be needed for the 2026 Asian Gamesin Japan.A. Two thousand of B. Two thousands ofC. Thousand of D. Thousands ofD D 5. An boy, Li Wen, works hard and gets good grades in his finalexam.A. eighteen-year-oldsB. eighteen-year-oldC. eighteen years oldD. eighteen-year old6. (2025·白银二模)Li Huan has an elder brother and a younger sister, so sheis the child in her family.A. first B. second C. third D. fourthB B 7. Two is enough to buy the bike, but I can’t afford it.A. hundreds; to buy B. hundreds; buyC. hundred; to buy D. hundred; buy8. (2025·白银三模)About of the teachers in our school are women.A. three fourth B. three fourthsC. third fourths D. third fourth9. This old museum was built .A. in 1870s B. in the 1870sC. in 1870’s D. in the 1870C B B 10. It’s the last day when I’m . Tomorrow will be my sixteenthbirthday.A. thirteen B. fourteenC. fifteen D. sixteenC 11. There are (二十) paintings on the wall.12. For a few weeks, there are (成千上万) of little flowersand even butterflies!13. (2025·张掖甘州区二模)During the winter holiday, Jenny read this bookon Chinese food culture (two).twenty thousands twice 14. (2025·临夏州一诊)Tomorrow is Linda’s (nine) birthday.Let’s buy some gifts for her.15. It was the (five) birthday of my sister yesterday. We took her tothe children’s park to have fun.ninth fifth 请完成《精练册》对应练习第43页(共39张PPT)专题六 形容词与副词第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题六 形容词与副词 分析甘肃各地区近5年的真题可以看出,形容词与副词为必考点。主要在单项选择(天水5年5考,兰州5年3考)、完形填空(省卷5年5考,兰州5年4考)、任务型完形填空(省卷5年5考,兰州5年4考)、词汇考查(省卷5年5考,兰州5年5考)等题型中考查,在适当形式填空题型中主要考查形容词变副词和形容词、副词的比较等级。■考点一 形容词的基本用法功能 位置 例句作前置定语 一般放在名词前;常用作定语的形容词:little, only(唯一的), wooden, elder等 I have a wooden toy.我有一个木头玩具。作后置定语 形容词修饰不定代词时,通常后置 He told something important to me.他告诉了我一些重要的事情。功能 位置 例句作表语 一般放在be动词后,常用作表语的形容词:alone, awake, alive,well(健康的), ill等 My brother is tall and strong.我的哥哥又高又壮。作宾语补足语 常置于keep, make, leave等动词之后,说明宾语的性质、状态和特征 Please keep your room cleanand tidy.请保持你的房间干净整洁。(1)“the+形容词”表示一类人或物。the young年轻人(2)数词+表示长、宽、高、深以及年龄的名词+形容词。five hundred meters long 5百米长(3)形容词常用句式:①“It’s+adj.+of+sb.+to do sth.”表示“某人做某事是……的”。在这一句型中,常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如:good, kind,nice, polite, clever, foolish, lazy, careful等。②“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+to do sth.”表示“做某事对某人来说是……的”。在这一句型中,常用描述事物性质的形容词,如easy, difficult,important, safe, dangerous等。【拓展】形容词的其他用法■考点二 副词的分类及用法分类 例词 用法时间 副词 now, then, today, immediately,already, yet, before, ago,just 这三种副词一般放在句末,有时为了强调时间,也可把时间副词置于句首We must go to bed before 9:00 p.m.我们必须晚上9点之前睡觉。I think Tom run fast.我认为汤姆跑得快。分类 例词 用法地点 副词 here, there,outside, inside,anywhere, away, home 这三种副词一般放在句末,有时为了强调时间,也可把时间副词置于句首We must go to bed before 9:00 p.m.我们必须晚上9点之前睡觉。I think Tom run fast.我认为汤姆跑得快。分类 例词 用法方式 副词 happily, quickly, slowly, fast, hard 这三种副词一般放在句末,有时为了强调时间,也可把时间副词置于句首We must go to bed before 9:00 p.m.我们必须晚上9点之前睡觉。I think Tom run fast.我认为汤姆跑得快。分类 例词 用法频度 副词 always, usually, often, sometimes, never, seldom, hardly(ever) 位于be动词、情态动词及助动词之后,实义动词之前He has seldom felt so happy.他很少感到这么快乐了。We often feed the cats in the park.我们经常喂公园里的猫。分类 例词 用法程度 副词 very, quite, so, too, enough, much, rather 修饰动词时,在句中的位置与频度副词一样very, quite, so, too后接形容词、副词原级疑问 副词 when, where,why, how 常用来构成特殊疑问句,放在句首关系 副词 when, where, why 常用来引导定语从句【注意】(1)有些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而非副词,如lonely, lovely,friendly, motherly等。(2)形容词、副词与enough搭配时,放在enough之前。This old tree is tall enough.这棵古树足够高。(3)副词可以作状语、表语及定语。They get up so early.他们那么早起床。He will be away in a month.他一个月后将离开。■考点三 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的变化规则构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级单音 节词 和部分双音节词 一般在词尾加er或est high higher highestshort shorter shortest以字母e结尾的词,在词尾加r或st fine finer finestlate later latest构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级单音 节词 和部分双音节词 重读闭音节词词尾只有 一个辅音字母时,先双写 该辅音字母,再加er或est fat fatter fattestthin thinner thinnest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先把“y”改为“i”,再加er或est easy easier easiestfunny funnier funniest以er或ow结尾的少数双音节词,加er或est clever cleverer cleverestnarrow narrower narrowest构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级多音节词和部分双 音节词 在词前加more或most comfor-table morecomfor-table mostcomfor-tableinteres- ting moreinteresting mostinteresting不规则变 化 原级 比较级 最高级good/well better bestbad/badly worse worstmany/much more most■考点四 形容词和副词比较等级的用法1. 原级的用法(1)只能修饰原级的词有very, quite, too, so等。It’s too late today.今天太晚了。(2)原级常用的句型结构:结构 例句“A+be动词/实义动词+as+形容词/副词原级+as+B”表示“A和B程度相同” Ross is as tall as Jack.罗斯和杰克一样高。结构 例句“A+be动词/实义动词+not+as/so+形容词/副词原级+as+B”=“A+be动词/实义动词+less+形容词/副词原级+than+B”表示“A不如B……” They find English is not as/so easy asChinese.=They find English is less easy thanChinese.他们发现英语不如汉语简单。形容词和副词比较级的用法比较级表示两者之间的比较。常用的比较级修饰词或短语有:much, alot, far, a bit, a little, even等。“A+be动词/实义动词+形容词/副词比较级+than+B”表示“A比B……”I am stronger than you.我比你强壮。Lily sings better than me.莉莉唱歌唱得比我好。2. 比较级的用法形容词和副词比较级的用法“the+比较级..., the+比较级...”表示“越……,就越……”The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.你越仔细,你犯的错误就越少。“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”The weather is getting warmer and warmer.天气变得越来越暖和。形容词和副词比较级的用法“A+be动词/实义动词+形容词/副词比较级+than+any other+可数名词单数(+介词短语)”表示“A比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……”,含义是“A最……”(该句型虽用比较级的结构,但表达最高级的意思)The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.=The YangtzeRiver is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流。形容词和副词比较级的用法“特殊疑问词+be动词/实义动词+形容词/副词比较级,A or B?”Who is cleverer, Jim or Mark?谁更聪明,吉姆还是马克?Who can sing better, Lucy or Bob?谁唱得更好,露西还是鲍勃?3. 最高级的用法形容词和副词最高级的用法表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个,后面可用of (in)短语等来说明比较的范围。形容词最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the,副词最高级前的the可以省略“A+be动词/实义动词+the+形容词/副词最高级+in/of+比较范围”表示“在……中,A最……”Jenny writes the best of all.在所有人中,珍妮写得最好。形容词和副词最高级的用法“A+be+one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数+in/of+比较范围”表示“在……中,A是最……的……之一”Go biking is one of the most popular sports in the world.骑行是世界上最受欢迎的运动之一。“特殊疑问词+be动词/实义动词+(the)+最高级+A,B, or C?”用于三者及三者以上的比较Which city is your favorite, Beijing, Guangzhou or Shanghai?哪座城市是你最喜欢的,北京、广州还是上海?形容词和副词最高级的用法表示“第几……”用“the+序数词+最高级+名词”Daming is the second tallest student in his class.大明是他们班里第二高的学生。【易混易错剖析】 -ing形容词与-ed形容词相混淆。We all felt after reading this letter.A. excited; amazed B. exciting; amazedC. excited; amazing D. exciting; amazing【答案】 C【解析】 -ing形容词,一般修饰事物;-ed形容词,多指人的感受,主语一般是人,常用于“主语+-ed形容词+介词”结构中。第一空是人的感受,主语是人,应用excited;第二空被修饰的是letter,应用amazing。故选C。【误区警示】 初中阶段类似以上用法的形容词有:interesting/interested;boring/bored; moving/moved;amazing/amazed; frightening/frightened;tiring/tired; confusing/confused等,一定要记清-ing形容词是事物的特征,-ed形容词是人的感受。精选真题1. (2025·天水)City life is full of opportunities. Country life, however,is and more peaceful.A. dearer B. quieterC. busier D. colderB 2. (2024·省卷) but surely we’re making progress. Every small stepforward brings us closer to our dream.A. Happily B. CarefullyC. Slowly D. Lively3. (2023·白银)I haven’t got time to wait. If you want to come with me, getdressed .A. carefully B. loudlyC. quickly D. heavilyC C 4. (2022·天水)—How’s the new restaurant?—It’s . We waited a long time for the food to arrive.A. wonderful B. excitingC. difficult D. awful5. (2021·省卷)It’s not to talk with your mouth full.A. boring B. polite C. terrible D. sleepyD B 6. (2021·天水)My brother Bob is hard-working than me, but Iam than him.A. most; funnier B. most; funniestC. more; fun D. more; funnier( D )7. (2025·白银)My hometown is famous for potatoes and TCM.A. interesting B. strongC. proud D. knownD D( A )8. (2024·白银)Chinese tea is fantastic. Many foreigners love it alot.A. wonderful B. saltyC. safe D. traditionalA9. (2025·武威)The more we communicate with our parents,the (good) we’ll understand each other.10. (2023·省卷)My teacher always offers us help (patient).11. (2021·兰州A卷)It is (danger) to swim in the Yellow River.better patiently dangerous 拓展提升1. We feel to win the match because we are training hard.A. lonely B. sorryC. confident D. strange2. (2025·白银三模)The child cried when he found his kite was at thetop of the tree and that nobody could reach it.A. luckily B. slowlyC. loudly D. happilyC C 3. Our monitor is . He always spends a lot of time helping with our classprojects.A. generous B. humorousC. nervous D. curious4. Our school basketball team won the national game last night. We areso them.A. popular with B. proud ofC. sorry for D. worried aboutA B 5. (2025·临夏州一诊)—Can you tell me how to improve my English?—The more you practice, it becomes.A. the worse B. the worstC. the better D. the best6. —Who got the first prize in this competition?—Of course Tom did. He worked among us.A. hard B. harderC. hardest D. the harderC C 7. The knife doesn’t cut very well. It’s not as as before.A. bright B. heavy C. quick D. sharp8. —Let’s go to another restaurant instead.—It’s not necessary. The food here is than before.A. delicious B. less deliciousC. much delicious D. more deliciousD D 9. “Bad traffic” is perhaps the excuse for being late when your bossknows it only takes you five minutes to walk to work.A. easiest B. oldestC. smartest D. worst10. The teacher speaks and carefully so that we can understand herbetter.A. hardly B. only C. slowly D. nearD C 11. Our village becomes than before because of “Beautiful Village”project.A. cleaner B. the cleanerC. cleanest D. the cleanest12. —Lucy is what she eats. She never has junk food.—It’s a good habit.A. careful about B. angry withC. nervous about D. interested inA A 13. Besides visiting the library sometimes, Jane goes to the oldpeople’s home on Sundays.A. seldom B. never C. usually D. hardly14. A friend is someone who makes you free to be yourself.A. badly B. certainlyC. totally D. suddenlyC C 请完成《精练册》对应练习第44页(共44张PPT)专题十二 非谓语动词第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题十二 非谓语动词分析近5年甘肃各地区中考真题可知,非谓语动词属于必考点,重点考查动词不定式和动名词,也会涉及过去分词和现在分词。涉及的题型主要有:单项选择(省卷5年3考)、完形填空(天水5年2考)和词汇考查(省卷5年5考,兰州5年4考),偶尔也会在按要求完成句子和任务型完形填空中进行考查。(一)动词不定式■考点一 动词不定式的句法功能功能 用法 例句作主语 常用it作形式主语,而将不定式后置。常用句型:“It is+adj.+(of/for sb.) to do sth.”; “It takes/took sb.+时间段+todo sth.” To learn English well isimportant.=It’s important tolearn English well.学好英语很重要。作表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作,常位于be动词后 My dream is to be a teacher.我的梦想是成为一名老师。功能 用法 例句作宾语 一般只作某些动词的宾语 I decided to go on a trip to Dali.我决定去大理旅游。当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,然后把不定式置于补语之后,即“主语+动词+it+补语+to do” I find it not easy to learnEnglish.我发现学习英语不容易。功能 用法 例句作宾语 动词+特殊疑问词+不定式 She really didn’t know what todo next.她真的不知道下一步该怎么办了。作宾语补足语 动词+宾语+不定式 常见的有:advise, allow, encourage, teach, order等 My English teacher oftenencourages me to study hard.我的英语老师经常鼓励我努力学习。功能 用法 例句作宾语补足语 后跟不定式结构to be作补语的动词,常见的有:consider,think, feel, believe等 We consider Tom to be lazy.我们认为汤姆很懒惰。作定语 不定式作定语往往放在被修饰词的后面,即作后置定语 Do you know a place to park thecar?你知道停车的地方吗?功能 用法 例句作定语 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,若是不及物动词,则需加介词 Would you please give me somepaper to write on?你能给我一些用来写字的纸吗?与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其他词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动意义,但仍用主动语态 Do you have anything to tellme?你还有要告诉我的吗?功能 用法 例句作定语 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系而不存在主谓关系,则需用被动语态 Do you have anything to betaken to your mom?你有东西要带给你妈妈吗?(让别人带,主语是别人而不是you)作状语 一般在句中作目的、结果、原因状语 I went to the shop to buy somefood and drinks.我去商店买了一些食物和饮料。功能 用法 例句与特殊疑问词构成不定式短语 “特殊疑问词+to do”在句中可作主语、表语、宾语等 She really didn’t know what tobuy for him.她真的不知道为他买些什么。【拓展】常见接动词不定式作宾语的动词有:afford(付得起) agree(同意) ask(要求)attempt(试图) care(关心) choose(选择)pretend(假装) refuse(拒绝) seem(好像)want(想要) happen(碰巧)■考点二 省略to的动词不定式用法 例句情态动词后面省略to,常见的情态动词有:can,could,may, might,must,should, will, shall等 You can go home now.你现在可以回家了。用法 例句使役动词(let/make/have...) 后面省略to,在被动语态中to不能省略 Let’s clean the house together.咱们一起打扫房子吧。The story made me laugh.→I was made tolaugh by the story.那个故事把我逗笑了。用法 例句在感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,hear,listen to等后作宾语补足语时省略to,在被动语态中to不能省略 We heard a boy sing.我们听到一个男孩唱歌了。I saw him dance.→He was seen to dance.我看见他跳舞了。用法 例句表示个人意愿或倾向的wouldrather do...than do...,might (just) as well, ratherthan置于句首时,通常不带to Rather than go out, I prefer to stay at home.比起外出,我宁愿待在家中。用于“Why don’t sb.do...?/Why not do...?”句型中,表建议 Why don’t you go shopping?=Why not goshopping?你为什么不去购物呢?用法 例句help sb. (to) do结构中,可带to,也可不带 He helped me (to) carry the box.他帮我搬纸盒。but和except作介词,其后接不定式结构时,若前面谓语动词部分含有do的形式,but后的不定式省去to,否则不省略 Tom has nothing to do but wait.汤姆能做的只有等。用法 例句当两个或多个不定式短语由连词and, but或or连接时,后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略,但若表示对比、对照关系时,则不能省略 We decide to go out and have a picnic.我们决定出去野餐。(二)动名词■考点一 动名词的定义动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式,它兼有动词和名词的特征,由动词加-ing构成,否定形式是在其前加not,在句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。■考点二 动名词的句法功能功能 用法 例句作主语 单个动名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式 Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对你的健康有害。作宾语 动名词作宾语表示一般的习惯性行为或经常性动作 My sister likes reading verymuch.我妹妹非常喜欢读书。动名词作介词的宾语 We’re looking forward to travelingtogether.我们期待着一起去旅游。功能 用法 例句作表语 多数情况下,动名词作表语可转化为作主语 My mother’s job is teaching.我母亲的工作是教学。作定语 位于所修饰词之前,只表明所修饰词的用途等 My mother bought a washingmachine last Sunday.我妈妈上周日买了一台洗衣机。【拓展】(1)有一部分动词或词组可接动名词或不定式作宾语,但表述的意义却有区别:(2)有一部分动词,如need,want作“需要”讲时,其后必须用动名词形式(或不定式的被动形式)作宾语,表示“事情需要被做”。这时,动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。The dirty shoes in the bedroom need washing.=The dirty shoes in the bedroomneed to be washed. 卧室里的脏鞋子需要清洗了。■考点三 动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构为“形容词性物主代词/名词所有格/人称代词宾格+动名词”,位于句子的开头时,必须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。Do you mind my/me opening the box?你介意我打开盒子吗?(三)分 词分词是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语,也没有人称和数的变化,具体分为现在分词和过去分词两种。■考点一 分词的形式和特征1. 分词的形式规则动词的现在分词由动词原形加ing构成,过去分词由动词原形加ed构成。分词的否定形式是在分词前加not。Not knowing Lucy’s address, I couldn’t write to her.由于不知道露西的地址,我无法给她写信。2. 分词的特征与用法分词兼有形容词和动词的特征,可以被状语修饰。过去分词有完成和被动的意义,现在分词有进行的意义,可以有宾语。分词和它的宾语或状语一起构成分词短语,在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。功能 用法 示例作定语 通常单个分词作定语放在被修饰词之前,被称为分词形容词 running water自来水a smiling face 一张笑脸分词短语作定语要放在被修饰词之后,其作用相当于一个定语从句 Who is the man selling the applesoutside(=that is selling the applesoutside)?在外面卖苹果的男士是谁?功能 用法 示例作表语 现在分词作表语,一般表示主语所具有的属性和特征,并表示主动关系 The book is exciting.这本书令人兴奋。过去分词作表语,一般表示主语处于某种状态。如果是及物动词的过去分词,还表被动关系 They were very shocked at the news.听到这则消息他们很震惊。功能 用法 示例作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行,与宾语在逻辑上是主动关系 I saw him dancing under the tree.我看见他在树下跳舞。过去分词作宾补着重强调动作的完成和结果,它与宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系 Jane had her car fixed this morning.今天早上简修了她的车。功能 用法 示例作状语 表示时间(在意义上相当于时间状语从句) When doing sports in the park(=When Iwas doing sports in the park), I saw ahomeless cat.当我在公园里做运动时,我看到了一只流浪猫。表示原因或条件(在意义上相当于原因或条件状语从句) I will go to the party if invited(=if I aminvited).如受到邀请,我将参加晚会。表示结果、方式或伴随情况(这种用法没有相应的状语从句代替) Her father went away, leaving her athome.她的爸爸离开了,把她丢在家里。■考点二 分词的逻辑主语 分词作表语和状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语;作宾语补足语时,其逻辑主语是它前面的宾语;作定语时,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。■考点三 分词的时态和语态现在分词有一般时和完成时,并有主动语态和被动语态。不及物动词的现在分词没有被动语态。过去分词只有一般时,没有完成时,也无主动语态,以下以及物动词do和不及物动词go为例,列表说明:分词 动词 语态 时态 及物动词 (以do为例) 不及物动词 (以go为例)主动 语态 被动 语态 主动 语态 被动语态现在 分词 一般时 doing being done going ×完成时 having done having been done having gone ×过去 分词 一般时 × done × gone1. 现在分词的时态(1)现在分词的一般时所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。Lucy saw a man talking with her teacher.露西看到一位男士正在和她的老师谈话。(2)现在分词的完成时所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。Having taken a good rest, he started to write a letter.好好休息过后,他开始写信。2. 现在分词的被动语态当现在分词的逻辑主语是分词所表示的动作的对象时,分词要用被动语态。The garden being repaired will be the biggest one in my hometown.正在修葺的花园将会是我家乡最大的花园。【易混易错剖析】1. 使役动词和感官动词后面的动词不定式要省略to,但用于被动语态时,要将to还原。例1 The teacher made students an English article today. Thatmeans, students were made an English article today.A. read; read B. to read; to readC. read; to read D. to read; read【答案】 C【解析】 第一空为主动语态,使役动词make后应接省略to的不定式作宾补,应填help;第二空为被动语态,应将made后面省略的动词不定式符号to还原,故填to read。故选C。【误区警示】 使役动词后必须接省略to的动词不定式,感官动词后可接省略to的动词不定式也可接动名词。学生在做题时总是忽略被动语态中原来省略的to,在这种情况下一定要注意将to还原。2. 单个动名词(短语)作主语时,谓语应用单数形式。例2 I think Eating junk food really bad for our health.A. is B. are C. were D. was【答案】 A【解析】 本题考查的是主谓一致。动名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。故选A。【误区警示】 本题一定要注意作主语的是reading storybooks(动名词短语)而不是storybooks。本题易错选B。3. 现在分词与过去分词表示的含义相混。现在分词表示动作正在进行,表主动意义;过去分词表示动作已经完成,表被动意义。例3 We need some (煮沸的) water to cook soup.【答案】 boiled【解析】 本句要表达的意思是“我们需要开水(煮沸的水)来做汤”。boiling是现在分词,表示动作正在进行;boiled是过去分词,表示动作已经完成。【误区警示】 本题易错填boiling,现在分词作前置定语,与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,它表示该名词的动作正在进行,即“正在沸腾的水”。此题表示“需要沸腾过的水”,即动作已经完成,应用boiled。精选真题1. (2021·省卷)—Would you like to go out for dinner tonight?—No, I’d rather at home.A. to eat B. eating C. eat D. ate2. (2025·兰州)Keep studying hard in the future because (learn) isa lifelong journey.3. (2024·武威)The Internet can be a useful tool, but don’t let it .(take) up all of your time.C learning take 4. (2024·临夏州)I enjoy (listen) to music in my spare time.5. (2023·白银)You’re expected (shake) hands when meetingpeople for the first time in China.6. (2022·天水)The teacher asked the students (circle) the correctanswer.7. (2021·省卷)We’ve got a 3-day holiday, (include) NewYear’s Day.8. (2024·省卷)为了避免犯错,我们需要仔细阅读每一个问题。making mistakes, we should read each question carefully.listening to shake to circle including To avoid 拓展提升1. I managed some money on my own. And I bought a tie as a gift forDad.A. saving B. to saveC. save D. saved2. My parents are my best listeners. Whenever I feel like , they areready to listen.A. talk B. to talkC. talking D. to talkingB C 3. I noticed some volunteers up rubbish in the park. Let’s join them!A. pick B. pickingC. to pick D. to picking4. In my opinion, it is great for a better way to work out theseproblems.A. look B. lookingC. looks D. to look5. The workers are busy windows to the new building these days.A. fix B. fixed C. fixing D. to fixB D C 6. —What a heavy rain!—Yes, I prefer rather than on such a rainy day.A. to go out; stay at homeB. to stay at home; go outC. going out; stay at homeD. staying at home; go out7. People may use different body language the same feelings.A. show B. to showC. showed D. showsB B 8. When you are tired, in the countryside is a wonderful experience.A. relaxing B. relaxedC. relax D. relaxes9. Many people enjoy zongzi by themselves on the Dragon BoatFestival.A. making B. madeC. to make D. makeA A 10. (2025·庆阳二模)The funny story made the children (laugh)loudly.11. Squirrels always like saving some food before winter comes. But theyforget where (find) it from time to time.12. (2025·白银二模)Cindy is a helpful girl. Let her (help) you if youmeet problems.13. (2025·定西临洮县二模)Personal information must .(protect) carefully with AI technology.laugh to find help be protected请完成《精练册》对应练习第50页(共31张PPT)专题一 语 音第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题一 语 音 分析甘肃各地区近5年中考真题可知,语音的考查题型为单词辨音,即从所给四个选项中,找出画线部分与其他三个单词画线部分读音不同的选项(白银5年5考,天水5年2考,临夏州5年5考)。单词辨音类试题,归根结底都是在考查单词中元音字母及其字母组合的发音和辅音字母及其字母组合的发音,因此熟知字母及其字母组合发音是解答此类试题的关键。26个英语字母分为元音字母和辅音字母。元音字母有5个,它们是A(a),E(e),I(i),O(o),U(u),其余的21个为辅音字母,其中Y(y)是半元音字母。以下是按发音归类的字母表:Aa/e / Jj/d e / Kk/ke / Hh/e t /Ee/i / Bb/bi / Cc/si / Dd/di / Gg/d i / Pp/pi / Tt/ti / Vv/vi / Zz/zi /Ii/a / Yy/wa /Oo/ / /Uu/ju / Qq/kju / Ww/ d blju /Ff/ef/ Ll/el/ Mm/em/ Nn/en/ Ss/es/ Xx/eks/Rr/a (r)/ /清辅音 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /θ/ / / /t /浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /ɡ/ /v/ /z/ / / / / /d /鼻音 /m/ /n/ / / /似拼音 /h/ /r/ /l/半元音 /w/ /j/ /考点 音标与辨音◆语音音素 英语共有44个音素,其中元音20个,辅音24个,另外有4个辅音连缀(/ts/,/dz/,/tr/,/dr/)。英语辅音和元音的作用相当于汉语中的声母和 韵母。单元音 长元音 /i / / / /u / /ɑ / / / /短元音 / / / / / / / / / / /e/ / /双元音 /a / /e / /a / / / / / / / /e / / /清辅音 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /θ/ / / /t /浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /ɡ/ /v/ /z/ / / / / /d /鼻音 /m/ /n/ / / /似拼音 /h/ /r/ /l/半元音 /w/ /j/ / /◆音标【注意】发音时声带不振动的辅音叫清辅音,浊辅音与之相对。◆常考元音字母及其字母组合发音1. 元音字母a发音a / / bag, apple, fan, map, have, math/e / cake, vacation, awake, ancient, make, taste/ / allow, camera, against, ago/ / always, fall, water, talk, draw, mall, law/ɑ / argue, rather, plant, class, alarm, glass, father2. e及其字母组合发音e /e/ bed, second, festival, special, get/ / hello, quiet, talent, development/ / refuse, behind, pretty, English/i / evening, medium, these, heea /i / sea, pea, teach, beat, easily, meat/e/ bread, deaf, dead, ahead, weather/ (r)/ dear, hear, clear, appear/ (r)/ earth, search, earn3. i及其字母组合发音i /a / drive, while, life, ride, wide, dining/ / dig, pink, noise, strict, six, big, insteadir / (r)/ first, girl, shirt, skirt, thirty4. o及其字母组合发音o / / nose, those, photo, most, hello, note/ / box, long, object, promise, offer, cross, hot/ / opinion, conclude, commit, welcome/ /(在m, n, th, v前) come, Monday, none, mother, brother, loveoo / / good, cook, foot, wood, lookoo /u / tooth, too, zoo, bamboo, moonor / (r)/ storm, normal, born, record, moreou /a / about, house, mouse, doubt, our/ / famous/ / trouble, roughow /a / how, town, down, now, cowow / / low, show, grow, yellow, bowoy / / boy, enjoy, joy, toy5. u及其字母组合发音u /ju / cute, student, human, usually, excuse/ / bus, subject, duck, summer, jump, cut/u / blue, truly, truth, ruler, Juneur / (r)/ burn, purple, turn, hurt, purpose, survey◆常考辅音字母及其字母组合发音s /s/ some, search, such/z/ his, always, yours, rose, noset /t/ tail, table, set, tip, topx /ks/ box, six, excuse/ɡz/ exam, example, exactz /z/ zero, zoo, zipch /t / chair, such, chance, chatch /k/ school, character, stomachck /k/ black, chicken, trucktr /tr/ trip, trousers, truets /ts/ bats, hats, fruitswh /w/ what, white, when/h/ whom, whose, wholewr /r/ write, wrong, writerdr /dr/ draw, drum, drop, dressds /dz/ beds, birds, woodskn /n/ know, knife, kneeng / / bring, interesting, learningph /f/ phone, physics, photosh / / she, shop, ship, shinetch /t / watch, match, catchth /θ/ thank, think, math, theater/ / that, this, them, there, then精选真题单词辨音 从 A、B、C、D四个选项中,找出画线部分与其他三个单词画线部分读音不同的选项。1. (2025·白银)( A )(1)A. egg B. bell C. she D. desk( D )(2)A. sit B. mile C. life D. kind( C )(3)A. main B. rain C. explain D. certain( B )(4)A. hand B. hear C. hour D. hope( B )(5)A. which B. chemistry C. catch D. chickenCADCB2. (2024·白银)( D )(1)A. name B. page C. make D. fact( B )(2)A. dumpling B. funny C. husband D. music( C )(3)A. out B. soup C. round D. mouth( A )(4)A. bus B. above C. climb D. club( B )(5)A. whose B. what C. which D. whereDDBCA3. (2024·临夏州)C( B )(1)A. home B. broke C. love D. smoke( D )(2)A. bank B. wash C. black D. sad( A )(3)A. heat B. mean C. deal D. bread( D )(4)A. general B. greet C. grape D. garden( D )(5)A. thirsty B. thank C. truth D. thereBDAD4. (2023·白银)( A )(1)A. nice B. middle C. kite D. fine( C )(2)A. stop B. money C. come D. glove( D )(3)A. leaf B. beat C. head D. weak( B )(4)A. China B. chess C. choice D. chemistry( B )(5)A. game B. gentleman C. go D. goodBACDB5. (2022·白银)( B )(1)A. cut B. luck C. music D. hurry( D )(2)A. ever B. he C. mess D. pen( A )(3)A. forty B. morning C. horse D. word( A )(4)A. who B. what C. why D. where( D )(5)A. cake B. cent C. city D. cinemaCBDAD6. (2021·天水)A( B )(1)A. add B. cap C. mad D. water( A )(2)A. with B. time C. dish D. hill( C )(3)A. her B. mother C. summer D. tiger( D )(4)A. both B. lab C. comb D. box( D )(5)A. chat B. chess C. lunch D. schoolBACD拓展提升1. (2025·白银三模)单词辨音( C )(1)A. ruler B. custom C. sudden D. truck( B )(2)A. discover B. public C. politely D. silver( D )(3)A. balloon B. wooden C. washroom D. smooth( A )(4)A. beside B. absent C. brain D. doubt( A )(5)A. stomach B. coach C. chance D. choiceACBDA2. 单词辨音( C )(1)A. like B. kite C. alive D. give( B )(2)A. open B. fold C. offer D. local( A )(3)A. beat B. heavy C. cheap D. eastern( A )(4)A. then B. throw C. think D. thing( D )(5)A. city B. cost C. cook D. clearDCBAA3. 单词辨音( D )(1)A. hole B. nose C. police D. rose( C )(2)A. large B. star C. party D. warm( B )(3)A. when B. white C. who D. where( C )(4)A. sad B. sure C. street D. silk( C )(5)A. like B. night C. big D. bikeCDCBC4. (2025·陇南三模)单词辨音( C )(1)A. president B. outside C. stick D. cinema( D )(2)A. age B. grade C. glass D. face( C )(3)A. math B. both C. think D. other( A )(4)A. soon B. cool C. cook D. school( B )(5)A. worst B. important C. short D. fortyBCDCA5. (2025·临夏州一诊)单词辨音( A )(1)A. cut B. put C. rush D. such( D )(2)A. lead B. head C. health D. heavy( B )(3)A. loudly B. cloud C. proud D. southern( C )(4)A. cake B. catch C. face D. name( B )(5)A. page B. general C. gift D. geographyBADBC6. (2025·白银一模)单词辨音( B )(1)A. cake B. face C. bag D. make( C )(2)A. cut B. use C. cup D. duck( B )(3)A. house B. cloud C. group D. mouth( A )(4)A. bed B. climb C. bike D. big( C )(5)A. whole B. when C. where D. whiteCBCBA7. (2025·庆阳二模)单词辨音( C )(1)A. Chinese B. chemistry C. everyday D. express( D )(2)A. increase B. public C. silent D. relative( B )(3)A. wealth B. pleasure C. breakfast D. repeat( A )(4)A. license B. picnic C. choice D. chance( A )(5) A. although B. throw C. thirsty D. thoughtACDBA8. (2025·白银二模)单词辨音C( B )(1)A. gate B. make C. fantastic D. station( D )(2)A. study B. pollute C. bus D. discuss( A )(3)A. loud B. house C. mouth D. enough( C )(4)A. necessary B. action C. fact D. public( C )(5)A. anything B. health C. than D. thoughtBDAC请完成《精练册》对应练习第40页(共49张PPT)专题十四 复合句第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题十四 复合句在一个英语句子中含有两个或更多的主谓结构,其中一个为句子的主体(即主句),其余的主谓结构充当句子的某些成分(即从句),这种句子称为复合句。分析甘肃近5年各地区中考真题可知,该部分为必考点。主要考查宾语从句的引导词及语序(省卷5年4考),定语从句中的关系词(天水5年2考,兰州5年1考)和状语从句的引导词(省卷5年4考,兰州5年3考),偶有涉及从句中的时态。(一)定语从句修饰名词或代词的句子在复合句中充当定语,所以叫定语从句。它在复合句中的作用相当于形容词(因此也称为形容词性从句)。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词称为关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词,一般位于定语从句之前,先行词之后。关系代词在从句中一般作主语、宾语、表语或定语,关系副词在从句中一般作状语。不过,在英语中,根据定语从句与先行词的关系的紧密程度,我们习惯上将定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。■考点一 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句又称限制性定语从句,用来修饰和限定先行词,与先行词关系非常密切,它所修饰的先行词代表一些或一类特定的人或物,说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况,如果去掉,意思则含糊不清。先行词 关系词 功能 例句人 who 主语;宾语 The girl who is dancing is my sister.正在跳舞的那个女孩是我的姐姐。whom 宾语 He’s the boy whom I played with just now.他就是刚才和我玩的男孩。先行词 关系词 功能 例句人,物 that 主语;宾语 I visited the museum that was built last year.我参观了去年建成的博物馆。人,物 as 宾语;主语;表语 Lucy has the same pen as I used yesterday.露西有一支和我昨天用的一样的钢笔。人,物 whose 定语 It’s the house whose door is painted red.这是个门被刷成红色的房子。先行词 关系词 功能 例句物 which 主语; 宾语 I like music which I can dance to.我喜欢能随之跳舞的音乐。地点 where 地点 状语 This is the place where I often take a walk.这就是我经常散步的地方。先行词 关系词 功能 例句时间 when 时间 状语 We still remember that day when we met for the firsttime.我们还记得我们第一次见面的那一天。原因 why 原因 状语 I don’t know the reason why he came late.我不明白他为什么来得那么晚。【注意】(1)who也可以代替在从句中担当宾语的whom,但是它前面不能有介词。(2)关系副词在定语从句中的作用相当于介词短语。when=on/in/during the daywhere=in/at/on the placewhy=for the reason(3)关系词只能用that,不能用which的情况①先行词是不定代词anything, everything, nothing, all, little, few,much, none, some等时(something除外)。Is there anything that you want to say?你有想要说的事吗?②先行词被the only, the very, the right, the last等修饰时。Is this the only thing that you lost?这是你丢的唯一的东西吗?③当先行词既有人又有物时。They were talking about the things and people that they knew well.他们正在谈论他们都很熟悉的事物和人。④先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰,或先行词本身就是序数词时。This is the first time that I have visited Sanya.这是我第一次参观三亚。⑤当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which is the park that you always go to?哪个是你总是去的公园?■考点二 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句又称非限制性定语从句。非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,译为汉语时常常不译作定语,而根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主语的关系不像限定性定语从句那么紧密,只对先行词作附加性说明,即使去掉,主句意思依然清楚。在非限定性定语从句前往往用逗号隔开,若将非限定性定语从句放在句中,它的前后都要用逗号隔开。The Smiths, who look unhappy, are waiting for you.史密斯夫妇正在等你,他们看上去不开心。【注意】非限定性定语从句指人用who, whom引导,指物用which引导。that不可引导非限定性定语从句。(二)宾语从句在复合句中起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句可以作动词、介词或形容词的宾语,一般位于这些动词、介词或形容词之后。宾语从句的引导词包括从属连词、连接代词、连接副词。从属连词主要有that, if,whether;连接代词主要有who, whom, what, which, whose等;连接副词主要有where, when, how, why等。■考点一 宾语从句的引导词引导词 作用 例句that 本身无意义,在从句中不作成分,在口语或非正式文体中常省略 I remember that Tom borrowedmy book yesterday.我记得昨天汤姆借了我的书。if/whether 意为“是否”,在从句中不作成分,但不可省略 He asked me whether/if I couldhelp him.他问我是否可以帮助他。连接代(副)词(what/which/who/whose/whom/when/where/why/how等) 在从句中作一定的成分,如:主语、宾语、定语、状语等 Please explain why you are late for class again.请解释一下你为什么上课又迟到了。【注意】(1)当that引导几个并列关系的宾语从句时,最后一个that不能省略,在主从句之间有插入语时,that也不可省略。He thought (that) he was strong and that only he could help them.(第一个that可省略,但第二个that不能省略)他认为他很强壮,并且只有他能帮助他们。It says here, on this card, that it was used in plays.卡片上写着,它是以前演戏用的。(2)英语中某些形容词后也可跟宾语从句,常见的形容词有:sure, sorry,afraid, pleased, glad, surprised等。I’m afraid that Bob can’t come to the meeting.恐怕鲍勃不能来开会了。(3)it作形式宾语的从句,常用的句型结构:主语+及物动词+it(形式宾语)+宾语补足语+由that引导的宾语从句。We think it bad that he never has breakfast.我们认为他从不吃早饭是不好的。■考点二 宾语从句的时态宾语从句遵循“时态一致”原则,即从句的时态应与主句的时态保持一致。1. 当主句是一般现在时时,宾语从句可根据实际情况使用任何时态。I hear he’ll be back in a few days.我听说几天之后他就要回来了。2. 当主句是一般过去时时,宾语从句与主句保持一致,也要用过去的某种时态。常见的变化如下:一般现在时→一般过去时一般将来时→过去将来时现在完成时→过去完成时现在进行时→过去进行时如果原来就是过去时则不用改变。She said she was playing ping-pong at 7:00 yesterday.她说昨天七点钟她正在打乒乓球。【注意】(1)如果宾语从句所叙述的内容是自然现象、客观真理、格言,其从句时态不受主句的限制,要用一般现在时。They said that the earth is round.他们说地球是圆的。(自然现象)(2)could, would等词既是过去式,本身也是情态动词,它们引导的一般疑问句不能将其看作是过去式,而是在请求、建议时表示委婉语气,所以从句不能变成相应的过去时态。Could you tell me why your mother felt sad?你能告诉我为什么你的妈妈很难过吗?(3)当主句是一般将来时或祈使句时,从句也可以根据句子意思使用所需要的时态。I’ll tell you how they won the game.我会告诉你他们是怎样赢了这场比赛的。■考点三 宾语从句的语序语序 例句复合句中的宾语从句必须使用陈述语序,即“引导词+主语+谓语+其他”,不能使用疑问语序 How will you go to the park? I want toknow.→I want to know how you willgo to the park.语序 例句含有助动词do, does, did的疑问句变为宾语从句时,要将帮助构成疑问句的助动词do, does, did去掉,从句中的谓语动词要根据主句时态作出相应的变化 “Do they often do sports?” heasked.→He asked if/whether they oftendid sports.语序 例句如果是be, will, have, can等构成的疑问句,在变为宾语从句时,需把它们还原到句中原来的谓语位置上,并根据主句的时态作出相应的变化 Can he play chess? I want toknow.→I want to know if/whether hecan play chess.语序 例句如果宾语从句中的引导词恰好在从句中充当主语或主语的定语,则句子保持原有的结构 What’s the girl in red?Can you tellme?→Can you tell me what’s thegirl in red?【注意】宾语从句的否定前移。在宾语从句中,当主语为第一人称,主句的谓语动词为think, believe, expect, imagine, suppose等词的原形时,从句中表示否定意义的not应移到这些词之前。I don’t believe he’ll be back in one week.我不相信他将在一周后回来。(三)状语从句在复合句中作状语修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词以及整个句子的从句叫状语从句。每一个状语从句都是由从属连词引导的,即我们常说的引导词,引导状语从句的连词本身都有一定的意义,但在从句中不充当成分。状语从句的位置比较灵活,可放在句首,也可放在句末。放在句首时,其后常用逗号隔开。状语从句一般分为九大类,即时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句。类别 引导词 例句时间 状语 从句 when, while, as(当,一边……一边), after,before, until, till,since(自……以来),whenever(无论……时),once(一旦), as soon as, nosooner...than(一……就)等 I will have a rest as soon as themeeting is over.会议一结束我就去休息。类别 引导词 例句地点 状语 从句 where, wherever等 Wherever you go, you should lookafter yourself well.无论你去哪儿,你都应照顾好自己。原因 状语 从句 because, since, as(因为)等 He didn’t come to school yesterdaybecause he was ill.他昨天没来上学, 因为他生病了。类别 引导词 例句目的 状语 从句 so that(以便), for fearthat(以免), in order that(为了,以便于)等。以这些连接词引导的目的状语从句中常有情态动词may,might, can, could等 Speak clearly so that they mayunderstand you.说清楚,以便他们能明白你的意思。类别 引导词 例句结果 状语 从句 so...that...(如此……以至于……), such...that...等 It is such a heavy box that no one canmove it. 这是一个如此重的箱子,以至于没有人能挪动它。条件 状语 从句 if, unless, so/as long as(只要), in case(万一,如果)等 You will fail unless you work hard.你若不努力就会失败。类别 引导词 例句比较 状语 从句 as...as, not as/so...as, more than You need that money more than I do.你比我更需要那笔钱。让步 状语 从句 though, although, evenif,even though, however,no matter how, whoever,no matter who, whatever,no matter what等 Although it was cold, the childrenwent on skating.尽管天气很冷, 孩子们还是继续滑冰。类别 引导词 例句方式 状语 从句 as(正如), as if(好像), asthough(好像), how等 You must do as I did.你们必须照我做的(样子)做。【易混易错剖析】1. 介词与关系代词的关系例1 That is the girl with that I talked.(改错)【答案】 That is the girl that I talked with.或That is the girl with whom Italked.【解析】 在定语从句中,当关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词的宾语时,介词一般置于其前,也可置于从句中动词之后。如果介词前置,关系代词则不能省略,也不能用that,但是当关系代词是that时,介词就不能前置。【误区警示】 介词不能前置的定语从句还有:省略了关系代词时或关系代词在从句中作动词短语所包含的介词的宾语时。The keys(which/that) you are looking for is under the sofa.2. 宾语从句中的否定前移例2 I believe he won’t go abroad alone.(改错)【答案】 I don’t believe he will go abroad alone.【解析】 主句是一般现在时,主句主语是第一人称,谓语动词believe的宾语从句是否定句时要前移,即否定在主句中。【误区警示】 当主句是一般现在时,主句主语是第一人称,且谓语动词是think, believe, expect, imagine, suppose等时,宾语从句的否定词通常移到主句中,也就是“否定前移”的用法。3. 主句为一般将来时从句的时态例3 Helen will be happy if you will buy her a new bike.(改错)【答案】 Helen will be happy if you buy her a new bike.【解析】 本题考查的是由if引导的条件状语从句。在条件状语从句中,不能用任何一种将来时,而是要用相应的现在时态或过去时态表示将来。本题主句是将来时,从句用一般现在时,即遵循“主将从现”原则。【误区警示】 在中考中经常考到“主将从现”的用法,除了由if引导的条件状语从句外,还有由when, as soon as, not...until..., before, after等引导的时间状语从句。I’ll tell you about it as soon as you come back.你一回来我就告诉你这件事。精选真题1. (2024·临夏州)Tom didn’t go to bed his mother came back lastnight.A. until B. ifC. because D. unlessA 2. (2024·临夏州)A true friend is a person can help you when you are introuble.A. who B. whomC. whose D. whichA 3. (2023·白银)—Do you know ?—Yes, there’s one here. It’s in the store.A. whom he is talking withB. when I can get to the hotelC. how to use the machineD. if there’s a restroom around hereD 4. (2021·省卷)—Could you tell me ?—The day after tomorrow.A. when we had the school leavers’ partyB. when did we have the school leavers’ partyC. when will we have the school leavers’ partyD. when we will have the school leavers’ partyD 拓展提升1. (2025·酒泉三模)Nowadays, AI is one of the most importanttechnologies are widely used in our life.A. that B. whichC. who D. what2. Lisa was busy taking notes Mark was giving a talk.A. if B. unlessC. until D. whileA D 3. you can use your dictionary, you will learn English better.A. If B. UnlessC. Though D. Before4. (2025·白银一模)—Excuse me, do you know ?—Sure. There’s a park just two blocks away.A. where I can find a good restaurantB. how I can get to the train stationC. why the shop is closed todayD. where the nearest park isA D 5. In class, a teacher may ask students to raise their hands they speak.A. because B. thoughC. before D. unless6. —I think I am the shyest in my class. What should I do?—Be more active in class you can improve your ability to expressyourself.A. or B. so thatC. unless D. althoughC B 7. You won’t have to worry about the final exam you work hard.A. even if B. so thatC. as soon as D. as long as8. China is getting better at making hi-tech products, can be bought inall parts of the world.A. who B. which C. what D. thatD B 9. (2025·庆阳一模)—I wonder .—I’m not sure. Maybe in a few years.A. why you buy that pair of shoesB. how to use this washing machineC. where I can meet my favorite singerD. how soon the robots will be widely usedD 10. —What lovely flowers! Could you please tell me ?—In the flower shop.A. when you got themB. how you got themC. why you got themD. where you got themD 11. (2025·天水麦积区一诊)The students don’t work hard will notpass the exam.A. who B. whatC. which D. whomA 12. —Can you imagine ?—I believe you must make great efforts to make it.A. how I won the speech competitionB. how did I win the speech competitionC. when I won the speech competitionD. when did I win the speech competition13. It took me a week to read We Three, tells us to value the days withour family.A. when B. whom C. which D. whatA C 14. Lots of Chinese young people were born after 1995 use door-to-doorcooking to save time.A. that B. thoseC. which D. /15. Many students didn’t realize the importance of study they leftschool.A. until B. afterC. when D. ifA A 16. —Could you tell us we can start a conversation with a foreigner?—Talking about weather is a good choice.A. how B. whetherC. why D. whenA 请完成《精练册》对应练习第52页(共28张PPT)专题四 冠 词第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题四 冠 词冠词是一种虚词,本身不能单独使用,只能放在名词前帮助说明这个名词的意义。冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三种。分析甘肃各地区近5年中考真题可知,对冠词的考查主要出现在单项选择(省卷5年5考,兰州5年1考)中,完形填空中也偶有涉及。其中混查和不定冠词考查为高频。除了掌握冠词的基本用法外,学生在日常的学习中也应多积累与冠词相关的固定搭配。■考点一 不定冠词a, an的用法不定冠词a, an的用法用于第一次提到的人或事物的名称前 There is a dog behind the door.门后有一只狗。表示类别,泛指某类人或物 A plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种能飞的机器。用在人名前,表示说话者并不认识其人 A Mr. Black is waiting for you.有一位布莱克先生正等着你。不定冠词a, an的用法表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈 Here is a set of keys.这是一串钥匙。表示“每一” The peach is ten yuan a kilo.桃子每千克十元。用在序数词前,表示“又一,再一” I want to have a third try.我想再试一次。不定冠词a, an的用法用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示“一种,一场”等 What an amazing play!多么精彩的表演!表示职业、身份、宗教等 His uncle is a cook.他的叔叔是一名厨师。用于某些固定词组搭配中 a few几个,一些 tell a lie撒谎have a look看一看 have a cold感冒【注意】a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用在以元音音素开头的单词前。形容词修饰可数名词时,不定冠词要放在形容词前,用a还是an取决于形容词的第一个音素。■考点二 定冠词the的用法定冠词the的用法定冠词表示名词为特定者,含有“这,这些;那,那些”的意思,在可数名词单复数前和不可数名词前都可以用特指某(些)人或某(些)事物 The book on the desk is mine.书桌上的那本书是我的。 用在普通名词构成的专有名词前I have visited the Palace Museum.我参观过故宫博物馆。定冠词the的用法指双方都知道的人或事物 Open the door, please. 请开门。 用在形容词前表示一类人The poor are often hungry.穷人经常挨饿。指上文提到过的人或事物 I can see some dogs in the zoo. Thedogs are very lovely.我可以在动物园里看到一些狗,这些狗很可爱。 与play连用时,用在乐器类名词前He can’t play the erhu well.他拉二胡不是很好。定冠词the的用法用在世界上独一无二的事物前 The sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。 用在姓氏复数形式前表示“一家人”The White are watching a movie now.怀特一家现在正在看电影。用在序数词和形容词最高级前 The first boy is the tallest of thethree. 第一个男孩是三个中最高的。 用在某些习惯用语中in the end最后the day before yesterday前天by the way顺便问一下in the front of...在……前部■考点三 零冠词的用法零冠词的用法用在某些专有名词前 China is an old country. 中国是一个古老的国家。 用在球类、棋类等名词前They play soccer after school.他们在放学后踢足球。名词前已有指示代词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格时 His brother works in a hospital. 他的哥哥在一家医院工作。 用在称呼语、头衔和职务等名称前Mr. Li is Jane’s Chineseteacher.李先生是简的语文老师。零冠词的用法用在星期、月份、季节、节日、语言、学科前 Today is Children’s Day.今天是儿童节。 用在某些固定搭配中at night/noon在晚上/中午go to school/bed去上学/上床睡觉on foot步行用在三餐前 They have lunch at home. 他们在家吃午饭。 用在复数名词前表示一类人或事物I like pandas best.我最喜欢熊猫。零冠词的用法两个或两个以上的名词并列时,若指同一个人或物,或配成套的一件东西,后面的名词前不加冠词 He is a teacher and dancer. 他既是教师,又是舞者。(指同一个人) 在与介词by连用的交通工具或通信工具名词前,表示方式I go to school by bike everyday.我每天骑自行车上学。by post/mail邮寄■考点四 冠词的位置冠词的位置冠词通常放在名词前。如果名词前有形容词修饰(或另有副词修饰该形容词)时,则放在形容词(副词)之前We need a big room.我们需要一个大的房间。修饰名词的形容词被so, as, too, how修饰时,不定冠词要放在形容词的后面I have never listened to so interesting a song.我从未听过这样一首有趣的歌。冠词的位置不定冠词放在such, what等词之后My mother told me such an interesting story.我的妈妈给我讲了一个如此有趣的故事。不定冠词与副词quite和rather连用时,通常置于其后。但若其后的名词有形容词修饰时,则放在quite和rather的前后均可It was rather a bad result. 这真是一个坏结果。冠词的位置half修饰名词时,不定冠词放在half之后I run in the park for half an hour every day.我每天在公园里跑步半小时。all, both, half修饰名词时,定冠词要放在这些词后All the students have been here.所有学生都在这儿了。【易混易错剖析】a,an的用法混淆。例1 —There is egg on the table. Would you like to have it?—No, thanks.A. / B. an C. a D. the【答案】 B【解析】 本题考查冠词的用法。egg为可数名词,此处表示泛指,故用不定冠词;a用在以辅音音素开头的字母或单词前,an用在以元音音素开头的字母或单词前,而不是元音字母之前。egg的第一个音素是/e/,是元音音素。故选B。【误区警示】 类似常考的还有:useful,usual,European等词前用a;hour, honest, umbrella等词前用an。一定要注意分清是元音音素还是辅音音素,而不是元音字母、辅音字母。例2 Let me try second time. I will win.A. a B. an C. the D. /【答案】 A【解析】 本题乍一看似乎是考查定冠词放在序数词之前,但仔细揣摩,该句的意思应是“让我再试一次,我将会赢”。而在英语中表示“再一,又一”应用“a/an+序数词”。故选A。【误区警示】 定冠词放在序数词前表顺序,a/an也可放在序数词前表示“再一,又一”。精选真题1. (2024·省卷)I bought a new computer last puter ismade in China.A. A B. An C. The D. /2. (2022·平凉)I just bought a new shirt. shirt was pretty expensive.A. A B. An C. The D. /3. (2021·省卷)Jim started to play violin when he was five.A. a B. an C. the D. /C C C 拓展提升1. I play soccer in my spare time. It makes my life more colorful.A. a B. an C. the D. /2. (2025·酒泉三模)Some schools have set up special courses for youngto help them learn basic life skills.A. a B. an C. the D. /D C 3. I usually ride bike to school. But this morning, I went to schoolby bus.A. a; the B. the; aC. /; a D. a; /4. After school, I bought present for my mother.A. /; a B. a; /C. a; the D. the; /D A 5. (2025·白银三模)—What do you think of your new classmate, Simon?—He is outgoing and humorous boy.A. a B. an C. the D. /6. —Are you free on weekends?—Yes, I am going to have picnic on Sunday.A. the; an B. a; theC. a; / D. an; /7. My grandfather usually takes walk after breakfast.A. a B. an C. the D. /B C A 8. (2025·张掖甘州区一模)There is underground parking lot near thesupermarket.A. the B. a C. an D. the9. With help of the map, we found the way to the hill.A. a B. the C. an D. /10. Peter is such honest boy that we all like to work with him.A. / B. the C. an D. aC B C 11. After a three months’ trip in China, Tom becomes big fan ofChinese culture.A. a B. an C. the D. /12. On Friday, there will be a music festival in our school.A. a B. the C. / D. an13. Julie would like to go to Palace Museum. She wants to learn aboutChinese history.A. a B. an C. the D. /A C C 14. As we all know, China is Asian country while Germanyis European country.A. a; the B. an; theC. a; an D. an; a15. Oh, by way, if you see Lucy, tell her that I enjoy her Chinesepaintings.A. a B. an C. the D. /D C 16. Laura is 11-year-old girl. She is good at playing guitar.A. /; a B. an; /C. an; the D. a; anC 请完成《精练册》对应练习第42页(共44张PPT)专题三 代 词第二部分 语法专题攻关01考点自主梳理02专题针对演练目录专题三 代 词代词是代替名词或起名词作用的短语、分句或句子的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。甘肃各地区近5年的中考对代词的考查集中在人称代词(省卷5年4考,天水5年3考,兰州5年4考)、物主代词(省卷5年3考,天水5年2考,兰州5年3考)、反身代词(省卷5年2考,兰州5年1考)及不定代词(天水5年1考,兰州5年1考)上,疑问代词的考查也偶有涉及。■考点一 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词人称 单复数 主格 宾格 形容词性 物主代词 名词性 物主代词 反身代词第一 人称 单数 I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves第二 人称 单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves人称 单复数 主格 宾格 形容词性 物主代词 名词性 物主代词 反身代词第三 人称 单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数 they them their theirs themselves1. 人称代词的用法2. 物主代词的用法类别 作用 例句形容词性物主代词 不能单独使用,用于名词前作定语,相当于形容词 This is my book.这是我的书。类别 作用 例句名词性物主代词(=形容词性物主代词+名词,具有名词的特征,后面不跟名词,须单独使用) 作主语 This isn’t my ruler. Mineis on the desk.这不是我的尺子。我的在课桌上。作宾语 I lost my pen. Can I useyours?我的钢笔丢了。我能用你的吗?类别 作用 例句名词性物主代词(=形容词性物主代词+名词,具有名词的特征,后面不跟名词,须单独使用) 作表语 This watch is hers.这块手表是她的。3. 反身代词的用法位置 作用 例句动词或介词之后 作宾语 Teach yourself in your free time.在空闲时间自学。系动词之后 作表语 I am not feeling myself today.我今天不舒服。名词或代词之后或句末 作同位语 You can use DeepSeek yourself.你可以自己使用DeepSeek。I myself stayed at home last night.昨晚是我自己待在家里。相关短语/ 搭配 dress oneself自己穿衣服 by oneself单独地,独自地 enjoy oneself玩得愉快 cannot help oneself情不自禁 help oneself(to)随便吃…… hurt oneself伤到自己 come to oneself恢复知觉,苏醒■考点二 不定代词1. some与any不定代词 用法辨析some 用于肯定句中;在表示建议、请求或希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中,多用someany 用于否定句、疑问句及条件状语从句中;表示“任何”的意义,起强调作用时,可用在肯定句中—Would you like some coffee?你想喝点咖啡吗?—Yes, please.好的。Some of the students can swim, but not any of them can play the piano.一些学生会游泳,但他们中的任何一个人都不会弹钢琴。2. many, much, little, few, a little与a few含义 用法 许多 很少,几乎 没有(否定) 有点儿(肯定)修饰可数名词 many few a few修饰不可数名词 much little a littleI have a few old photos.我有几张旧照片。There is a little milk in the fridge.冰箱里还有一点牛奶。There’s little soup left.几乎没剩下汤。You can see many ducks on the farm.你可以在农场上看见很多鸭子。Don’t eat much junk food.It’s bad for your health.不要吃太多垃圾食品,那对你的健康有害。3. both, either与neither不定代词 用法辨析 相同点both 指“两者都”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。常用搭配:both...and... ……和……两者都…… 均用于两者之间either 指“两者中的任意一个”,作主语时,谓语动词的形式遵循就近原则。常用搭配:either...or...或者……或者……,要么……要么……不定代词 用法辨析 相同点neither 指“两者都不”,作主语时,谓语动词的形式遵循就近原则。常用搭配:neither...nor...既不……也不…… 均用于两者之间Either Lucy or Lily goes climbing every Sunday.每个星期日要么露西要么莉莉去爬山。Neither Tom nor his brother goes swimming.汤姆和他的兄弟都不去游泳。Both Tom and Tim watched the military parade.汤姆和蒂姆都观看了大阅兵。4. all与none不定代词 用法辨析 相同点all 指“三者或三者以上都”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式 均用于三者或三者以上none 指“三者或三者以上都不”,作主语时,谓语动词用单复数形式均可All of them will travel to Beijing.他们所有人都将去北京旅游。None of us stay(s) up late.我们谁都没有熬夜到很晚。None of them is(are) at home.今天他们谁都不在家。All the students like to play chess.所有学生都喜欢下棋。5. each与every不定代词 用法辨析 相同点each 强调个体,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;each可构成“each of+名词/代词”结构 都表示“每个;各个”every 强调整体,只能用作定语修饰可数名词单数;every可以和not构成部分否定;表示“每隔;每一”用“every+基数词+可数名词复数”结构学生们正在操场上做运动。Each of them likes sports best.每个人都最喜欢运动。Every student is playing sports on the playground.6. other, the other, others, the others与another不定代词 意义 用法辨析other 其他的 作定语,常与可数名词复数连用;但如果前面有the,this, that, some, any, each, every, no, one,my, your等时,则可与可数名词单数连用theother (两者中)另一个 与one连用,常用结构为“one..., and the other...”作定语修饰可数名词复数时,表示“其余全部的”others 其他的人或物 others不能作定语,常用结构为“some...others...”others=other+可数名词复数不定代词 意义 用法辨析the others 其余所有的人或物 the others相当于“the other+可数名词复数”another 另一个 指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”, 一般和可数名词单数连用,用作形容词或代词7. 复合不定代词构成:复合不定代词由some-, any-, every-, no-与-one, -body, -thing构成。复合不定代词的构成 some- any- no- every--body somebody 某人 anybody 任何人 nobody 没有人 everybody每人-one someone 某人 anyone 任何人 no one 没有人 everyone每人-thing something 某事;某物 anything 任何事 nothing 没有什么 everything每件事;一切复合不定代词的用法 复合不定代词作主语时,都看作单数 Someone is singing over there. 有人正在那边唱歌。当形容词或else修饰复合不定代词时,要置于不定代词之后 We have nothing else to do to help them. 我们没有其他事情可做来帮助他们。复合不定代词的用法 在表示请求、邀请、建议等带有委婉语气的疑问句和希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中,常用something, someone, somebody等复合不定代词;any-类复合不定代词用于肯定句时,表示“任何……”,有强调之意 —What would you like to drink?你要喝些什么吗? —Anything is OK. 什么都行。当句子的主语是指人的复合不定代词时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词he或they;当句子的主语是指物的复合不定代词时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词it8. one与onesone用来替代单数名词,one的复数形式ones用来替代复数名词,它们和所替代的名词所指的不是同一对象,这是替代词one和ones在用法上的重要特征。The cakes are tasty. Can I have another one?蛋糕太好吃了。我可以再来一块吗?The students who are the most successful are usually the ones who come to allthe classes.成绩最好的学生往往是出全勤的学生。■考点三 指示代词代词 用法 例句this与these 常用来指代离自己较近的人或物,单数用this,复数用these This is my friend.这是我的朋友。These flowers are so beautiful.这些花太漂亮了。指代下文要提到的人或物代词 用法 例句that与those 指代离自己较远的人或物,单数用that,复数用those Are those your books?那些是你的书吗?The weather in Beijing is colderthan that in Shenzhen.北京的天气比深圳的天气更冷。常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复【注意】(1)打电话时,this指自己,that指对方。This is Jim speaking. Who’s that?我是吉姆。您是哪位?(2)在疑问句中,如果句子主语是this, that, these或those时,回答时不可重复这些指示代词,而要用人称代词it代替this或that,用人称代词they代替these或those。—What’s that on the bed?床上是什么?—It’s a jacket.那是一件夹克衫。■考点四 疑问代词代词 用法 例句who 作主语、表语、宾语 Who likes hanfu best?谁最喜欢汉服?whom who的宾格形式,作宾语 Whom are you talking to?你正在和谁谈话?whose who的所有格形式,作表语、定语 Whose watch is black?谁的手表是黑色的?代词 用法 例句what/ who what询问某人的职业 —What’s her father?她的爸爸是做什么工作的?—He is a worker.他是一名工人。who询问某人的身份、姓名 —Who is the boy under the tree?树下的男孩是谁?—He is Li Ming.他是李明。代词 用法 例句what/ which what指不定数目中的“哪一个,哪些;什么”,没有范围的限定 What will you buy?你将要买些什么?which意为“哪一个,哪些”,指在一定范围内特指的人或物 Which color do you like better,red or blue?你更喜欢哪个颜色,红色还是蓝色?【易混易错剖析】1. 形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词相混。形容词性物主代词相当于一个形容词,修饰后面的名词;名词性物主代词相当于名词,后面不能再跟名词。my computer“我的电脑”, my为形容词性物主代词,修饰后面的computer; 而mine是名词性物主代词,在句中出现时,后面不能再跟名词。例1 This is coat, and is in the bag.A. my; their B. my; mineC. her; her D. his; mine【答案】 D【解析】 第一空后有名词,故需用形容词性物主代词;第二空后面没有出现名词,故需要用名词性物主代词,排除A和C;B选项虽然词性符合,但语义上不符。故选D。【误区警示】 本题易错选B,只考虑词性搭配合适,而不考虑语境。2. 当用代词来代替前面提到过的事物或某种情况时,混淆it, one, that及它们的复数形式的用法。例2 The books on the left are much more popular than on the right.A. it B. thatC. one D. those【答案】 D【解析】 这里应用的代词是代替前面所说的可数名词复数books。故选D。【误区警示】 it指前面提到过的事物本身;one泛指前面提到过的人或物中的某一个,即同类不同物; that常用在比较结构中代替前面提到过的单数名词或不可数名词, 而those代替复数名词。精选真题1. (2025·天水)The purple scarf is not the girl’s. is blue.A. Its B. Hers C. Mine D. His2. (2024·临夏州)The town is getting more and more beautiful with manyflowers on sides of the streets.A. all B. either C. neither D. both3. (2022·天水)These are my cousins. are both university students.A. We B. You C. I D. TheyB D D 4. (2021·省卷)I have a few books on Chinese food. You can borrow ifyou want.A. one B. it C. much D. a little5. (2025·兰州)I am 15 years old and I’m able to look after (I)well.6. (2023·省卷)It’s not my book. It’s (her).7. (2021·兰州B卷)Xiaoming, can you come to (I) birthday party?A myself hers my 拓展提升1. —There is an umbrella in the corner of the classroom. is it?—Perhaps it’s Bob’s.A. Whose B. Who C. When D. Why2. (2025·白银一模)This is not my schoolbag. is blue.A. Yours B. Mine C. His D. Hers3. (2025·张掖甘州区一模)We find impossible to get there before 10o’clock.A. her B. it C. this D. thatA B B 4. The buses in our city run 10 minutes. It provides convenience forpeople.A. both B. each C. every D. either5. (2025·酒泉三模)—Children’s Day is coming. What will you buy for yourlittle sister as a gift?—My sister likes reading books. So I plan to buy for her.A. it B. thisC. that D. oneC D 6. Start with small things, and can make a difference to theenvironmental protection.A. no one B. everyoneC. someone D. anyone7. —To go abroad or not to go after graduation, it’s a question.—You may take of the roads.A. neither B. either C. both D. noneB B 8. I asked to do schoolwork by .A. him; his; himself B. her; her; itselfC. her; his; myself D. him; her; herselfA 请完成《精练册》对应练习第41页 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源列表 专题一 语 音.pptx 专题七 介词与介词短语.pptx 专题三 代 词.pptx 专题九 动词的分类与时态.pptx 专题二 名 词.pptx 专题五 数 词.pptx 专题八 连 词.pptx 专题六 形容词与副词.pptx 专题十 被动语态.pptx 专题十一 主谓一致.pptx 专题十三 句子的种类.pptx 专题十二 非谓语动词.pptx 专题十四 复合句.pptx 专题四 冠 词.pptx 附:动词不规则变化清单.pptx