2026年湖南省长沙市中考英语一轮复习词法考点05形容词、副词的用法讲义(原卷版+解析版)

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2026年湖南省长沙市中考英语一轮复习词法考点05形容词、副词的用法讲义(原卷版+解析版)

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词法考点04 形容词&副词
一、思维导图
二、形容词的概念及句法功能
1、形容词的基本概念
形容词是用来修饰或描述名词(或代词)的一类词。它可以说明人或事物的性质、特征、状态或属性,回答“什么样的?”的问题。
例如:a beautiful flower (一朵美丽的花),the tall boy (那个高个子男孩),something interesting (有趣的事情)。
2、形容词的句法功能
形容词在句子中主要充当以下三种成分:
2.1. 作定语
这是形容词最核心的功能,直接放在名词或代词前面,对其进行修饰和限定。
结构:形容词 + 名词
例句:She has long hair. 她有一头长发。
He told us an exciting story. 他给我们讲了一个激动人心的故事。
注意:
当修饰复合不定代词(如 something, anything, nothing, everything)时,形容词需后置。
Is there anything special today 今天有什么特别的事吗?
I want to tell you something important. 我想告诉你一些重要的事。
2.2. 作表语
形容词放在连系动词(如 be, become, feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, get 等)之后,用来说明主语的性质或状态。
结构:主语 + 系动词 + 形容词
例句:
The sky is blue. 天空是蓝色的。
You look tired. 你看起来很累。
The music sounds beautiful. 这音乐听起来很美。
The soup tastes delicious. 汤尝起来很美味。
提示:许多形容词既可作定语也可作表语(如:a happy child / The child is happy)。但部分形容词通常只作表语,常见的有:
afraid(害怕的), alone(独自的), asleep(睡着的), awake(醒着的), alive(活着的), ill(生病的)(作定语时常用 sick), glad(高兴的)等。
不能说 an asleep boy,而要说 a sleeping boy 或 The boy is asleep.
2.3. 作宾语补足语
形容词放在宾语之后,补充说明宾语的状态或特征,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。
结构:主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 形容词
例句:
We keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们保持教室干净整洁。
The news made her happy. 这个消息让她很高兴。
I find the book very interesting. 我发现这本书非常有趣。
3、形容词的位置与排序
当多个形容词共同修饰一个名词时,其排列顺序通常遵循以下规则(初中阶段需掌握基本顺序):
限定词(冠词、代词等) → 主观评价 → 大小/长短/高低 → 形状 → 年龄/新旧 → 颜色 → 国籍/地区/出处 → 材料 → 用途/类别 + 中心名词
为了方便记忆,可以记一个典型短语:
“一款美丽的小的圆的老的红色中国木质梳妆台”
对应英文:a beautiful little round old red Chinese wooden dressing table.
三、副词的概念及句法功能
1、 副词的基本概念
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、短语或整个句子的一类词。它主要描述动作发生的时间、地点、方式、程度、频率等,也可以表达说话人的态度或观点,从而使语言表达更准确、生动、丰富。
简单来说,副词的核心功能是 “修饰” 和 “补充说明”。
2、 副词的构成
形容词 + -ly:这是最常见的方式。
careful(仔细的)→ carefully(仔细地)
quick(快的)→ quickly(快地)
happy(快乐的)→ happily(快乐地)
注意:以-y结尾的形容词,变y为i,再加-ly。如:easy → easily。
注意:有些词以-ly结尾,但却是形容词,如:friendly(友好的),lovely(可爱的),lonely(孤独的)。
与形容词同形:有些词既可以是形容词,也可以是副词,形式不变。
fast(快的/快地), early(早的/早地), high(高的/高地), hard(努力的/努力地), late(晚的/晚地)等。
例句:He is a fast runner.(形容词) / He runs fast.(副词)
不规则形式:有少数副词的形态与形容词完全不同。
good(形容词)→ well(副词,表“好”)
注意:well也可以作形容词,表示“身体健康的”。
3、 副词的分类
根据其意义和功能,副词主要分为以下几类:
时间副词:表示动作发生的时间或频率。
常见词:now, then, today, yesterday, soon, already, always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever 等。
例句:I always get up early. / He has already finished his homework.
地点副词:表示动作发生的地点或方向。
常见词:here, there, home, upstairs, everywhere, nowhere, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside 等。
例句:Come in, please. / Let‘s go outside to play.
方式副词:描述动作进行的方式或状态。
通常由“形容词+-ly”构成。
常见词:slowly, quickly, happily, carefully, loudly, well, fast, hard 等。
例句:She sings beautifully. / They worked hard.
程度副词:修饰形容词或副词,表示程度。
常见词:very, too, quite, rather, so, really, almost, enough, pretty, fairly, exactly 等。
例句:The movie is very interesting. / He runs quite fast.
频度副词:表示动作发生的频率(可视为时间副词的一个细分)。
常见词:always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never 等。
例句:She often helps her mother. / I never tell lies.
疑问副词、关系副词和连接副词:用于引导特殊疑问句、定语从句或连接句子。
常见词:when, where, why, how (以及how引导的短语如how often, how long等)。
例句:Where do you live (疑问副词) / This is the town where I was born.(关系副词) / Tell me how you did it.(连接副词)
4、 副词的句法功能
副词在句子中可以充当多种成分:
作状语:这是副词最主要、最核心的功能。
修饰动词:通常位于动词之后。若是及物动词,则位于宾语之后。
He speaks English fluently.(他英语说得很流利。)
修饰形容词:位于形容词之前。
It‘s extremely cold today.(今天极其寒冷。)
修饰其他副词:位于被修饰的副词之前。
He works terribly hard.(他工作极其努力。)
修饰整个句子:常位于句首,用逗号隔开,表达说话者的看法。
Luckily, he passed the exam.(幸运的是,他通过了考试。)
Honestly, I don’t agree with you.(老实说,我不同意你的看法。)
作表语:主要是一些表示地点或状态的副词,放在系动词(如be, go, get等)之后。
Is anybody in (有人在吗?)
My father is out.(我父亲出去了。)
Time is up.(时间到了。)
作定语:少数地点副词和时间副词可以后置修饰名词。
The people here are very friendly.(这里的人们非常友好。)
The meeting yesterday was a success.(昨天的会议很成功。)
On my way home, I met an old friend.(在回家的路上,我遇到了一位老朋友。)
作宾语补足语:补充说明宾语的状态或位置。
Let him in, please.(请让他进来。)
I saw you out with your friends yesterday.(我昨天看到你和朋友出去了。)
5、 副词在句中的位置
时间/地点副词:常放在句末。如果两者同时出现,通常是“地点+时间”。
He was born in Shanghai in 1990.
方式副词:常放在动词(宾语)之后。
She closed the door quietly.
程度副词:放在它所修饰的形容词或副词之前。但enough例外,它要放在被修饰词之后。
It‘s very good. / He is old enough to go to school.
频度副词:通常放在实义动词之前、系动词/助动词/情态动词之后。
I often go swimming. / He is always kind. / I will never forget it.
修饰全句的副词:常放在句首。
四、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级
1、概念
原级:形容词或副词的基本形式,如 big, fast, carefully。
比较级:用于两者之间的比较,表示“更…”,如 bigger, faster, more carefully。
最高级:用于三者或以上之间的比较,表示“最…”,如 the biggest, the fastest, the most carefully。
2. 规则变化
(1) 单音节和部分双音节词
一般情况:词尾加 -er (比较级) 或 -est (最高级)。
tall — taller — tallest
fast — faster — fastest
以字母e结尾:只加 -r 或 -st。
large — larger — largest
nice — nicer — nicest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾:变y为i,再加 -er 或 -est。
happy — happier — happiest
early — earlier — earliest (注意:early 是副词,变化同形容词)
以“短元音+单辅音字母”结尾:双写该辅音字母,再加 -er 或 -est。
big — bigger — biggest
hot — hotter — hottest
thin — thinner — thinnest
(2) 多音节词和大部分双音节词
在词前加 more (比较级) 或 the most (最高级)。
important — more important — the most important
beautiful — more beautiful — the most beautiful
slowly — more slowly — the most slowly (副词)
carefully — more carefully — the most carefully (副词)
注意:双音节词变化需个别记忆。常见加 -er/-est 的双音节词有:以 -y, -er, -ow, -le 结尾的,如 happy, clever, narrow, simple。其他双音节词通常加 more/the most,如 famous, tired。
3. 不规则变化
必须熟记。
good / well — better — best
(good为形容词,well为副词/形容词“身体好”)
bad / ill / badly — worse — worst
(bad为形容词,badly为副词)
many / much — more — most
(many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词/副词)
little — less — least
(修饰不可数名词/副词)
far — farther / further — farthest / furthest
(farther 通常仅指更远的距离;further 可指距离,也可指“进一步的、更多的”,如 further study)
4、基本用法
比较级的用法
(1) 两者比较 (A > B):A + 谓语 + 比较级 + than + B
Lily is taller than Lucy. (莉莉比露西高。)
He runs more quickly than me. (他跑得比我快。)
This book is more interesting than that one. (这本书比那本书更有趣。)
(2) 表示“越来越…”: 比较级 + and + 比较级 或 more and more + 多音节原级
The days are getting longer and longer. (白天变得越来越长。)
Our city is becoming more and more beautiful. (我们的城市变得越来越美。)
(3) 表示“越…,就越…”: The + 比较级…, the + 比较级…
The harder you work, the better your grades will be. (你越努力,成绩就越好。)
The more you read, the more you know. (你读得越多,懂得就越多。)
最高级的用法
用于三者或以上,结构为:the + 最高级 (+ 比较范围)
比较范围常由 in… (在某个地方内), of…/among… (在某个群体中) 或从句表示。
Tom is the tallest student in our class. (汤姆是我们班上最高的学生。)
This is the most delicious cake I have ever had. (这是我吃过的最好吃的蛋糕。)
She sings the most beautifully of the three girls. (三个女孩中她唱得最好听。)
Which season do you like best (你最喜欢哪个季节?) (副词最高级前 the 可省略)
注意:形容词最高级前必须加 the (在 my/his 等物主代词后除外,如 my best friend)。副词最高级前的 the 常可省略。
5、易错点与特殊用法
比较对象要一致:避免与自身比较。
(误) The weather in Shanghai is hotter than Beijing.
(正) The weather in Shanghai is hotter than that in Beijing. (用 that 指代不可数名词 weather)
使用 much, a lot, a little, even, far 等修饰比较级,表示程度。
This box is much heavier than that one. (这个盒子比那个重得多。)
She is a little taller than me. (她比我高一点点。)
You did far better this time. (你这次做得好多了。)
表示“和…一样”用 as…as;表示“不及…”用 not as/so…as。
He is as tall as his father. (他和父亲一样高。)
This movie is not as interesting as that one. (这部电影不如那部有趣。)
Which 与 What 在比较中的区别:
Which 指在一个明确、有限的范围内选择。
Which is bigger, China or Canada (中国和加拿大,哪个更大?)
What 指在不明确、宽泛的范围内询问种类或性质。
What is the biggest animal on land (陆地上最大的动物是什么?)
6、总结与解题技巧
判断音节:先看单词音节数,确定用 -er/-est 还是 more/the most。
牢记不规则:对 good/bad/many 等不规则变化必须熟记。
分析句子:
看到 than → 用比较级。
看到 in…, of…, among… 等表示范围的词 → 考虑用最高级。
看到 the…, the… 结构 → 两个空都填比较级。
检查一致性:确保比较对象同类、可比。
五、形容词、副词的常见句型
1、形容词常见句型
1.1. “主 + 系 + 表”结构
这是形容词最基础、最核心的用法,在系动词后作表语,描述主语的状态或特征。
常见系动词:be(是), become(变得), feel(感觉), look(看起来), seem(似乎), sound(听起来), taste(尝起来), smell(闻起来), get(变得), turn(变得)等。
例句:
The story is interesting. 这个故事很有趣。
She feels happy today. 她今天感到很高兴。
The food smells delicious. 食物闻起来很香。
1.2. 形容词作定语
形容词放在名词前,或放在复合不定代词(something, anything, nothing 等)后,修饰名词。
例句:
She is a kind teacher. 她是一位和蔼的老师。
There is nothing special in the box. 盒子里没什么特别的东西。
Do you have anything important to say 你有什么重要的事要说吗?
1.3. “It is + adj. + (for/of sb.) + to do sth.” 句型
该句型用“it”作形式主语,将真正的主语“to do sth.”后置,使句子平衡。
It’s + adj. + for sb. + to do sth.:形容词描述做某事这件事的性质(如难易、重要与否)。常用形容词:important, necessary, easy, difficult, possible, impossible 等。
It’s important for us to learn English well. 对我们来说学好英语很重要。
It’s + adj. + of sb. + to do sth.:形容词用来描述“人”的性格、品质(如善良、聪明、粗心)。常用形容词:kind, nice, good, clever, wise, foolish, rude, careless 等。
It’s very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好了。
1.4. “主语 + find/think/make/keep + it + adj. + to do sth.” 句型
这里的“it”是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的“to do sth.”,形容词作宾语补足语。
例句:
I find it difficult to understand this article. 我发现理解这篇文章很难。
The loud music makes it impossible for me to sleep. 吵闹的音乐让我无法入睡。
1.5. “主语 + 系动词 + adj. + enough + to do sth.” 句型
表示“足够…可以做某事”。
例句:
He is old enough to go to school. 他年龄足够大,可以上学了。
The room is big enough to hold fifty people. 这个房间足够大,可以容纳五十人。
1.6. “主语 + 系动词 + too + adj. + to do sth.” 句型
表示“太…而不能做某事”,具有否定含义。
例句:
The box is too heavy for me to carry. 这个箱子太重了,我搬不动。
He was too tired to walk any further. 他太累了,再也走不动了。
2、副词常见句型
2.1. 副词修饰动词
通常放在动词之后,如果是及物动词,则放在宾语之后。
例句:
He runs quickly. 他跑得很快。
She speaks English well. 她英语说得好。
2.2. 副词修饰形容词或其他副词
放在被修饰词之前。
例句:
The movie is very interesting. 这部电影非常有趣。(修饰形容词)
He works really hard. 他工作非常努力。(修饰副词)
2.3. 频度副词的位置
常见频度副词:always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never 等。通常放在实义动词之前,系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。
例句:
I often go to the library. 我经常去图书馆。
He is always ready to help others. 他总是乐于助人。
You should never give up. 你绝不应该放弃。
2.4. 副词作句子状语
修饰整个句子,常放在句首,用逗号隔开。
例句:
Luckily, he passed the exam. 幸运的是,他通过了考试。
Finally, we arrived at the top of the mountain. 最后,我们到达了山顶。
3、形容词与副词共有的重要比较句型
3.1. “as + 形容词/副词原级 + as” 句型
表示“和…一样”。
例句:
He is as tall as his father. 他和他父亲一样高。
She runs as fast as a deer. 她跑得像鹿一样快。
否定形式:not as/so… as(不如…)
This book is not as interesting as that one. 这本书不如那本有趣。
3.2. “比较级 + than” 句型
表示“比…更…”。
例句:
The sun is bigger than the earth. 太阳比地球大。
He studies harder than before. 他学习比以前更努力了。
3.3. “the + 比较级, the + 比较级” 句型
表示“越…,就越…”。
例句:
The more you practice, the better you will speak. 你练习得越多,说得就越好。
The earlier you start, the sooner you will finish. 你开始得越早,完成得就越快。
3.4. “比较级 + and + 比较级” 句型
表示“越来越…”。
例句:
The weather is getting colder and colder. 天气变得越来越冷。
She speaks English more and more fluently. 她英语说得越来越流利。
3.5. “one of the + 最高级 + 名词复数” 句型
表示“最…的之一”。
例句:
Beijing is one of the largest cities in the world. 北京是世界上最大的城市之一。
He is one of the most popular teachers in our school. 他是我们学校最受欢迎的老师之一。
4、其他重要固定搭配句型
be busy (in) doing sth. 忙于做某事
They are busy preparing for the exam. 他们正忙于准备考试。
be worth doing sth. 值得做某事
The book is worth reading again. 这本书值得再读一遍。
be afraid of (doing) sth. / to do sth. 害怕(做)某事
She is afraid of snakes. 她怕蛇。
Don’t be afraid to ask questions. 不要害怕提问。
be interested in (doing) sth. 对(做)某事感兴趣
I am very interested in learning history. 我对学习历史很感兴趣。
be proud of… 为…感到自豪
We are proud of our country. 我们为我们的国家感到自豪。
be famous/known for… 以…闻名
The town is famous for its hot springs. 这个小镇以温泉闻名。
be good/bad for… 对…有益/有害
Eating vegetables is good for your health. 吃蔬菜对你的健康有益。
be good/kind/nice to sb. 对某人好
My classmates are all very friendly to me. 我的同学都对我很友好。
be late for… 迟到
Don’t be late for the meeting. 开会别迟到。
be full of… / be filled with… 充满…
The room is full of people. 房间里挤满了人。
His life is filled with joy. 他的生活充满了欢乐。
形容词变副词规则
1:常见以-ly结尾的形容词:
friendly友好的;lovely可爱的;lively活泼的;monthly每月的;motherly慈母般的;deadly致命的;likely很可能的;有希望的;elderly上了年纪的;稍老的
2:多数形容词变为副词,直接加-ly:
successful—successfully severe—severely extreme—extremely
例外:full-fully
3:以-y结尾形容词变副词要变y为i再加-ly:
happy—happily easy—easily heavy—heavily necessary---necessarily
例外:shy—shyly
4:以-le, -ble结尾的形容词变副词,去e加y:
gentle—gently possible—possibly probable—probably simple—simply
例外:true—truly whole—wholly
5:以-ic结尾的形容词变为副词,直接加-ally:
basic—basically specific—specifically automatic—automatically
例外:public--publicly
6:以-ing结尾形容词变为副词,直接加-ly:
surprising-surprisingly increasing—increasingly interesting—interestingly
7:以-ed结尾形容词变为副词,直接加-ly:
repeat—repeatedly hurried—hurriedly unexpected—unexpectedly
高频考点练习
第一部分:基本用法与词形转换
核心考点:形容词作定语、表语、补足语的位置,名词/动词转换为形容词,形容词修饰复合不定代词后置。
I have ________ (something important / important something) to tell you. Please listen carefully.
答案: something important
解析: 形容词修饰 something, anything, nothing, everything 等复合不定代词时,需要后置。
After running 1,500 meters, the students felt quite ________ (tire).
答案: tired
解析: feel 是系动词,后面应接形容词作表语。tired (感到疲倦的) 用于修饰人。
To keep ________ (health), we should eat more vegetables and do exercise regularly.
答案: healthy
解析: keep 在此为系动词,意为“保持”,后接形容词 healthy 作表语。
The story my grandfather told was ________ (amaze). We all listened with our mouths open.
答案: amazing
解析: 修饰物 (story),表示“令人惊讶的”,用 -ing 形式的形容词。
The government has taken action to make the river even ________ (clean) than before.
答案: cleaner
解析: make + 宾语 + 形容词 构成宾语补足语结构。句中有 than,需用比较级 cleaner。
People in ________ (west) countries often celebrate Christmas.
答案: western
解析: 方位名词 west 后加 -ern 转换为形容词 western (西方的)。
第二部分:比较等级(原级、比较级、最高级)
核心考点:比较级和最高级的构成(规则与不规则变化),as...as 原级比较,the+比较级..., the+比较级... 句型。
Lily sings ________ (beautifully) than her sister, but her sister dances better.
答案: more beautifully
解析: beautifully 为多音节副词,比较级需在前面加 more。修饰动词 sings,用副词。
This is ________ (interesting) book I have ever read. I couldn't put it down.
答案: the most interesting
解析: “I have ever read” 是含有现在完成时的最高级提示结构,多音节形容词 interesting 的最高级为 the most interesting。
The ________ (much) you practice speaking English, the ________ (fluent) you will become.
答案: more, more fluent
解析: 考查“The + 比较级..., the + 比较级...”句型,意为“越……,就越……”。“多练习”用 more practice (名词) 或 practice more (动词),此处第一个空需修饰动词 practice,应用副词比较级 more;fluent 为形容词,比较级为 more fluent。
My new bike is almost as ________ (good) as yours, but mine is much cheaper.
答案: good
解析: as...as 中间用形容词或副词的原级。good 是形容词原级。
Which subject is ________ (difficult) for you, physics or chemistry
答案: more difficult
解析: 在两者之间进行比较,用比较级。difficult 是多音节形容词,比较级为 more difficult。
Among all the inventions, I think the telephone is one of the ________ (great).
答案: greatest
解析: “one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词”为固定句型,意为“最……的之一”。
第三部分:修饰语、程度副词与固定搭配
核心考点:比较级前的修饰语 (much, a little, even等),enough 的位置,too...to..., so...that... 等句型。
With 5G technology, downloading movies becomes ________ (fast) than ever.
答案: much faster
解析: 比较级 faster 前可以用 much, a lot, even 等词修饰,表示“……得多”。
The boy is not tall ________ to reach the apple on the tree. He needs some help.
答案: enough
解析: adj. + enough + to do 是固定句型。enough 修饰形容词时要后置。
The problem is ________ difficult for the primary students ________ solve.
答案: too, to
解析: too...to... 结构,意为“太……而不能……”。
The teacher spoke ________ (clear) so that everyone in the large classroom could hear her.
答案: clearly
解析: so that 引导目的状语从句。修饰动词 spoke,应用副词 clearly。
He was ________ (strong) a runner that he won the marathon easily.
答案: such
解析: such + a/an + adj. + n. 结构。so 后直接接形容词或副词,如 so strong。
The ice on the lake isn't ________ (thick) for skating. It's dangerous.
答案: thick enough
解析: 同第14题,enough 修饰形容词后置。句意为“冰不够厚”。
第四部分:易混词辨析
核心考点:-ed 和 -ing 形容词的区别;形容词和副词同形的词 (fast, hard等);形近副词辨析 (hard/hardly, late/lately等)。
The children were ________ (excite) about the ________ (excite) trip to the science museum.
答案: excited, exciting
解析: -ed 形容词修饰人,表示“感到兴奋的”;-ing 形容词修饰物 (trip),表示“令人兴奋的”。
You must work ________ (hard) if you want to catch up with your classmates.
答案: hard
解析: hard 既可作形容词(努力的;坚硬的),也可作副词(努力地)。此处修饰动词 work,用副词 hard。hardly 是副词,意为“几乎不”。
The teacher looked ________ (angry) at the noisy class, so everyone became quiet.
答案: angry
解析: look 在此为系动词,意为“看起来”,后接形容词 angry 作表语。
He is a ________ (friend) person and always talks to others ________ (polite).
答案: friendly, politely
解析: 名词 friend 加 -ly 构成形容词 friendly (友好的)。修饰动词 talks,应用副词 politely。
I was ________ (deep) moved by the ________ (move) story.
答案: deeply, moving
解析: deeply 是副词,修饰动词 moved,表示“深深地”。-ing 形容词 moving 修饰物 (story),表示“动人的”。
To our surprise, he did ________ (bad) in the final exam this time.
答案: badly
解析: 修饰动词 did,应用副词 badly (糟糕地)。bad 是形容词。
第五部分:综合语法填空(根据提示词填空)
核心考点:结合上下文,综合运用形容词副词的各种形式。
After the tiring journey, they arrived home ________ (safe).
答案: safely
解析: 修饰动词 arrived,应用副词 safely。
The air in the mountains is much ________ (fresh) than that in the city.
答案: fresher
解析: 句中有 than,需用比较级。fresh 为单音节词,比较级为 fresher。
Of the two pictures, this one is ________ (pretty).
答案: the prettier
解析: 两者比较,用比较级。当特指“两者中较……的一个”时,比较级前需加 the。
The news made all of us feel ________ (hope) about the future.
答案: hopeful
解析: make sb. + adj. 结构。hope 加后缀 -ful 构成形容词 hopeful (充满希望的)。
She speaks English ________ (fluent) but not as ________ (accurate) as her brother.
答案: fluently, accurately
解析: 第一个空修饰动词 speaks,用副词 fluently。第二个空在 as...as 结构中,也用副词原级 accurately。
It is ________ (possible) for us to finish the work without your help.
答案: impossible
解析: 根据句意“没有你的帮助,我们完成工作是不可能的”,应填 impossible。possible 加否定前缀 im- 构成反义词。
The ________ (care) you are, the ________ (few) mistakes you will make.
答案: more careful, fewer
解析: “The+比较级..., the+比较级...”句型。careful 为多音节词,比较级是 more careful。mistakes 可数,用 few 的比较级 fewer 修饰。
第六部分:句子运用与考点整合
核心考点:在完整语境中判断词性、比较级,以及固定搭配。
He looked ________ (curious) at the ancient map and asked many questions.
答案: curiously
解析: 此处 looked 为实义动词“看”,修饰动词应用副词 curiously (好奇地)。
The price of this phone is ________ (low) of the three models on sale.
答案: the lowest
解析: “of the three” 是三者比较的标志,应用最高级。low 的最高级为 the lowest。
The wind blew ________ (strong) last night, and it's getting even ________ (strong) now.
答案: strongly, stronger
解析: 第一空修饰动词 blew,用副词 strongly。第二空有 even 修饰,且有现在和过去的对比意味,应用比较级 stronger。
It's ________ (nature) for parents to worry about their children.
答案: natural
解析: It's + adj. + for sb. + to do sth. 是常用句型。nature 是名词,其形容词为 natural。
Our school football team played ________ (successful) and won the championship.
答案: successfully
解析: 修饰动词 played,应用副词 successfully。
The ________ (tradition) food for the Spring Festival in North China is dumplings.
答案: traditional
解析: 名词 tradition 加 -al 构成形容词,修饰名词 food。
The movie was far ________ (boring) than I expected. I almost fell asleep.
答案: more boring
解析: far 可以修饰比较级,表示“……得多”。boring 的比较级为 more boring。
________ (Lucky), we brought an umbrella, so we didn't get wet in the sudden rain.
答案: Luckily
解析: 副词位于句首,修饰整个句子,表示“幸运的是”。
The ________ (sun) weather makes people feel ________ (cheer).
答案: sunny, cheerful
解析: 名词 sun 加 -ny 构成形容词 sunny,修饰天气。make sb. + adj. 结构中,应用形容词 cheerful 作宾补。词法考点04 形容词&副词
一、思维导图
二、形容词的概念及句法功能
1、形容词的基本概念
形容词是用来修饰或描述名词(或代词)的一类词。它可以说明人或事物的性质、特征、状态或属性,回答“什么样的?”的问题。
例如:a beautiful flower (一朵美丽的花),the tall boy (那个高个子男孩),something interesting (有趣的事情)。
2、形容词的句法功能
形容词在句子中主要充当以下三种成分:
2.1. 作定语
这是形容词最核心的功能,直接放在名词或代词前面,对其进行修饰和限定。
结构:形容词 + 名词
例句:She has long hair. 她有一头长发。
He told us an exciting story. 他给我们讲了一个激动人心的故事。
注意:
当修饰复合不定代词(如 something, anything, nothing, everything)时,形容词需后置。
Is there anything special today 今天有什么特别的事吗?
I want to tell you something important. 我想告诉你一些重要的事。
2.2. 作表语
形容词放在连系动词(如 be, become, feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, get 等)之后,用来说明主语的性质或状态。
结构:主语 + 系动词 + 形容词
例句:
The sky is blue. 天空是蓝色的。
You look tired. 你看起来很累。
The music sounds beautiful. 这音乐听起来很美。
The soup tastes delicious. 汤尝起来很美味。
提示:许多形容词既可作定语也可作表语(如:a happy child / The child is happy)。但部分形容词通常只作表语,常见的有:
afraid(害怕的), alone(独自的), asleep(睡着的), awake(醒着的), alive(活着的), ill(生病的)(作定语时常用 sick), glad(高兴的)等。
不能说 an asleep boy,而要说 a sleeping boy 或 The boy is asleep.
2.3. 作宾语补足语
形容词放在宾语之后,补充说明宾语的状态或特征,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。
结构:主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 形容词
例句:
We keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们保持教室干净整洁。
The news made her happy. 这个消息让她很高兴。
I find the book very interesting. 我发现这本书非常有趣。
3、形容词的位置与排序
当多个形容词共同修饰一个名词时,其排列顺序通常遵循以下规则(初中阶段需掌握基本顺序):
限定词(冠词、代词等) → 主观评价 → 大小/长短/高低 → 形状 → 年龄/新旧 → 颜色 → 国籍/地区/出处 → 材料 → 用途/类别 + 中心名词
为了方便记忆,可以记一个典型短语:
“一款美丽的小的圆的老的红色中国木质梳妆台”
对应英文:a beautiful little round old red Chinese wooden dressing table.
三、副词的概念及句法功能
1、 副词的基本概念
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、短语或整个句子的一类词。它主要描述动作发生的时间、地点、方式、程度、频率等,也可以表达说话人的态度或观点,从而使语言表达更准确、生动、丰富。
简单来说,副词的核心功能是 “修饰” 和 “补充说明”。
2、 副词的构成
形容词 + -ly:这是最常见的方式。
careful(仔细的)→ carefully(仔细地)
quick(快的)→ quickly(快地)
happy(快乐的)→ happily(快乐地)
注意:以-y结尾的形容词,变y为i,再加-ly。如:easy → easily。
注意:有些词以-ly结尾,但却是形容词,如:friendly(友好的),lovely(可爱的),lonely(孤独的)。
与形容词同形:有些词既可以是形容词,也可以是副词,形式不变。
fast(快的/快地), early(早的/早地), high(高的/高地), hard(努力的/努力地), late(晚的/晚地)等。
例句:He is a fast runner.(形容词) / He runs fast.(副词)
不规则形式:有少数副词的形态与形容词完全不同。
good(形容词)→ well(副词,表“好”)
注意:well也可以作形容词,表示“身体健康的”。
3、 副词的分类
根据其意义和功能,副词主要分为以下几类:
时间副词:表示动作发生的时间或频率。
常见词:now, then, today, yesterday, soon, already, always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever 等。
例句:I always get up early. / He has already finished his homework.
地点副词:表示动作发生的地点或方向。
常见词:here, there, home, upstairs, everywhere, nowhere, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside 等。
例句:Come in, please. / Let‘s go outside to play.
方式副词:描述动作进行的方式或状态。
通常由“形容词+-ly”构成。
常见词:slowly, quickly, happily, carefully, loudly, well, fast, hard 等。
例句:She sings beautifully. / They worked hard.
程度副词:修饰形容词或副词,表示程度。
常见词:very, too, quite, rather, so, really, almost, enough, pretty, fairly, exactly 等。
例句:The movie is very interesting. / He runs quite fast.
频度副词:表示动作发生的频率(可视为时间副词的一个细分)。
常见词:always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never 等。
例句:She often helps her mother. / I never tell lies.
疑问副词、关系副词和连接副词:用于引导特殊疑问句、定语从句或连接句子。
常见词:when, where, why, how (以及how引导的短语如how often, how long等)。
例句:Where do you live (疑问副词) / This is the town where I was born.(关系副词) / Tell me how you did it.(连接副词)
4、 副词的句法功能
副词在句子中可以充当多种成分:
作状语:这是副词最主要、最核心的功能。
修饰动词:通常位于动词之后。若是及物动词,则位于宾语之后。
He speaks English fluently.(他英语说得很流利。)
修饰形容词:位于形容词之前。
It‘s extremely cold today.(今天极其寒冷。)
修饰其他副词:位于被修饰的副词之前。
He works terribly hard.(他工作极其努力。)
修饰整个句子:常位于句首,用逗号隔开,表达说话者的看法。
Luckily, he passed the exam.(幸运的是,他通过了考试。)
Honestly, I don’t agree with you.(老实说,我不同意你的看法。)
作表语:主要是一些表示地点或状态的副词,放在系动词(如be, go, get等)之后。
Is anybody in (有人在吗?)
My father is out.(我父亲出去了。)
Time is up.(时间到了。)
作定语:少数地点副词和时间副词可以后置修饰名词。
The people here are very friendly.(这里的人们非常友好。)
The meeting yesterday was a success.(昨天的会议很成功。)
On my way home, I met an old friend.(在回家的路上,我遇到了一位老朋友。)
作宾语补足语:补充说明宾语的状态或位置。
Let him in, please.(请让他进来。)
I saw you out with your friends yesterday.(我昨天看到你和朋友出去了。)
5、 副词在句中的位置
时间/地点副词:常放在句末。如果两者同时出现,通常是“地点+时间”。
He was born in Shanghai in 1990.
方式副词:常放在动词(宾语)之后。
She closed the door quietly.
程度副词:放在它所修饰的形容词或副词之前。但enough例外,它要放在被修饰词之后。
It‘s very good. / He is old enough to go to school.
频度副词:通常放在实义动词之前、系动词/助动词/情态动词之后。
I often go swimming. / He is always kind. / I will never forget it.
修饰全句的副词:常放在句首。
四、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级
1、概念
原级:形容词或副词的基本形式,如 big, fast, carefully。
比较级:用于两者之间的比较,表示“更…”,如 bigger, faster, more carefully。
最高级:用于三者或以上之间的比较,表示“最…”,如 the biggest, the fastest, the most carefully。
2. 规则变化
(1) 单音节和部分双音节词
一般情况:词尾加 -er (比较级) 或 -est (最高级)。
tall — taller — tallest
fast — faster — fastest
以字母e结尾:只加 -r 或 -st。
large — larger — largest
nice — nicer — nicest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾:变y为i,再加 -er 或 -est。
happy — happier — happiest
early — earlier — earliest (注意:early 是副词,变化同形容词)
以“短元音+单辅音字母”结尾:双写该辅音字母,再加 -er 或 -est。
big — bigger — biggest
hot — hotter — hottest
thin — thinner — thinnest
(2) 多音节词和大部分双音节词
在词前加 more (比较级) 或 the most (最高级)。
important — more important — the most important
beautiful — more beautiful — the most beautiful
slowly — more slowly — the most slowly (副词)
carefully — more carefully — the most carefully (副词)
注意:双音节词变化需个别记忆。常见加 -er/-est 的双音节词有:以 -y, -er, -ow, -le 结尾的,如 happy, clever, narrow, simple。其他双音节词通常加 more/the most,如 famous, tired。
3. 不规则变化
必须熟记。
good / well — better — best
(good为形容词,well为副词/形容词“身体好”)
bad / ill / badly — worse — worst
(bad为形容词,badly为副词)
many / much — more — most
(many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词/副词)
little — less — least
(修饰不可数名词/副词)
far — farther / further — farthest / furthest
(farther 通常仅指更远的距离;further 可指距离,也可指“进一步的、更多的”,如 further study)
4、基本用法
比较级的用法
(1) 两者比较 (A > B):A + 谓语 + 比较级 + than + B
Lily is taller than Lucy. (莉莉比露西高。)
He runs more quickly than me. (他跑得比我快。)
This book is more interesting than that one. (这本书比那本书更有趣。)
(2) 表示“越来越…”: 比较级 + and + 比较级 或 more and more + 多音节原级
The days are getting longer and longer. (白天变得越来越长。)
Our city is becoming more and more beautiful. (我们的城市变得越来越美。)
(3) 表示“越…,就越…”: The + 比较级…, the + 比较级…
The harder you work, the better your grades will be. (你越努力,成绩就越好。)
The more you read, the more you know. (你读得越多,懂得就越多。)
最高级的用法
用于三者或以上,结构为:the + 最高级 (+ 比较范围)
比较范围常由 in… (在某个地方内), of…/among… (在某个群体中) 或从句表示。
Tom is the tallest student in our class. (汤姆是我们班上最高的学生。)
This is the most delicious cake I have ever had. (这是我吃过的最好吃的蛋糕。)
She sings the most beautifully of the three girls. (三个女孩中她唱得最好听。)
Which season do you like best (你最喜欢哪个季节?) (副词最高级前 the 可省略)
注意:形容词最高级前必须加 the (在 my/his 等物主代词后除外,如 my best friend)。副词最高级前的 the 常可省略。
5、易错点与特殊用法
比较对象要一致:避免与自身比较。
(误) The weather in Shanghai is hotter than Beijing.
(正) The weather in Shanghai is hotter than that in Beijing. (用 that 指代不可数名词 weather)
使用 much, a lot, a little, even, far 等修饰比较级,表示程度。
This box is much heavier than that one. (这个盒子比那个重得多。)
She is a little taller than me. (她比我高一点点。)
You did far better this time. (你这次做得好多了。)
表示“和…一样”用 as…as;表示“不及…”用 not as/so…as。
He is as tall as his father. (他和父亲一样高。)
This movie is not as interesting as that one. (这部电影不如那部有趣。)
Which 与 What 在比较中的区别:
Which 指在一个明确、有限的范围内选择。
Which is bigger, China or Canada (中国和加拿大,哪个更大?)
What 指在不明确、宽泛的范围内询问种类或性质。
What is the biggest animal on land (陆地上最大的动物是什么?)
6、总结与解题技巧
判断音节:先看单词音节数,确定用 -er/-est 还是 more/the most。
牢记不规则:对 good/bad/many 等不规则变化必须熟记。
分析句子:
看到 than → 用比较级。
看到 in…, of…, among… 等表示范围的词 → 考虑用最高级。
看到 the…, the… 结构 → 两个空都填比较级。
检查一致性:确保比较对象同类、可比。
五、形容词、副词的常见句型
1、形容词常见句型
1.1. “主 + 系 + 表”结构
这是形容词最基础、最核心的用法,在系动词后作表语,描述主语的状态或特征。
常见系动词:be(是), become(变得), feel(感觉), look(看起来), seem(似乎), sound(听起来), taste(尝起来), smell(闻起来), get(变得), turn(变得)等。
例句:
The story is interesting. 这个故事很有趣。
She feels happy today. 她今天感到很高兴。
The food smells delicious. 食物闻起来很香。
1.2. 形容词作定语
形容词放在名词前,或放在复合不定代词(something, anything, nothing 等)后,修饰名词。
例句:
She is a kind teacher. 她是一位和蔼的老师。
There is nothing special in the box. 盒子里没什么特别的东西。
Do you have anything important to say 你有什么重要的事要说吗?
1.3. “It is + adj. + (for/of sb.) + to do sth.” 句型
该句型用“it”作形式主语,将真正的主语“to do sth.”后置,使句子平衡。
It’s + adj. + for sb. + to do sth.:形容词描述做某事这件事的性质(如难易、重要与否)。常用形容词:important, necessary, easy, difficult, possible, impossible 等。
It’s important for us to learn English well. 对我们来说学好英语很重要。
It’s + adj. + of sb. + to do sth.:形容词用来描述“人”的性格、品质(如善良、聪明、粗心)。常用形容词:kind, nice, good, clever, wise, foolish, rude, careless 等。
It’s very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好了。
1.4. “主语 + find/think/make/keep + it + adj. + to do sth.” 句型
这里的“it”是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的“to do sth.”,形容词作宾语补足语。
例句:
I find it difficult to understand this article. 我发现理解这篇文章很难。
The loud music makes it impossible for me to sleep. 吵闹的音乐让我无法入睡。
1.5. “主语 + 系动词 + adj. + enough + to do sth.” 句型
表示“足够…可以做某事”。
例句:
He is old enough to go to school. 他年龄足够大,可以上学了。
The room is big enough to hold fifty people. 这个房间足够大,可以容纳五十人。
1.6. “主语 + 系动词 + too + adj. + to do sth.” 句型
表示“太…而不能做某事”,具有否定含义。
例句:
The box is too heavy for me to carry. 这个箱子太重了,我搬不动。
He was too tired to walk any further. 他太累了,再也走不动了。
2、副词常见句型
2.1. 副词修饰动词
通常放在动词之后,如果是及物动词,则放在宾语之后。
例句:
He runs quickly. 他跑得很快。
She speaks English well. 她英语说得好。
2.2. 副词修饰形容词或其他副词
放在被修饰词之前。
例句:
The movie is very interesting. 这部电影非常有趣。(修饰形容词)
He works really hard. 他工作非常努力。(修饰副词)
2.3. 频度副词的位置
常见频度副词:always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never 等。通常放在实义动词之前,系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。
例句:
I often go to the library. 我经常去图书馆。
He is always ready to help others. 他总是乐于助人。
You should never give up. 你绝不应该放弃。
2.4. 副词作句子状语
修饰整个句子,常放在句首,用逗号隔开。
例句:
Luckily, he passed the exam. 幸运的是,他通过了考试。
Finally, we arrived at the top of the mountain. 最后,我们到达了山顶。
3、形容词与副词共有的重要比较句型
3.1. “as + 形容词/副词原级 + as” 句型
表示“和…一样”。
例句:
He is as tall as his father. 他和他父亲一样高。
She runs as fast as a deer. 她跑得像鹿一样快。
否定形式:not as/so… as(不如…)
This book is not as interesting as that one. 这本书不如那本有趣。
3.2. “比较级 + than” 句型
表示“比…更…”。
例句:
The sun is bigger than the earth. 太阳比地球大。
He studies harder than before. 他学习比以前更努力了。
3.3. “the + 比较级, the + 比较级” 句型
表示“越…,就越…”。
例句:
The more you practice, the better you will speak. 你练习得越多,说得就越好。
The earlier you start, the sooner you will finish. 你开始得越早,完成得就越快。
3.4. “比较级 + and + 比较级” 句型
表示“越来越…”。
例句:
The weather is getting colder and colder. 天气变得越来越冷。
She speaks English more and more fluently. 她英语说得越来越流利。
3.5. “one of the + 最高级 + 名词复数” 句型
表示“最…的之一”。
例句:
Beijing is one of the largest cities in the world. 北京是世界上最大的城市之一。
He is one of the most popular teachers in our school. 他是我们学校最受欢迎的老师之一。
4、其他重要固定搭配句型
be busy (in) doing sth. 忙于做某事
They are busy preparing for the exam. 他们正忙于准备考试。
be worth doing sth. 值得做某事
The book is worth reading again. 这本书值得再读一遍。
be afraid of (doing) sth. / to do sth. 害怕(做)某事
She is afraid of snakes. 她怕蛇。
Don’t be afraid to ask questions. 不要害怕提问。
be interested in (doing) sth. 对(做)某事感兴趣
I am very interested in learning history. 我对学习历史很感兴趣。
be proud of… 为…感到自豪
We are proud of our country. 我们为我们的国家感到自豪。
be famous/known for… 以…闻名
The town is famous for its hot springs. 这个小镇以温泉闻名。
be good/bad for… 对…有益/有害
Eating vegetables is good for your health. 吃蔬菜对你的健康有益。
be good/kind/nice to sb. 对某人好
My classmates are all very friendly to me. 我的同学都对我很友好。
be late for… 迟到
Don’t be late for the meeting. 开会别迟到。
be full of… / be filled with… 充满…
The room is full of people. 房间里挤满了人。
His life is filled with joy. 他的生活充满了欢乐。
形容词变副词规则
1:常见以-ly结尾的形容词:
friendly友好的;lovely可爱的;lively活泼的;monthly每月的;motherly慈母般的;deadly致命的;likely很可能的;有希望的;elderly上了年纪的;稍老的
2:多数形容词变为副词,直接加-ly:
successful—successfully severe—severely extreme—extremely
例外:full-fully
3:以-y结尾形容词变副词要变y为i再加-ly:
happy—happily easy—easily heavy—heavily necessary---necessarily
例外:shy—shyly
4:以-le, -ble结尾的形容词变副词,去e加y:
gentle—gently possible—possibly probable—probably simple—simply
例外:true—truly whole—wholly
5:以-ic结尾的形容词变为副词,直接加-ally:
basic—basically specific—specifically automatic—automatically
例外:public--publicly
6:以-ing结尾形容词变为副词,直接加-ly:
surprising-surprisingly increasing—increasingly interesting—interestingly
7:以-ed结尾形容词变为副词,直接加-ly:
repeat—repeatedly hurried—hurriedly unexpected—unexpectedly
高频考点练习
第一部分:基本用法与词形转换
核心考点:形容词作定语、表语、补足语的位置,名词/动词转换为形容词,形容词修饰复合不定代词后置。
I have ________ (something important / important something) to tell you. Please listen carefully.
After running 1,500 meters, the students felt quite ________ (tire).
To keep ________ (health), we should eat more vegetables and do exercise regularly.
The story my grandfather told was ________ (amaze). We all listened with our mouths open.
The government has taken action to make the river even ________ (clean) than before.
People in ________ (west) countries often celebrate Christmas.
第二部分:比较等级(原级、比较级、最高级)
核心考点:比较级和最高级的构成(规则与不规则变化),as...as 原级比较,the+比较级..., the+比较级... 句型。
Lily sings ________ (beautifully) than her sister, but her sister dances better.
This is ________ (interesting) book I have ever read. I couldn't put it down.
The ________ (much) you practice speaking English, the ________ (fluent) you will become.
My new bike is almost as ________ (good) as yours, but mine is much cheaper.
Which subject is ________ (difficult) for you, physics or chemistry
Among all the inventions, I think the telephone is one of the ________ (great).
第三部分:修饰语、程度副词与固定搭配
核心考点:比较级前的修饰语 (much, a little, even等),enough 的位置,too...to..., so...that... 等句型。
With 5G technology, downloading movies becomes ________ (fast) than ever.
The boy is not tall ________ to reach the apple on the tree. He needs some help.
The problem is ________ difficult for the primary students ________ solve.
The teacher spoke ________ (clear) so that everyone in the large classroom could hear her.
He was ________ (strong) a runner that he won the marathon easily.
The ice on the lake isn't ________ (thick) for skating. It's dangerous.
第四部分:易混词辨析
核心考点:-ed 和 -ing 形容词的区别;形容词和副词同形的词 (fast, hard等);形近副词辨析 (hard/hardly, late/lately等)。
The children were ________ (excite) about the ________ (excite) trip to the science museum.
You must work ________ (hard) if you want to catch up with your classmates.
The teacher looked ________ (angry) at the noisy class, so everyone became quiet.
He is a ________ (friend) person and always talks to others ________ (polite).
I was ________ (deep) moved by the ________ (move) story.
To our surprise, he did ________ (bad) in the final exam this time.
第五部分:综合语法填空(根据提示词填空)
核心考点:结合上下文,综合运用形容词副词的各种形式。
After the tiring journey, they arrived home ________ (safe).
The air in the mountains is much ________ (fresh) than that in the city.
Of the two pictures, this one is ________ (pretty).
The news made all of us feel ________ (hope) about the future.
She speaks English ________ (fluent) but not as ________ (accurate) as her brother.
It is ________ (possible) for us to finish the work without your help.
The ________ (care) you are, the ________ (few) mistakes you will make.
第六部分:句子运用与考点整合
核心考点:在完整语境中判断词性、比较级,以及固定搭配。
He looked ________ (curious) at the ancient map and asked many questions.
The price of this phone is ________ (low) of the three models on sale.
The wind blew ________ (strong) last night, and it's getting even ________ (strong) now.
It's ________ (nature) for parents to worry about their children.
Our school football team played ________ (successful) and won the championship.
The ________ (tradition) food for the Spring Festival in North China is dumplings.
The movie was far ________ (boring) than I expected. I almost fell asleep.
The ________ (sun) weather makes people feel ________ (cheer).

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