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专题八　动词时态和语态
目录
CONTENTS
02 课堂精讲
03 备考精练
01 思维导图
思维导图
01
课堂精讲
02
一、动词的时态
1. 一般现在时
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
具体 用法 (1)表示现在的状态 He is a student. 他是一名学生。
She is at home. 她在家。
(2)表示经常性或习惯性的动作 He goes to school by bike every morning.
他每天早上骑自行车上学。
(3)表示主语具备的能力 She does well in maths. 她擅长数学。
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
具体 用法 (4)普遍的真理和自然规律 The earth goes around the sun. 地球围绕着太阳转。
(5)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的动作 Please call me as soon as you arrive in Paris. 你一到巴黎就给我打电话。
We will have a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow. 如果明天晴天，我们将会去野餐。
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
句型 结构 肯定句：主语＋动词原形(或第三人称单数)＋其他 We read English every morning. 我们每天早上读英语。
He does morning exercises at school every day. 他每天在学校做早操。
否定句：主语＋don’t(或doesn’t)＋动词原形＋其他 We don’t live in this city. 我们不住在这座城市。
The dog doesn’t bark at strangers. 这只狗不对陌生人吠叫。
一般疑问句：Do/Does＋主语＋动词原形＋其他 Do you like reading storybooks 你喜欢读故事书吗
Does your father go to work on foot 你爸爸步行去上班吗
2. 一般过去时
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
具体 用法 表示在过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态 The little boy was born in 2019. 这个小男孩出生于2019年。
句型 结构 肯定句 主语＋was/were(或动词的过去式)＋其他. They were in the classroom just now. 他们刚才在教室。
We went to the park yesterday. 我们昨天去了公园。
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
句型 结构 否定句 主语＋wasn’t/ weren’t＋其他. They weren’t in the classroom just now. 他们刚才不在教室。
主语＋didn’t＋动词原形＋其他. We didn’t go to the park yesterday. 我们昨天没有去公园。
一般疑问句 Was/Were＋主语＋其他 Were they in the classroom just now 他们刚才在教室吗
Did＋主语＋动词原形＋其他 Did you go to the park yesterday 你们昨天去公园了吗
时间 标志 yesterday，the day before yesterday，last＋week/month/ year，时间段＋ago，in/on＋过去的时间，on May 1st，in 2012等
3. 一般将来时
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
具体 用法 表示将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态 I believe I will realize my dream one day.
我相信有一天我的梦想会实现。
句型 结构 肯定句： (1)主语＋will/shall＋动词原形＋其他(shall用于第一人称). (2)主语＋be going to＋动词原形＋其他. He will help you with your English study.
他会帮助你学习英语。
I shall go to the park tomorrow. 我明天要去公园。
We are going to visit our grandparents this weekend.
我们这周末要去看望祖父母。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
看那些乌云，要下雨了。(有迹象表明)
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
句型 结构 否定句： 主语＋won’t＋动词原形＋其他. 主语＋be not going to＋动词原形＋其他. They won’t go fishing. 他们不会去钓鱼的。
I’m not going to do sports this afternoon.
我今天下午不打算去运动。
一般疑问句： (1)Will/Shall＋主语＋动词原形＋其他 (2)Be＋主语＋going to＋动词原形＋其他 Will you take part in the sports meeting
你会参加运动会吗
Is there going to be a football match this Friday
星期五将会有一场足球比赛吗
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
时间 标志 tomorrow，the day after tomorrow，next＋时间，this＋星期几，in/on＋将来时间，soon
特别 提醒 (1)有些短暂性动词可以用进行时表示将来，如：come，go，leave，arrive，start等。 She is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. 她明天要去上海。 (2)根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作可以用一般现在时表示将来，尤其常见于火车、飞机、电影、课程等按计划进行的场景。 Our flight leaves Beijing at 10：00 p.m. this Friday. 我们的航班本周五晚上10点从北京起飞。
4. 现在进行时
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
具体 用法 (1)表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。 I am listening to my teacher. 我正在听老师讲话。
(2)表示现阶段正在进行，说话时未必正在进行的动作或事情 They’re working on a big project this month.
他们这个月在做一个大项目。
(3)常与always等此类副词连用，表示经常发生的动作或持续存在的状态，带有说话人的主观感彩 He’s always interrupting others when they speak.
他总是在别人说话时插嘴。
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
句型 结构 肯定句：主语＋be(am/is/are)＋doing＋其他. She is playing football now. 她现在正在踢足球。
否定句：主语＋be not＋doing＋其他. She isn’t watching TV. 她现在没有在看电视。
一般疑问句： 提问：Be＋主语＋doing＋其他 回答：Yes，主语＋be. /No，主语＋be not. —Are they cooking now 他们现在在做饭吗
—Yes，they are./No，they aren’t. 是的，他们在做。/不，他们没做。
时间 标志 now，look，listen等提示词，these days，at present，at the moment，上下文提示等
5. 过去进行时
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
具体 用法 过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作 My mother was cooking when I came back home last Friday.
上周五我回到家时妈妈正在煮饭。
She was working in Paris during the summer of 2022.
2022年夏天，她一直在巴黎工作。
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
句型 结构 肯定句：主语＋was/ were＋doing＋其他. She was watching TV when I came in.
我进来时，她正在看电视。
否定句：主语＋was/were not＋doing＋其他. I wasn’t doing housework at 7 yesterday.
昨天7点钟我没有在做家务。
一般疑问句：Was/Were＋主语＋doing＋其他 —Was it raining at this time yesterday
昨天这个时候下雨了吗
—Yes，it was./No，it wasn’t. 是的，下了。/不，没有下。
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
时间 标志 (1)at that time，then，at this time＋表过去的时间，如：at this time last Monday。 (2)at＋点钟＋表过去的时间，如：at five yesterday。 (3)when/while引导的表示过去时间的从句。
6. 现在完成时
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
具体 用法 (1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果 He has lost his key，so he can’t enter the room.
他弄丢了钥匙，所以他进不了房间。
(2)表示过去已经开始或状态一直持续到现在，可能还会持续下去 The game has been on for half an hour.
比赛已经进行半小时了。
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
句型 结构 肯定句： 主语＋have/has＋过去分词＋其他. I have already finished my English homework.
我已经完成我的英语作业了。
否定句： 主语＋haven’t/hasn’t＋过去分词＋其他. I haven’t finished my English homework yet.
我还没完成我的英语作业。
类别 表现形式和结构 例句
句型 结构 一般疑问句：Have/Has＋主语＋过去分词＋其他 Have you finished your English homework yet
你已经完成你的英语作业了吗
时间 标志 already(否定yet)，ever(否定never)，just，before，for＋时间段，since＋时间点，since＋时间段＋ago，so far，up to now，in the past few years
7. 知识拓展
(1)延续性动词与非延续性动词
动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
①延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，如：learn，work，stand，sleep，live，stay等，可以与表示时间段的状语连用。
You can keep the book for 5 days. 这本书你能借五天。
She lives in Shenzhen for two years. 她在深圳住两年了。
②非延续性动词也称为终止性动词、瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束；不能与表示时间段的状语连用。如：open，die，close，begin，finish，come，go，move，borrow，lend，buy等。如果要与时间段连用，需把它转为延续性动词使用。
③中考常见的延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换， 如：
become—be　die—be dead　fall ill—be ill　get married—be married　fall asleep—be asleep
leave—be away　catch a cold—have a cold　buy—have　borrow—keep　open—be open
close—be closed　come here—be here　get to/arrive/reach—be in　begin/start—be on
come back—be back　join—be in/be a member of　finish—be over
Tina married two years ago.=Tina has been married for two years. 蒂娜结婚两年了。
He joined the Party two years ago.=He has been in the Party for two years.=He has been a Party member for two years. 他入党两年了。
I caught a cold three days ago.=I have had a cold for three days. 我感冒三天了。
(2)have gone to，have been to与have been in的用法
用法 例句
have gone to意为“到某地去了”(去了还没回) —Where is Tom 汤姆去哪了
—He has gone to the Hangzhou. 他去杭州了。(人在杭州)
用法 例句
have been to表示“曾经去过某地”(去过已回)，可与just， ever，never等连用，后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次 Has he ever been to Hangzhou 他去过杭州吗
(人已从杭州回来)
He has been to Hangzhou three times. 他去过杭州三次了。
have been in表示“在某地待多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since，for，how long 等 He has been in Hangzhou for three days. 他在杭州待三天了。
(人在杭州)
二、被动语态
1. 被动语态的构成
语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明句子主语和谓语动词之间的关系。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。各种时态的被动语态的构成如下：
被动语态结构 例句
(1)一般现在时的被动am/is/are＋done Pens are used for writing. 笔被用来写字。
被动语态结构 例句
(2)一般过去时的被动was/were＋done Trees were cut down last night. 树昨晚被砍倒了。
(3)现在进行时的被动am/is/are＋being＋done A road is being built now. 一条路现在正在被建造。
(4)一般将来时的被动will/shall＋be＋done The task will be finished tomorrow. 这个任务明天会被完成。
被动语态结构 例句
(5)现在完成时的被动have/has＋been＋done The rubbish has already thrown away. 垃圾已经被扔掉了。
(6)情态动词＋被动can/may/must/should…＋be＋done The pollution must be stopped. 污染必须被阻止。
2. 被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
The task was finished. 任务已经被完成了。
(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
The homework must be handed in on time. 作业必须按时交上来。
(3)说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态。常用句型：
It is said that… 据说……；It is reported that… 据报道……；It is hoped that… 希望……；It is believed that… 人们相信……
(4)当动作的执行者有较长的修饰语时，需要用被动语态。
The plan was supported by those who lived far away from the factory. 那个计划得到了那些住得离工厂远的人的支持。
3. 被动语态的特殊情形
(1)双宾语结构的主动语态变被动语态时，有两种常见转换方式：以间接宾语(人)作被动句的主语，此时直接宾语直接保留在被动句中，无需加介词；以直接宾语(物)作被动句的主语，此时间接宾语前通常需加介词to或for(具体介词由动词决定)，如：
He gave me a book.=I was given a book by him.=A book was given to me by him. 他给了我一本书。
She bought me a gift.=A gift was bought for me(by her). 她给我买了一份礼物。
(2)feel，hear，listen to，have，make，let，look at，watch，see，notice这些词在主动语态中，其后的动词不定式不加to，但在变被动语态时必须加to，如：
I saw her go into the office building.=He was seen to go into the office building(by me).
他被(我)看见走进了那栋办公楼。
(3)动词短语变被动语态时，不能去掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。这类动词短语有：look after，look at，take care of，pay attention to，laugh at 等，如：
My mother looks after my family well.=My family is looked after well by my mother. 我的家被我妈妈照顾得很好。
(4)有些动词表物体本身的特性，不强调动作，特别是当主语为物时。常见的动词有sell，write，wash等，如：
The pen writes well. 这支笔很好写。
This kind of cloth washes easily. 这种布料很容易洗。
(5)连系动词如feel，look，smell，taste，sound没有被动形式。如：
The fish tastes good. 这鱼尝起来味道不错。
(6)不及物动词(短语)happen，take place，break out没有被动语态。如：
Great changes have taken place in Shenzhen in the last few years. 过去几年里，深圳发生了巨大的变化。
(7)“want/need/require＋动名词”“be worth doing”用主动形式表被动的含义，如：
The door is broken，and it needs repairing.=The door is broken，and it needs to be repaired.
这扇门坏了，需要被修理。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
备考精练
03
一、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. Sometimes she ____________(worry) a lot although she ____________(have) many friends.
2. Listen! The birds ____________(sing) in the tree.
3. I believe my dream ____________(come) true one day.
4. The train ____________(leave) at 8：00 a.m. tomorrow.
5. If it ____________(rain) tomorrow，we ____________(stay) at home and read some books.
worries
has
are singing
will come
will leave
rains
will stay
6. My parents ____________(stop) by a shop and ____________ (buy) a toy car for me two days ago.
7. At 7：00 yesterday，the students ____________(have) an English class.
8. —Where is Mr Black
—He ____________(go) to the library.
9. So far，he ____________(write) more than ten novels.
10. Usually，flowers _______________(present) to mothers as gifts on Mother’s Day.
stopped
bought
were having
has gone
has written
are presented
11. All the classroom windows ____________(clean) by the students yesterday.
12. A beautiful new park ____________(build) near our school next year.
13. The birthday cake _______________(make) by Mum in the kitchen now.
14. The task ____________________(not finish) completely yet.
15. The school rules must ____________(follow) by every student.
were cleaned
will be built
is being made
hasn’t been finished
be followed
二、六选五。(2025·苏州)
A.It’s fast and easy.
B.It’s a lesson worth learning.
C.Other countries do this too，in their own way.
D.It’s so beautiful that artists have painted it for centuries.
E.The Chinese yuan is a perfect mix of nature and tradition.
F.These pictures often show what each country finds important.
Have you ever looked closely at the paper money from different countries You will see more than numbers and colours. You will discover pictures of rivers，mountains，buildings and famous people. 1.__________ They are like small lessons in culture，history and nature. Paper money isn’t just for spending—it’s also for learning.
Let’s start with China. 2.____________ On the 20 yuan note(纸币)，there is the Lijiang River in Guilin，with green mountains rising from calm waters. 3.____________ On the 5 yuan note you’ll find Mount Tai，one of the most famous mountains in China. A large number of poems were written in praise of it.
F
E
D
4.____________ Switzerland’s notes include mountains，rivers，and even wind patterns(图案)!Canada’s have snowy landscapes and maple(枫树) leaves.
These days many people use phones or cards as a way to pay. 5.____________ But paper money still has its value—not only in money，but in meaning. You can hold it，look at it，and learn from it. It can be a tiny museum in your pocket.
So next time you hold your paper money，take a second look.
C
A
三、语法填空。(2025·重庆改编)
Li Liang has always been interested in science since childhood. He’s good 1.____________ solving problems in daily life. It is 2.__________(he) dream to make people’s lives better.
One night when he was 11，he 3.____________(watch) the news on TV with his parents. He heard that there were 4.____________(harm) chemicals left in the vegetables people ate in a village nearby. Parents and kids were worried about their food 5.____________(safe). He couldn’t sleep that night
at
his
watched
harmful
safety
6.____________ he kept thinking about the kids of his age who didn’t have safe vegetables. He decided to do something to help. He spent over a year 7._______________(research) and testing. Finally，a tool 8.____________(invent) by him. It could show results 9.____________(quick)，so people would know whether the food was safe.
Now，as a college student，he gives public talks and holds science workshops(工作坊) 10.___________(share) his research methods. Through his hard work，more and more students are following in his footsteps.
because
researching
was invented
quickly
to share

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