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结构-题干对照：D 篇秒选答案（以三年全国卷为例）
Ⅰ阅读D篇结构
高考英语阅读理解D篇的体裁大都属于科学研究类说明文，其结构如下：
Ⅱ问题解决型示例
2025新高考Ⅰ卷D篇：
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even
32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept.
appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
By giving examples.
By providing statistics.
答案：C.根据第一段红色字体可知，通过举例，如微塑料出现在深海、喜马拉雅山……等世界各地，提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。
33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time.
C The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water.
答案：A.根据第三段红色字体可知，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%，可知，决定在水中捕获微塑料的有效性的事水的硬度。故选A。
34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A. The importance of plastic recycling.
B The severity of the microplastic problem.
The danger in overusing pure water.
The difficulty in treating polluted water.
答案：B.根据第四段红色字体可推知，提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。
35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about
A. Choice of new research methods.
B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers.
D. Potential application of the findings.
答案：D.根据第五段红色字体可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay提出了这项发现的潜在应用，升级饮用水处理厂。
Ⅲ研究报告型示例
2024新高考Ⅰ卷D篇：
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated.
B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number.
D. They are used for public exhibition.
答案：B 根据第一段红色字体可知，现在大多数生物多样性的记录都是以照片、视频和其他电子形式存在的。
33. What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data.
D. Mobile applications.
答案：C. 根据第二段和第三段红色字体可知，Daru 的研究重点是这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性。所以他的研究聚焦的是“样本数据”。
34. What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
答案：C.根据第四段和第五段红色字体可知，收集生物采样数据的人，对于采样区域、采样时段以及采样物种的选择有一定的主观性，这些不当的采样方式会导致收集到的数据产生偏差。
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
答案：D. 根据第七段红色字体可知，Daru 认为biodiversity apps 可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种，鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。因此，Daru 建议biodiversity apps 提供给采样人员一些指导意见。
Ⅳ现象阐述型示例
2023新高考Ⅰ卷D篇：
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
答案：B.根据第2段红色字体可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，
in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small
B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate
D. estimates were not fully independent
答案：D.根据第二段和第三段红色字体可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
答案：C.根据第四段两个问句可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
35题答案：D.可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示支持。
Ⅴ针对性训练
问题解决型：
（2026·浙江省嘉兴市高三上学期9月月考）Throughout history, trees have played a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. They absorb CO2 and transform it into oxygen. But one of the challenges with this traditional carbon absorption is that the CO2 trees store can be released back into the atmosphere when they die.
However, the discovery of certain trees in Kenya adds a new dimension to this natural process. These trees, also found in several other countries, have been observed to transform CO2 into calcium oxalate. Then bacteria (细菌) present in the trees and surrounding soil transform it further into calcium carbonate (碳酸钙), a primary component of limestone and chalk. The unique process ensures that the CO2 is kept in solid form for much longer, even after the tree’s life ends. This finding was emphasized by Mike Rowley from the University of Zurich at the Goldschmidt Conference.
While the scientific community is optimistic about these findings, several challenges remain. The primary concern is determining the exact amount of CO2 that these trees can transform throughout their lifetime. Without this accurate data, it is challenging to assess the full impact of this method globally.
Understanding the ecological balance and ensuring the preservation of biodiversity are crucial before worldwide planting of these trees. Cooperative research efforts are needed to explore these aspects and develop a comprehensive strategy for using these trees as a natural solution to climate change.
This discovery in Kenya invites us to reconsider the potential of natural processes in addressing environmental challenges. While technological solutions to climate change are vital, integrating natural methods offers an alternative approach. The unique ability of these trees presents a promising method for exploration.
The journey to fighting climate change is complex. As we dig deeper into understanding natural phenomena like the Kenyan trees, we must ask ourselves: How can we make the best of the power of nature to create a sustainable future for generations to come
32．What is special about the trees found in Kenya
A．They absorb more CO2. B．They help turn CO2 into solids.
C．They release oxygen quickly. D．They live in harmony with bacteria.
33．What is the core challenge before applying the discovery globally
A．Assessing the cost of the process. B．Understanding the impact on soil.
C．Quantifying the CO2 transformation. D．Collecting the data on biodiversity.
34．What does the author try to explore in the last two paragraphs
A．The seriousness of climate change. B．The method of green development.
C．The prospect of scientific approaches. D．The role of nature in climate solutions.
35．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．A defensive Strategy in Nature B．A Recent Advance in CO2 Research
C．Kenyan Trees: A Natural Carbon Lock D．Tree Planting: A Key to Ecological Balance
答案：32．B 33．C 34．D 35．C
研究报告型：
（2026·湖北省宜昌市高三上学期九月起点考试）Plastic has become an essential part of modern life, with around 1 million plastic water bottles sold every minute and 5 trillion plastic bags used worldwide every year, according to the UN’s Environment Program. Half of all plastic production is designed for single-use purposes, and the annual output of over 400 million tons is projected to reach 1,100 million tons by 2050. This growing mountain of waste has intensified public and regulatory demands for improved recycling.
Recycling plastic, however, is complex. Many items are dirty or made from multiple layers, making traditional methods ineffective. Consequently, over 90% of plastic waste is buried, or deserted in nature. In response, forward-thinking companies are investing in advanced recycling technologies to turn waste into raw materials for new plastic. Yet, this approach has caused debates.
One common method, pyrolysis, involves heating plastic waste to produce oil and synthetic gas, which powers recycling plants. However, the process releases harmful substances, raising concerns about its environmental impact. Critics argue that, rather than achieving a reduction in carbon emissions (排放), this method might result in similar or even higher levels of emissions compared to the production of new plastic. Some even accuse the industry of using advanced recycling as a way to justify continued plastic production. America’s Environmental Protection Agency has rejected this approach, and European environmental groups share similar concerns.
Despite these challenges, advanced recycling has potential. For instance, Mura Technology in the UK claims its hydrothermal process produces more output with lower carbon emissions, while Australia’s Samsara Eco is developing enzyme-based methods that remove the need for new oil. These advancements could make recycling more efficient and environmentally friendly, helping to keep plastic in use rather than in landfills (填埋场).
While the debate around advanced recycling continues, progress is underway. Britain recently approved a version of the mass-balance approach, and many EU member states are leaning towards acceptance. With further innovation and investment, advanced recycling could play a vital role in addressing the global plastic waste crisis.
32．What do the figures in paragraph 1 indicate
A．The difficulty of recycling. B．The severity of plastic waste.
C．The prospect of plastic goods. D．The popularity of plastic items.
33．Why does advanced recycling meet with criticism
A．It legalizes plastic production. B．It produces more plastic waste.
C．It does harm to recycling plants. D．It risks higher carbon emissions.
34．What can be inferred about the innovations in advanced recycling
A．They offer an alternative to new oil.
B．They have won popularity in the west.
C．They hold promise for green recycling.
D．They guarantee a solution to plastic waste.
35．What is the author’s attitude towards advanced recycling
A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive.
答案：32．B 33．D 34．C 35．B
现象阐述型：
（2026·黑龙江省龙东联盟高三上学期开学考试）For decades, scientists have identified chronic low-level inflammation (炎症) — called “inflammaging” — as one of the primary drivers of age-related diseases. Think of it as your body’s immune system stuck in overdrive — constantly fighting battles that don’t exist, gradually wearing down organs and systems. But a new study challenges that idea and could reshape how we think about aging itself.
The research, published in Nature Aging, compared patterns of inflammation in four very different communities around the world. Two groups were from modern, industrialised societies — older adults living in Italy and Singapore. The other two were pristine communities who live more traditional lifestyles: the Tsimane people of the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli in the forests of Malaysia.
The researchers analysed blood samples from more than 2,800 people, looking at a wide range of inflammatory molecules (分子), known as cytokines. Among the Italian and Singaporean participants, the researchers found a fairly consistent inflammaging pattern. As people aged, levels of inflammatory markers in the blood rose together. Higher levels were linked to a greater risk of chronic diseases including kidney disease and heart disease. But in the Tsimane and Orang Asli populations, the inflammaging pattern was absent. The same inflammatory molecules did not rise consistently with age, and they were not strongly linked to age-related diseases. In fact, among the Tsimane, who face high rates of microorganism infections, inflammation levels were often high. Yet this did not lead to the same rates of chronic diseases that are common in industrialised nations.
These results raise important questions. One possibility is that inflammaging, at least as measured through these blood signals, is not a universal biological feature of aging. Instead, it may arise in societies marked by high-calorie diets, low physical activity and reduced exposure to infections.
In other words, chronic inflammation linked to aging and disease might not simply result from an inevitable biological process, but rather from a mismatch between our ancient physiology and the modern environment. If these findings are confirmed, they could have some significant consequences.
32．How is inflammaging related to aging in the established scientific view
A．It attacks human organs. B．It causes the inactivity of organs.
C．It generates overactive immune response.
D．It lowers the efficiency of immune system.
33．What does the word “pristine” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Unspoiled. B．Unwelcoming. C．Unsafe. D．Unlivable.
34．What has the study found about the Tsimane and Orang Asli people
A．They seldom develop chronic diseases.
B．Their blood lacks inflammatory markers.
C．They rarely get exposed to sources of infection.
D．Their inflammation levels are independent of aging.
35．What does the new study suggest
A．Inflammaging is a signal of aging.
B．Inflammaging is biologically unavoidable.
C．Repeated infections hold back inflammaging.
D．Modern lifestyle contributes to inflammaging.
答案：32．C 33．A 34．D 35．D

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