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第四讲　词句猜测题
词句猜测题是高考阅读理解中的“智能导航系统”,它直接检验考生在未知词汇面前的变通与解码能力。它并非考查考生的词汇量有多大,而是考查考生利用上下文线索推断生词含义的逻辑智慧。攻克这类题,意味着考生拥有了一把能打开任何文本的“万能钥匙”。
考什么——透视猜测题的“命题密码”
1.常见设问方式
(1)直接提问词句型:以mean、refer to等方式直接提问。如:
What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in paragraph 2 probably mean
What does the phrase “a double-edged sword” refer to in the last paragraph
(2)近义替换型:要求选出与画线词或短语意思最相近的选项。如:
Which of the following is closest in meaning to “scrutinize”
(3)指代关系型:提问 it、they、that、such等代词具体指代的内容。如:
What does “it” in the last sentence refer to
2.正确选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
语境决定 词、短语或句子的意义由其所在的句子、段落乃至全文的语境确定。
逻辑自洽 将正确选项带回原文替换画线词、短语或句子,整个句子或上下文的逻辑通顺、意思连贯。
功能对等 正确选项与原词、短语或句子在文中的语法功能和情感色彩上保持一致。
3.干扰选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
望文生义 仅根据单词的构词法(如前缀、后缀)或某个词根进行表面猜测,脱离语境。
概念混淆 选项内容与文章主题相关,甚至在画线词、短语或句子附近出现,但并非画线词、短语或句子本身的确切含义。
反向逻辑 选项的意思与正确答案恰好相反,通常是由于考生忽略了文中的否定或转折词所致。
4.热点考向
词义猜测题 考查对纲外陌生词汇或纲内词汇生义在具体语境中的理解
代词指代题 考查对复杂长难句中代词指代关系的精准定位和理解
句意理解题 考查对习语、俚语或其他关键语句的深层含义把握
5.解题步骤
怎么考——铸造猜测题“四大破题利器”
面对不同类型的生词、短语或句子,告别“一概靠蒙”的无奈,掌握以下三大核心考向,实现从“被动猜测”到“主动出击”的蜕变。
考向一　词义猜测题——上下取证知其意
为做好词义猜测题,考生应当熟练掌握《普通高中英语课程标准》规定的词汇,在训练中还要注重积累生僻词汇和短语,掌握构词法的基本知识;同时,还应学会根据上下文语境合理推测词义。下面介绍4种行之有效的猜词技法,希望对考生有所帮助。
技法一　利用“解释关系”猜测词义
类型1　定义
作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义,尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时,常使用的信号词汇有i.e.、 is、 are、 is/are called、 mean、 refer to、 known as等。
[典例]　(2021·全国甲卷阅读C) I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own language.And my favorite:Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don’t worry about it.Once,when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆),I fell onto the stones,damaging a nerve in my hand,and Toby came over,helping me up:Safe,man.Safe.A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their boards loud,shouting:“Safe! Safe! Safe!”And that’s what mattered—landing tricks,being a good skater. 29.What do the underlined words“Safe! Safe! Safe!”probably mean A.Be careful! B.Well done! C.No way! D.Don’t worry! [导引] Step 1:定位定义句 根据信号词meant,定位定义句:Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don’t worry about it. Step 2:结合语境验证 将定义中提供的多个词义(cool,hello,don’t worry)代入画线词所在的语境。 Step 3:筛选匹配 在作者成功完成了一次滑板动作后,同伴们都大喊“Safe! Safe! Safe!”来表示祝贺或鼓励作者。 [图解]
类型2　例证
有时,画线词后会跟一些具体的例子,这些例子能帮助考生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词汇有such as、 for example、 for instance、 like、 including、 especially等。
[典例]　(北京卷阅读D) Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous.For example,algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets,self-driving cars are appearing on city streets,and our smartphones are translating from one language into another.These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. 42.What does the underlined word“ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean A.Enormous in quantity. B.Changeable daily. C.Stable in quality. D.Present everywhere. [导引] Step 1:定位例证句 信号词For example引出了三个例子:①金融市场的算法交易;②城市街道的自动驾驶汽车;③智能手机的语言翻译。 Step 2:结合语境验证 例子说明了一个事实:人工智能不再是遥远的概念。 Step 3:筛选匹配 通过例子可以推断出,ubiquitous描述的是一种“随处可见、无处不在”的状态,与D项的词义完全一致。 [图解]
类型3　重述
作者为了使某一难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚,通常会使用常用的词或词组对其进行解释,这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词or、 namely、 that is、 in other words、 that is to say、 to be more exact、 to put it another way等引导。有时候也会直接在后面进行重述。
[典例]　(2025·全国一卷阅读B) As a new unit started,I asked everyone to write a persuasive piece on a health-related topic of their choice.This time they found the exercise much more interesting.For the next two assignments,a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop,I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre (体裁) and that it contain a thesis.The results were staggering.The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories,10 to 20 pages each,with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. 26.What does the underlined word“staggering” in paragraph 3 mean A.Mixed. B.Amazing. C.Similar. D.Disturbing. [导引] Step 1:定位重述句 重述句:The students took on diverse topics...touched my heart. Step 2:推测词义 将重述的内容与之前的表现进行对比。这种从“写不出来”到“长篇佳作”的巨大转变,其结果必然是“令人印象深刻、出乎意料的”。 Step 3:筛选匹配 重述部分描述了一个巨大的、积极的、出乎意料的变化。与B项的词义完全一致。 [图解]
类型4　同义词或近义词
有时,在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的词汇,它往往暗示了该词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇有and、 or、 like、 as well、 similarly、 too、 also、 either等。
[典例]　(2023·浙江1月卷阅读C) Brilliant though it is,Project Debater has some weaknesses.It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together.This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out,yet they also point to a fundamental problem.As Kristian Hammond,professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University,put it:“There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.” 29.What does the underlined word“wrinkles”in paragraph 2 refer to A.Arguments. B.Doubts. C.Errors. D.Differences. [导引] Step 1:定位同义/指代关系 线索句“Such wrinkles...”的指代词Such表明wrinkles指代的是前一句刚刚提到的事物。 Step 2:建立替换关系 通过指代关系,我们可以建立一个同义替换:Such wrinkles=The kinds of errors no human would make。 Step 3:筛选匹配 C选项与线索句前句中的errors直接对应。 [图解]
类型5　反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子,这时就可以根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词汇有(whether...) or、 unlike、 but、 yet、 however、 while、 although、 nevertheless、 instead、 rather than、 in contrast、 on the contrary、 on the other hand等。
[典例]　(新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D) According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research,both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份),it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. 33.What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons. C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons. [导引] Step 1:定位线索句。线索句中contrary to是关键信号词,它建立了一个明确的对比关系。 Step 2:推测词义。根据contrary to建立的反义关系,beanpoles描述的应该是与“较重的人”相反的体型。 Step 3:筛选匹配。beanpoles在此处的含义是“瘦人”。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
1.(2026·西安六校高三联考)
In psychology,there’s a concept that describes a state of peak performance and enjoyment.This state of complete absorption in an activity is known as “flow”.It’s a feeling where you are so involved in what you are doing that nothing else seems to matter;time flies,and your skills are perfectly matched to the challenge.Think of a painter,lost in her work for hours.She doesn’t notice she’s hungry or that the sun has set.Her concentration is absolute,and every brushstroke feels effortless and correct.This is a perfect illustration of an artist in flow.
What does the underlined word “flow” refer to in the passage
A.A feeling that time is passing slowly.
B.A state of deep focus and immersion.
C.The skill of an artist.
D.A feeling of hunger and tiredness.
本题可以利用“定义法”解题。
Step 1:定位定义句
定义句:This state of complete absorption in an activity is known as “flow”.
语境点:It’s a feeling...the challenge.和后面的例证。
Step 2:结合语境验证
将“完全沉浸”(complete absorption)的定义代入到画家“忘我工作”(lost in her work)的具体情境中进行检验。
Step 3:筛选匹配
画家忘我工作、高度专注的状态,正是“flow”的体现,意为“深度专注和沉浸的状态”。与选项B的意思完全一致。
2.(2026·武汉高三质检)
Many wealthy individuals become great philanthropists,dedicating their fortunes to the public good.History is filled with such figures,including Andrew Carnegie,who funded thousands of public libraries,and more recently,Bill Gates,whose foundation works to improve global health and reduce poverty.Their actions demonstrate a powerful commitment to using private wealth for social progress.
The underlined word “philanthropists” refers to people who 　　　　.
A.build successful companies
B.are famous historical figures
C.donate money to help society
D.write books about their wealth
本题可以利用“例证法”解题。
Step 1:定位例证句
观点句:Many wealthy individuals become great philanthropists...
例证点:including Andrew Carnegie...(资助图书馆)和Bill Gates...(改善全球健康和减少贫困)。
Step 2:结合语境验证
将卡内基和盖茨的例子结合分析,他们的共同行为是利用个人财富来促进公共事业、帮助社会。
Step 3:筛选匹配
这些例子共同说明 philanthropists 是“捐钱帮助社会的人”。与选项C的意思完全一致。
3.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C)
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Clear-up. B.Add-on.
C.Check-in. D.Take-over.
本题可以利用“重述法”解题。
Step 1:定位重述句
观点句:...my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.
重述点:冒号(:)和紧随其后的句子“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.”重述了digital declutter 的具体做法。
Step 2:推测词义
重述句的核心动作是step away from optional online activities,即“远离那些非必要的在线活动”。这个动作的本质是暂时地“清除”或“清理”生活中的数字干扰,以达到某种目的。
Step 3:筛选匹配
“远离”和“清除”数字活动,意味着对数字生活进行一次整理和清理。选项A与step away from (远离、清除) 的核心含义完全吻合。
4.(2026·郑州外国语学校模拟)
On the morning of the big exam,Sarah felt a growing sense of unease.She was both anxious and quite apprehensive,constantly checking the clock and rereading her notes.This feeling of nervous worry wasn’t new to her,but it seemed stronger today.
What does the underlined word “apprehensive” most likely mean
A.Excited. B.Confident.
C.Worried. D.Unprepared.
本题可以利用“同义词法”解题。
Step 1:定位同义关系
线索句:She was both anxious and quite apprehensive...
线索词:句中的并列连词and以及结构 both...and...是关键信号。
Step 2:建立替换关系
根据 both anxious and apprehensive 的并列关系,可以推断 apprehensive 的意思与 anxious 基本相同。上下文也印证了这一点:a growing sense of unease (日益增长的不安感),constantly checking the clock (不停地看表),这些都是紧张、担忧的表现。
Step 3:筛选匹配
apprehensive 在此处的含义是“焦虑的、担忧的”。选项C是对anxious最直接的同义转述,与推断的词义完全一致。
5.(2026·秦皇岛高三质检)
While my brother is always seeking adventure and excitement,I find comfort in a more predictable life.He loves thrilling activities like skydiving,but I prefer the mundane pleasures of reading a book or tending to my garden.
What does the underlined word “mundane” most likely mean
A.Exciting. B.Ordinary.
C.Difficult. D.Secret.
本题可以利用“反义词”法解题。
Step 1:定位线索句
线索句:...but I prefer the mundane pleasures of reading a book or tending to my garden.
线索词:句中的转折连词but是关键信号词,它表明前后描述的情况是相反的。
Step 2:推测词义
对比对象:but 前面描述的是兄弟喜欢thrilling activities (刺激的活动),如 skydiving (跳伞)。因此,mundane 描述的乐趣应该与 thrilling (刺激的) 相反。
Step 3:筛选匹配
选项B与thrilling (刺激的)形成鲜明对比,精确地描述了读书、园艺这类活动的性质,与推断的词义完全一致。
1 词汇积累:absorption / b s p n/ n.沉浸,专注　　illustration / l stre n/ n.例证,说明 state of peak performance巅峰表现状态
2 词汇积累:dedicate / ded ke t/ v.致力于,奉献　　commitment /k m tm nt/ n.承诺,投入 熟词生义:fortune熟义:运气,命运　生义:大量财产,巨款 原文出处:...dedicating their fortunes to the public good.
3 词汇积累:optional / p nl/ adj.可选择的,非强制的 熟词生义:value熟义:价值(名词);估价(动词)　生义:珍视,重视(动词) 原文出处:...that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
4 词汇积累:apprehensive / pr hens v/ adj.忧虑的,担心的
5 词汇积累:predictable /pr d kt bl/ adj.可预测的;墨守成规的 thrilling / θr l / adj.令人兴奋的,刺激的
技法二　利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义
有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明,此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理。
类型1　转折关系
在猜测词义时,两个分句之间的逻辑关系往往给我们一些重要暗示,比如转折关系。
[典例]　(2024·全国甲卷阅读B) Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit,but cats take this behavior up a notch.Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物).Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you.These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it’s been in their nature since the beginning of time.So just go along with it! 26.Which best explains the phrase“take...up a notch”in paragraph 3 A.Perform appropriately. B.Move faster. C.Act strangely. D.Do better. [导引] Step 1:定位转折关系 目标句:...but cats take this behavior up a notch.中的转折连词but是关键信号。它表明猫的行为与狗的行为相比,存在一种转折或递进关系。 Step 2:对比推导 根据but建立的关系,既然狗已经很“令人印象深刻”了,那么猫的行为就是在此基础上的“更上一层楼”。 Step 3:筛选匹配 “Do better”精确地概括了“更上一层楼”的递进含义,与推断的词义完全一致。 [图解]
类型2　对比关系
有时,文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,这时考生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。
[典例]　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D) In the wrong hands,such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but,thankfully,Campbell has more than two decades’professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 32.What does the phrase“In the wrong hands”in paragraph 2 probably mean A.If read by someone poorly educated. B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C.If written by someone less competent. D.If translated by someone unacademic. [导引] Step 1:定位对比关系 对比对象:In the wrong hands导致的结果是complicated。与之对比的Campbell,拥有professional experience,能将复杂内容变得understandable。 Step 2:分析对比双方 Campbell是一个能力出众的作者,那么,the wrong hands指的就是缺乏这种能力的作者。 Step 3:筛选匹配 选项C精确地概括了与Campbell形成对比的情况。 [图解]
类型3　类比关系
作为一种推理方法,类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性(共同特征),它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性,从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇有similarly、 like、 also、 just as、 as well等。
[典例]　(2023·全国乙卷阅读D) ...The Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals,the African people of Benin and the Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these,all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects. 34.What does the underlined word“conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society. [导引] Step 1:定位类比关系 “only one half of a dialogue...the other half of that conversation”与前文“a history told through things gives them back a voice”形成类比。 Step 2:分析类比双方 分析类比双方可知,作者将历史类比成一场对话,对话的一半是文字,另一半是事实,因此conversation指代的是历史。 两者合在一起比喻“完整的历史”。 Step 3:筛选匹配 “History”与类比得出的结论完全对应。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
1.(2026·石家庄高三质检)
The instructions for assembling the bookshelf looked simple,and I thought I could finish it in an hour.The task,however,proved to be quite arduous.It took me the entire afternoon,requiring a lot of effort and concentration to fit all the pieces together correctly.
What does the underlined word “arduous” probably mean
A.Enjoyable. B.Creative.
C.Difficult. D.Pointless.
本题可以利用“转折关系”解题。
Step 1:定位转折关系
线索词:句中的转折词however是关键信号。它表明任务的实际情况与之前的预期相反。
Step 2:对比推导
根据 however 建立的转折关系,arduous 的意思应该与simple相反。下文的解释也印证了这一点:It took me the entire afternoon,requiring a lot of effort and concentration。这些都说明任务并不简单,而是非常费力。
Step 3:筛选匹配
选项C与simple形成鲜明对比,并被“花费整个下午”和“需要大量努力”所证实,与推断的词义完全一致。
2.(2026·长沙一中高三模拟)
The two brothers,Tom and Mark,could not be more different in their social habits,despite growing up in the same household.Tom has always been a quiet and reserved individual.He finds comfort in solitude,preferring a peaceful evening with a book to a noisy social gathering.His circle of friends is small but very close.Mark,on the other hand,is incredibly gregarious.He thrives in the presence of others and is often the life of the party,telling jokes and engaging everyone in conversation.For him,a weekend without a large social event feels empty;he draws his energy from being surrounded by people.
The word “gregarious” in the passage is closest in meaning to 　　　　.
A.humorous B.energetic
C.sociable D.popular
本题可以利用“对比关系”解题。
Step 1:定位对比关系
对比对象:前文对 Tom 的描述是 quiet and reserved (安静且内向),finds comfort in solitude (在独处中感到舒适),preferring a peaceful evening (更喜欢宁静的夜晚)。
Step 2:分析对比双方
根据 on the other hand 建立的对比关系,gregarious 的意思应该与“安静、内向、喜欢独处”相反,即“外向、喜欢交际”。下文对 Mark 的具体描述也印证了这一点:thrives in the presence of others、the life of the party。这些都指向了“合群、善于社交”的特质。
Step 3:筛选匹配
选项C完美地概括了与 Tom 的内向形成对比的性格特质,与推断的词义完全一致。
3.(2026·烟台高三模拟)
“In literature,just as a conductor meticulously balances each section of the orchestra—ensuring the violins soar above the woodwinds while the brass punctuates the melody with power—a skilled film director orchestrates every element of production:from actors’ performances to lighting,sound,and camera movement.The director’s vision unifies these disparate components into a cohesive whole,guiding the audience’s emotional journey through the narrative.”
What does the underlined word “orchestrates” most likely mean
A.Composes the score.
B.Coordinates different parts.
C.Performs before the camera.
D.Edits the footage.
本题可以利用通过“类比关系”解题。
Step 1:定位类比关系
· 信号词“while”表明前后两者在功能上对应:conductor director。
Step 2:分析类比双方
· Conductor→平衡各乐器组、设定节奏;
· Director→协调演员、灯光、音效、摄影等;
都在“调配、协调各部分”以达成整体效果。
Step 3:筛选匹配
选项B直接对应“balances”与“unifies”的核心含义。
1 词汇积累:assemble / sembl/ v.组装,集合
2 词汇积累:reserved /r z vd/ adj.内向的,寡言的　solitude / s l tju d/ n.独处,独居 thrive /θra v/ v.兴旺,茁壮成长;(在某种环境中)感到快乐而成功 the life of the party派对的中心人物,活跃气氛的人 熟词生义:circle熟义:圆圈,圆形　生义:圈子,界 原文出处:His circle of friends is small but very close.
3 词汇积累:orchestra / k str / n.管弦乐队 orchestrate / k stre t/ v.精心策划,组织安排;为管弦乐队谱曲 cohesive /k hi s v/ adj.有凝聚力的,统一的　narrative / n r t v/ n.叙事,叙述 熟词生义:score　熟义:分数,得分　生义:(电影、戏剧的)配乐,总谱 原文出处:(来自选项A)Composes the score.
技法三　利用“构词法”猜测词义
很多情况下,考生在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思,熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧。
[典例]　(新高考Ⅱ卷阅读B) I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit. ... My imaginary Grandma’s Box worked like magic that spring,and later.Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it.Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away—since I seldom actually kept them.Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day,and I would return the belonging. 25.What do the underlined words“the offender”in paragraph 8 refer to A.The student’s parent. B.The maker of the Grandma’s Box. C.The author’s grandchild. D.The owner of the forbidden fruit. [导引] Step 1:分析构词成分 offend:动词,意为“冒犯;违反”。 -er:常见后缀,加在动词后表示“做……的人”。 the offender:字面意思为“冒犯者;违反者”。 Step 2:结合语境验证 老师没收了学生的违禁品,然后“the offender”会在放学后出现,老师把东西还给他/她。可以推断“the offender”就是指“携带违禁品的学生”。 Step 3:筛选匹配 “The owner of the forbidden fruit.”与“违反规定、携带违禁品”的行为直接相关,与推断的词义完全一致。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
　　(2026·湖南长郡中学高三模拟)
The rapid advancement of technology has led to a growing concern about job displacement,as automation and artificial intelligence become increasingly capable of performing tasks that were previously done by human workers.This phenomenon raises important questions about the future of work and the need for individuals to adapt to changing skill requirements.
33.What does the phrase “job displacement” most likely mean
A.The creation of new job opportunities.
B.The movement of workers to different industries.
C.The loss of jobs due to technological advancements.
D.The improvement of working conditions.
本题可以结合构词法解题。
Step 1:分析构词成分
placement:名词,意为“安置;放置”。
dis-:前缀,表示“否定;分离”。
job displacement:字面意思为“工作岗位的丧失/分离”。
Step 2:结合语境验证
语境:技术的快速发展导致了人们对“job displacement”的担忧,因为自动化和人工智能越来越能够执行以前由人工完成的任务。
推断:“job displacement”就是指“由于技术进步导致的工作岗位丧失”。
Step 3:筛选匹配
选项C精确地概括了“工作岗位丧失”的含义,与推断的词义完全一致。
词汇积累 advancement / d vɑ nsm nt/ n.进步,发展 job displacement职业取代,工作岗位流失 automation / t me n/ n.自动化
考向二　代词指代题——就近原则法
代词(如it、he、they、that、those等)在句中通常指代上文提到的人、物或事件。根据“就近原则”,代词指代的对象通常是离它最近的名词、短语或整个句子所表达的意思。解题时,只需找到该代词,然后向上文(通常是本句或上一句)查找,并将其指代的内容代入原句验证,看句意是否通顺、逻辑是否合理。
[典例]　(2025·全国二卷阅读B) There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho’s class.She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools.Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments;they express sympathy instead.“I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,”Ho says.“They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.” 26.What does the underlined word“it”refer to in paragraph 4 A.Offering regular lessons. B.Paying extra attention. C.Assigning no schoolwork. D.Showing no sympathy. [导引] Step 1:定位代词。it前面的句子描述了“一些老师”的两种行为:①不布置作业;②表达同情。it指代的应该是这两种行为之一,或者整个情况。 Step 2:结合语境,确定指代内容。将it所在句子与前文联系起来推断,it在此指“don’t give the kids any assignments”这件事。 Step 3:筛选匹配,锁定答案。“Assigning no schoolwork.(不布置学校作业)”与推断的含义“don’t give the kids any assignments”完全一致。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
　　(2024·浙江1月卷阅读B)
When was the last time you used a telephone box I mean to make an actual phone call—not to shelter from the rain.Ages ago, right The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was...2006. I was conducting auditions(试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”.
As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me.Suddenly I was locked outside.My mobile phone was inside, but luckily there was a telephone box across the street.So, I called Directory Assistance, got put through to our landlady’s managing agent, and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.
As it has been many years since I last used one, I should hardly be surprised that there are no longer any public telephones near my house.The last one standing has just been turned into a “mini community library”: any passer-by can “borrow”a book from its shelves, andreturn it later, or replace it with another title from their own collection.
For a few months after the “library” opened, I didn’t bother taking a look, as I had assumed that it would be stuffed full of cheesy love stories.Then I noticed folk conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there.And these books were free.This unbeatable price point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying.And I’ve discovered some great books!...
What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to
A.The play.　　　B.The shared house.　　　C.The sofa.　　　D.The telephone box.
本题可以利用“就近原则法”解题。
Step 1:定位代词。定位到画线词it。it 所在句为...to make it seem a bit more “young professional” (……让它看起来更“年轻专业”一点)。根据“就近原则”,向前文查找 it 指代的对象。前文提到作者正在自己的 tiny old shared house (小旧合租屋) 里为试演做准备。
Step 2:结合语境,确定指代内容。作者为了给演员留下好印象,采取了两个行动:spread some throws over the sofas (在沙发上铺上毯子)和lit candles (点燃蜡烛)。这些行为都是为了装饰一个空间。将the shared house代入 it 的位置,句意变为“为了让这个合租屋看起来更‘年轻专业’一点”,逻辑完全通顺。
Step 3:筛选匹配,锁定答案。选项B与推断一致,作者装饰的是房子这个场所。
audition / d n/ n.(演员、乐手等的)试演,试音　　wastepaper basket废纸篓 for nothing免费地,不求回报地 swing shut (门等)猛地关上 熟词生义:throws　熟义:扔,抛　生义:(铺在家具上的)盖毯,罩单 原文出处:...I spread some throws over the sofas...
考向三　句意理解题——意义吻合法
对于理解特定句子含义的题目,考生不能仅凭字面意思猜测,而应将该句子放回原文,利用上下文提供的线索(如解释、举例、对比等)来推断其在具体语境中的确切含义。这种方法的核心是确保考生的理解与上下文的整体意义保持一致和吻合。
[典例]　(浙江卷阅读B) Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read,“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.” People quickly caught on.And while many took dollars,many others pinned their own cash to the board.“People of all ages,races,and socio-economic (社会经济的) backgrounds gave and took,”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox,which created the project... 24.What does the expression“Money with no strings attached”in paragraph 1 mean A.Money spent without hesitation. B.Money not legally made. C.Money offered without conditions. D.Money not tied together. [导引] Step 1:分析句子含义 strings意为“绳子”,attached意为“附着的”。no strings attached字面意思是“没有绳子系着”。 Step 2:寻找语境线索 文章紧接着对这个概念进行了解释:人们可以自由地给予或拿取金钱,唯一的依据是自己的能力和需求,没有任何其他的限制、审查或偿还义务。这恰恰印证了“无附加条件”这一含义。 Step 3:筛选匹配 “Money offered without conditions.(无条件提供的钱)”与上下文的解释完全吻合。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
　　(2026·南通高三调研)
For weeks,I had stared at the blank page,my mind a barren desert.Every attempt to write felt forced,every sentence a dead end.I tried changing my routine,reading old classics for inspiration,anything to get the words flowing,but nothing worked.Then one afternoon,I went for a walk in the park and saw a child trying to fly a kite.He failed again and again,but his joyful determination struck me.I rushed home,sat down at my desk,and began to write.Ideas,characters,and plots flooded my mind.The dam had broken.
What does the sentence “The dam had broken” mean in the last paragraph
A.The writer’s house was flooded.
B.The writer finally overcame the creative block.
C.The writer decided to write about a dam.
D.The writer felt as determined as the child.
本题可以利用“意义吻合法”解题。
Step 1:分析句子含义
dam 意为“大坝,堤坝”。The dam had broken 的字面意思是“大坝决堤了”。
Step 2:寻找语境线索
紧接在这句话之前,作者描述道:Ideas,characters,and plots flooded my mind.(想法、人物和情节如洪水般涌入我的脑海)。这里的 flooded (淹没,涌入) 与 dam (大坝) 形成了完美的呼应,清晰地解释了“决堤”后涌出的正是创作灵感。
Step 3:筛选匹配
将推断出的“写作障碍被突破,灵感如洪水般涌来”的含义与各选项进行比较。
选项B准确地概括了“大坝”(创作障碍)“决堤”(被克服)的比喻义,与上下文意义完全吻合。
强化练4　主旨大意题专练
(限时:25分钟　满分:40分)
A
(2026·济南高三学习质量检测)
Despite being born without hands,12-year-old Aubrey Sauvie has never let limitations hold her back.From mastering martial arts (武术) to expressing herself through art,she advances bravely in a world that often prioritizes physical ability.However,her passion for drumming presented a special barrier:how could she hold the drumsticks without them slipping out
Aware of Aubrey’s problem,her band director proposed her for Tech Engineering for Kids,a program which is run through a junior-level engineering course of the Tennessee Tech University.It involves students working in teams to design a form of custom assistive technology for children with special needs.Up to now,they have created toys and devices for children with sensory disorder.
Learning about Aubrey’s story,a team of ten engineering students of the program decided to create 3D-printed prostheses (义肢) specifically designed for drumming.They would send a certain design to Aubrey,who would then provide feedback,like “I think this is good,but it’s a little bit long.Could it be shortened ” or “It’s a little bit hot on my arm.Could you potentially,like,make it a little bit more breathable ”.The team created about six iterations of the prostheses until they were satisfied with the final product,which was not only hard-wearing but also flexible,allowing for drumstick attachments on both arms.This innovation not only improved sound quality but also provided the flexibility needed for advanced drumming techniques.
Aubrey was very grateful for this technical solution.
“I was really excited that I was going to be able to use the new prostheses and try them out,” she remarked.“They are becoming a very useful and creative tool to help me with my drumming.“With her newfound drumming freedom,Aubrey sets her sights on mastering a full drum set.Meanwhile,Tech Engineering for Kids readies itself to extend its reach,bridging the gap between limitations and ambitions through technology.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了12岁的 Aubrey Sauvie 天生没有双手,Tech Engineering for Kids 项目的一些学生为她设计了专门用于打鼓的3D打印义肢,使她能够操作乐器。
1.What troubles Aubrey a lot
A.Lacking passion for sports.
B.Having no talent for music.
C.Inaccessibility to expert training.
D.Inability to operate an instrument.
2.What is Tech Engineering for Kids intended to do
A.Offer engineering courses.
B.Design sustainable devices.
C.Create personalized adaptive tools.
D.Improve users’ overall experience.
3.Which can replace the underlined word “iterations” in paragraph 3
A.Uses. B.Versions.
C.Materials. D.Kinds.
4.What does the text mainly tell us
A.Limitations bring down people’s creativity.
B.Ambitions fuel the desires of the disabled.
C.Science breaks down the barriers among people.
D.Technology empowers people to pursue dreams.
B
(2026·南京、盐城高三第一学期调研测试)
More than 20 years ago,Yung-Chi Cheng,a Yale professor in drug development for cancer,had a pioneering idea:what if he could unlock the potential of ancient Chinese medicines for treating cancer What if he could design botanical drugs that would make traditional cancer treatments work better No one had done it before.Fellow researchers and experts advised him to change course,because developing botanical drugs was too complicated and too risky.But Cheng didn’t let the idea go.
Now,in a landmark moment for cancer research,Cheng and research partners are launching the first international clinical trial for a botanical drug,YIV-906.Shwu-Huey Liu,a postdoctoral researcher in Cheng’s Yale lab,spent hours leafing through ancient Chinese texts at Yale’s library,seeking the properties of Chinese herbs.She returned with Huang Qin Tang,a 1,800-year-old treatment for stomach illnesses,based on which the team developed a drug and tested it on one thousand mice.
What followed were years of additional testing of the drug’s effectiveness for a range of cancers in multiple human studies involving over 200 patients.The positive effects displayed again and again.YIV-906 not only reduced the side effects of radiation treatment,but also led to faster recovery and longer survival rates.
All they need now are larger data sets.When the results of the international trial are available about three years from now,YIV-906 may find itself next in a long line of breakthrough drugs developed from natural products,which includes a malaria (疟疾) treatment developed from the Chinese herb qinghao,the discovery of which led to a Nobel Prize for chemist Tu Youyou.
It has been a long journey,but if Cheng and his team are successful,it could create a new approach for treating cancer.They called the new approach “WE” medicine,a combination of Western medicine and Eastern medicine.“It’s a totally new model.I’ve met with a lot of doubt,but I think the results will speak for themselves,” Cheng said.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了耶鲁大学教授郑永齐及其团队在开发植物抗癌药物方面所做出的贡献。
5.What did fellow researchers initially think of Cheng’s research
A.Creative. B.Comprehensive.
C.Conventional. D.Challenging.
6.Why did Liu refer to ancient Chinese texts
A.She wanted to question ancient treatment methods.
B.She desired to find inspiration for treating diseases.
C.She tried to document the history of Chinese herbs.
D.She determined to find a cure for stomach illnesses.
7.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.The steps of the drug testing.
B.The application of YIV-906.
C.The effects of the clinical trial.
D.The effectiveness of YIV-906.
8.Why does the author mention Chinese herb qinghao
A.To illustrate the value of botanical drugs.
B.To advocate the adoption of “WE” medicine.
C.To praise Tu’s contributions to drug development.
D.To highlight its success in medicine development.
C
(2026·沈阳高中三年级教学质量监测)
Traditional methods employed for the diagnosis (诊断) of mental-health conditions require that patients engage in direct communication with a doctor.While these methods appear sensible in theory,such assessments can,in practical terms,extend over a period of several months,and furthermore,the diagnoses are ultimately subject to a degree of subjectivity.
It is precisely for this reason that scientists are actively involved in experimental efforts to automate this diagnostic process.For instance,large language models (LLMs) possess the capacity to analyze literally recorded interviews in search of speech patterns and contextual clues indicating psychological disorders.However,text-based AI has its limitations.Cultural distinction,language barriers,and varying levels of fluency in language can impact the results.It has also been demonstrated that LLMs have a tendency to mirror the linguistic discriminations in society.In one study,an LLM failed to diagnose depression in black patients compared with white patients.
Consequently,the novel methods currently under development do not focus on individual words but on the way those words are spoken.An AI model,for example,is intended to detect slight changes in a patient’s voice.The researchers assume that individuals with depression may possess distinctive ways of speaking that are not very noticeable for the human to detect.
The system uses “pre-training”,a technique by which the model is initially exposed to vast quantities of general speech,to help it recognize complex speech patterns.These patterns might include variations in rhythm,pitch (音高) variability and voice quality that human can rarely catch.This pre-training acts as a linguistic tuning fork,enabling the system to pick out complex variations in speech that might potentially signal depression,without the necessity of comprehending the words themselves.Subsequently,the researchers adjusted,or “fine-tuned” this general-purpose system specifically for the detection of depression with the aid of recordings of patients with depression.This method was 95% accurate when tasked with categorizing its severity based on one clinical rating extent.
Diagnosis,though valuable,is only the first step.Different people with the same condition often require customized treatments for the symptoms (症状) they find most troubling.The next step for this promising technology seems self-evident—build AI models that can help doctors personalize the treatments they give to patients.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了如何利用人工智能技术,特别是语言模型,来改善心理健康状况的诊断过程。
9.What’s the challenge text-based AI faces in paragraph 2
A.It cannot deeply analyze speech patterns.
B.It cannot reflect linguistic discriminations.
C.It cannot correctly recognize contextual clues.
D.It cannot avoid influences from linguistic factors.
10.Why is there pre-training on vast quantities of general speech
A.To recognize complex word patterns.
B.To pick out variations in symptoms.
C.To identify complicated voice patterns.
D.To understand the words themselves.
11.How will the AI-based technology further develop
A.It will promote its accuracy.
B.It will offer tailored treatments.
C.It will diversify its functions.
D.It will provide a personal diagnosis.
12.What can be the best title for the text
A.Promising AI Treatment
B.Diagnosing Mental Disorders with AI
C.Language Models with AI
D.Applying AI to Mental Health Treatment
D
(2026·青岛高三年级第一次适应性检测)
The chaos of travel through Los Angeles International Airport(LAX) calms down when you walk into the Orchestrina.At the start of a 1,000-foot-long hallway connecting Tom Bradley International Terminal’s (航站楼) Great Hall to its west gates,the light softens to blue.What amazes passengers is the gentle waves of music that greet them as they are carried through the terminal by the moving sidewalk.Along the way,the music shifts between 30 compositions from well-known artists.
The Orchestrina,a piece of public art equipment from radio station dublab,is part of a new three-year contract for the station to program live music and sound art at LAX.It’s an introduction to L.A.’s experimental music and art scenes.As passengers are on edge over the many things going wrong in the skies these days,the Orchestrina offers an experience of tasteful,mental peace.
“That’s absolutely the intention,to offer,like,a break from the fast-paced urban schedule,”said Cohen,executive director of dublab.“There’s a really interesting effect when you enter the hallway,coming down this long set of stairs and entering this blue light that completely surrounds you with music and field recordings where you can hear birds and wind passing through grass.” There are many events planned for the three years to come,as dublab tries to make one of the most awful locations in the county somewhere you might intend staying longer and listening.
“We desire to reflect our city,and I think we’ve got to bake the arts programming in as part of that.At the end of the day,we’re all just human beings using these public spaces,” explained Sarah Cifarelli,LAX Art Program Director.“That’s part of the point,though—to show off the city for anyone looking closely and make it gentler for anyone passing through.These are the things that you kind of live for,you work for,being part of the heartbeat of the city,” Cohen said.“It’s another step towards being integrated into the city whether intentionally or not.”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了洛杉矶国际机场的公共艺术设备Orchestrina。该项目旨在让旅客从快节奏的城市生活中得到片刻休息,也展示了城市特色。
13.What impresses the passengers when they walk into the Orchestrina
A.The long hallway.
B.The blue light.
C.The moving sidewalk.
D.The relaxing music.
14.What will dublab’s three-year project bring according to Cohen
A.A refreshing interaction with nature.
B.A momentary escape from busy routine.
C.The increase in LAX’s commercial value.
D.The promotion of local artists and their music.
15.What is the arts programming aimed at
A.Making full use of public spaces.
B.Prioritizing showing off the city.
C.Being mixed into the city’s identity.
D.Speeding up the city’s development.
16.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A.Dublab’s Music:a Relief from Stress
B.Exploring LAX:Finding Peace in Light
C.LAX’s New Art Program:Peace in Chaos
D.Orchestrina:a High-tech Design in the City
A篇 hard-wearing adj.耐磨的,经久耐用的　attachment n.附件,附加装置　3D-printed adj.3D打印的　newfound adj.新获得的,新发现的　breathable adj.透气的(breathe+后缀-able“可/能……”)　custom n.风俗→adj.定制的,定做的(文章义:custom assistive technology)　bridge n.桥→v.弥合(差距、分歧)(文章义:bridging the gap)　assist v.协助,帮助→assistant n.助手,助理,副手→assistive adj.为残疾人设计的　hold sb back阻碍某人,使某人退缩　slip out滑落,溜走
B篇 pioneering adj.开创性的,先驱的　botanical adj.植物学的;植物的　herb n.草药;香草　course n.课程;过程→方向,做法(文章义:change course)　leaf n.叶子→v.快速翻阅(文章义:leafing through)　property n.财产;房产→特性,属性(文章义:properties of Chinese herbs)　add v.添加→addition n.添加物→additional adj.附加的　clinical trial n.临床试验　unlock the potential of释放……的潜力　leaf through匆匆翻阅
C篇 diagnosis n.诊断(复数:diagnoses)　linguistic adj.语言的;语言学的　discrimination n.歧视;辨别　fine-tune v.微调,精调　categorize v.将……分类　symptom n.症状　sensible adj.明智的;合理的,切合实际的　noticeable adj.显而易见的,明显的　pre-training n.预训练(前缀pre-“前”+training)　novel n.小说→adj.新颖的,新的(文章义:novel methods)　context n.环境;上下文→contextual adj.上下文的,前后关系的　be subject to受……影响;取决于;易遭受　be tasked with被赋予……的任务
D篇 composition n.(音乐、艺术)作品;作曲;构成　program n.程序;节目→v.安排(节目),为……制订节目(文章义:to program live music)　bake v.烘烤→使融入,使(思想、计划等)固定下来(文章义:bake the arts programming in)　experiment n.实验,试验v.做试验,进行实验→experimental adj.实验性的,试验性的　taste n.品味→tasteful adj.有品位的,高雅的　fast-paced adj.快节奏的　be on edge紧张不安,烦躁　at the end of the day说到底,终究　be integrated into被融入……之中第四讲　词句猜测题
词句猜测题是高考阅读理解中的“智能导航系统”,它直接检验考生在未知词汇面前的变通与解码能力。它并非考查考生的词汇量有多大,而是考查考生利用上下文线索推断生词含义的逻辑智慧。攻克这类题,意味着考生拥有了一把能打开任何文本的“万能钥匙”。
考什么——透视猜测题的“命题密码”
1.常见设问方式
(1)直接提问词句型:以mean、refer to等方式直接提问。如:
What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in paragraph 2 probably mean
What does the phrase “a double-edged sword” refer to in the last paragraph
(2)近义替换型:要求选出与画线词或短语意思最相近的选项。如:
Which of the following is closest in meaning to “scrutinize”
(3)指代关系型:提问 it、they、that、such等代词具体指代的内容。如:
What does “it” in the last sentence refer to
2.正确选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
语境决定 词、短语或句子的意义由其所在的句子、段落乃至全文的语境确定。
逻辑自洽 将正确选项带回原文替换画线词、短语或句子,整个句子或上下文的逻辑通顺、意思连贯。
功能对等 正确选项与原词、短语或句子在文中的语法功能和情感色彩上保持一致。
3.干扰选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
望文生义 仅根据单词的构词法(如前缀、后缀)或某个词根进行表面猜测,脱离语境。
概念混淆 选项内容与文章主题相关,甚至在画线词、短语或句子附近出现,但并非画线词、短语或句子本身的确切含义。
反向逻辑 选项的意思与正确答案恰好相反,通常是由于考生忽略了文中的否定或转折词所致。
4.热点考向
词义猜测题 考查对纲外陌生词汇或纲内词汇生义在具体语境中的理解
代词指代题 考查对复杂长难句中代词指代关系的精准定位和理解
句意理解题 考查对习语、俚语或其他关键语句的深层含义把握
5.解题步骤
怎么考——铸造猜测题“四大破题利器”
面对不同类型的生词、短语或句子,告别“一概靠蒙”的无奈,掌握以下三大核心考向,实现从“被动猜测”到“主动出击”的蜕变。
考向一　词义猜测题——上下取证知其意
为做好词义猜测题,考生应当熟练掌握《普通高中英语课程标准》规定的词汇,在训练中还要注重积累生僻词汇和短语,掌握构词法的基本知识;同时,还应学会根据上下文语境合理推测词义。下面介绍4种行之有效的猜词技法,希望对考生有所帮助。
技法一　利用“解释关系”猜测词义
类型1　定义
作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义,尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时,常使用的信号词汇有i.e.、 is、 are、 is/are called、 mean、 refer to、 known as等。
[典例]　(2021·全国甲卷阅读C) I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own language.And my favorite:Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don’t worry about it.Once,when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆),I fell onto the stones,damaging a nerve in my hand,and Toby came over,helping me up:Safe,man.Safe.A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their boards loud,shouting:“Safe! Safe! Safe!”And that’s what mattered—landing tricks,being a good skater. 29.What do the underlined words“Safe! Safe! Safe!”probably mean A.Be careful! B.Well done! C.No way! D.Don’t worry! 自主解答　B [导引] Step 1:定位定义句 根据信号词meant,定位定义句:Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don’t worry about it. Step 2:结合语境验证 将定义中提供的多个词义(cool,hello,don’t worry)代入画线词所在的语境。 Step 3:筛选匹配 在作者成功完成了一次滑板动作后,同伴们都大喊“Safe! Safe! Safe!”来表示祝贺或鼓励作者。 [图解]
类型2　例证
有时,画线词后会跟一些具体的例子,这些例子能帮助考生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词汇有such as、 for example、 for instance、 like、 including、 especially等。
[典例]　(北京卷阅读D) Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous.For example,algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets,self-driving cars are appearing on city streets,and our smartphones are translating from one language into another.These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. 42.What does the underlined word“ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean A.Enormous in quantity. B.Changeable daily. C.Stable in quality. D.Present everywhere. 自主解答　D [导引] Step 1:定位例证句 信号词For example引出了三个例子:①金融市场的算法交易;②城市街道的自动驾驶汽车;③智能手机的语言翻译。 Step 2:结合语境验证 例子说明了一个事实:人工智能不再是遥远的概念。 Step 3:筛选匹配 通过例子可以推断出,ubiquitous描述的是一种“随处可见、无处不在”的状态,与D项的词义完全一致。 [图解]
类型3　重述
作者为了使某一难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚,通常会使用常用的词或词组对其进行解释,这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词or、 namely、 that is、 in other words、 that is to say、 to be more exact、 to put it another way等引导。有时候也会直接在后面进行重述。
[典例]　(2025·全国一卷阅读B) As a new unit started,I asked everyone to write a persuasive piece on a health-related topic of their choice.This time they found the exercise much more interesting.For the next two assignments,a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop,I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre (体裁) and that it contain a thesis.The results were staggering.The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories,10 to 20 pages each,with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. 26.What does the underlined word“staggering” in paragraph 3 mean A.Mixed. B.Amazing. C.Similar. D.Disturbing. 自主解答　B [导引] Step 1:定位重述句 重述句:The students took on diverse topics...touched my heart. Step 2:推测词义 将重述的内容与之前的表现进行对比。这种从“写不出来”到“长篇佳作”的巨大转变,其结果必然是“令人印象深刻、出乎意料的”。 Step 3:筛选匹配 重述部分描述了一个巨大的、积极的、出乎意料的变化。与B项的词义完全一致。 [图解]
类型4　同义词或近义词
有时,在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的词汇,它往往暗示了该词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇有and、 or、 like、 as well、 similarly、 too、 also、 either等。
[典例]　(2023·浙江1月卷阅读C) Brilliant though it is,Project Debater has some weaknesses.It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together.This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out,yet they also point to a fundamental problem.As Kristian Hammond,professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University,put it:“There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.” 29.What does the underlined word“wrinkles”in paragraph 2 refer to A.Arguments. B.Doubts. C.Errors. D.Differences. 自主解答　C [导引] Step 1:定位同义/指代关系 线索句“Such wrinkles...”的指代词Such表明wrinkles指代的是前一句刚刚提到的事物。 Step 2:建立替换关系 通过指代关系,我们可以建立一个同义替换:Such wrinkles=The kinds of errors no human would make。 Step 3:筛选匹配 C选项与线索句前句中的errors直接对应。 [图解]
类型5　反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子,这时就可以根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词汇有(whether...) or、 unlike、 but、 yet、 however、 while、 although、 nevertheless、 instead、 rather than、 in contrast、 on the contrary、 on the other hand等。
[典例]　(新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D) According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research,both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份),it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. 33.What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons. C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons. 自主解答　D [导引] Step 1:定位线索句。线索句中contrary to是关键信号词,它建立了一个明确的对比关系。 Step 2:推测词义。根据contrary to建立的反义关系,beanpoles描述的应该是与“较重的人”相反的体型。 Step 3:筛选匹配。beanpoles在此处的含义是“瘦人”。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
1.(2026·西安六校高三联考)
In psychology,there’s a concept that describes a state of peak performance and enjoyment.This state of complete absorption in an activity is known as “flow”.It’s a feeling where you are so involved in what you are doing that nothing else seems to matter;time flies,and your skills are perfectly matched to the challenge.Think of a painter,lost in her work for hours.She doesn’t notice she’s hungry or that the sun has set.Her concentration is absolute,and every brushstroke feels effortless and correct.This is a perfect illustration of an artist in flow.
What does the underlined word “flow” refer to in the passage
A.A feeling that time is passing slowly.
B.A state of deep focus and immersion.
C.The skill of an artist.
D.A feeling of hunger and tiredness.
本题可以利用“定义法”解题。
Step 1:定位定义句
定义句:This state of complete absorption in an activity is known as “flow”.
语境点:It’s a feeling...the challenge.和后面的例证。
Step 2:结合语境验证
将“完全沉浸”(complete absorption)的定义代入到画家“忘我工作”(lost in her work)的具体情境中进行检验。
Step 3:筛选匹配
画家忘我工作、高度专注的状态,正是“flow”的体现,意为“深度专注和沉浸的状态”。与选项B的意思完全一致。
2.(2026·武汉高三质检)
Many wealthy individuals become great philanthropists,dedicating their fortunes to the public good.History is filled with such figures,including Andrew Carnegie,who funded thousands of public libraries,and more recently,Bill Gates,whose foundation works to improve global health and reduce poverty.Their actions demonstrate a powerful commitment to using private wealth for social progress.
The underlined word “philanthropists” refers to people who 　　　　.
A.build successful companies
B.are famous historical figures
C.donate money to help society
D.write books about their wealth
本题可以利用“例证法”解题。
Step 1:定位例证句
观点句:Many wealthy individuals become great philanthropists...
例证点:including Andrew Carnegie...(资助图书馆)和Bill Gates...(改善全球健康和减少贫困)。
Step 2:结合语境验证
将卡内基和盖茨的例子结合分析,他们的共同行为是利用个人财富来促进公共事业、帮助社会。
Step 3:筛选匹配
这些例子共同说明 philanthropists 是“捐钱帮助社会的人”。与选项C的意思完全一致。
3.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C)
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Clear-up. B.Add-on.
C.Check-in. D.Take-over.
本题可以利用“重述法”解题。
Step 1:定位重述句
观点句:...my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.
重述点:冒号(:)和紧随其后的句子“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.”重述了digital declutter 的具体做法。
Step 2:推测词义
重述句的核心动作是step away from optional online activities,即“远离那些非必要的在线活动”。这个动作的本质是暂时地“清除”或“清理”生活中的数字干扰,以达到某种目的。
Step 3:筛选匹配
“远离”和“清除”数字活动,意味着对数字生活进行一次整理和清理。选项A与step away from (远离、清除) 的核心含义完全吻合。
4.(2026·郑州外国语学校模拟)
On the morning of the big exam,Sarah felt a growing sense of unease.She was both anxious and quite apprehensive,constantly checking the clock and rereading her notes.This feeling of nervous worry wasn’t new to her,but it seemed stronger today.
What does the underlined word “apprehensive” most likely mean
A.Excited. B.Confident.
C.Worried. D.Unprepared.
本题可以利用“同义词法”解题。
Step 1:定位同义关系
线索句:She was both anxious and quite apprehensive...
线索词:句中的并列连词and以及结构 both...and...是关键信号。
Step 2:建立替换关系
根据 both anxious and apprehensive 的并列关系,可以推断 apprehensive 的意思与 anxious 基本相同。上下文也印证了这一点:a growing sense of unease (日益增长的不安感),constantly checking the clock (不停地看表),这些都是紧张、担忧的表现。
Step 3:筛选匹配
apprehensive 在此处的含义是“焦虑的、担忧的”。选项C是对anxious最直接的同义转述,与推断的词义完全一致。
5.(2026·秦皇岛高三质检)
While my brother is always seeking adventure and excitement,I find comfort in a more predictable life.He loves thrilling activities like skydiving,but I prefer the mundane pleasures of reading a book or tending to my garden.
What does the underlined word “mundane” most likely mean
A.Exciting. B.Ordinary.
C.Difficult. D.Secret.
本题可以利用“反义词”法解题。
Step 1:定位线索句
线索句:...but I prefer the mundane pleasures of reading a book or tending to my garden.
线索词:句中的转折连词but是关键信号词,它表明前后描述的情况是相反的。
Step 2:推测词义
对比对象:but 前面描述的是兄弟喜欢thrilling activities (刺激的活动),如 skydiving (跳伞)。因此,mundane 描述的乐趣应该与 thrilling (刺激的) 相反。
Step 3:筛选匹配
选项B与thrilling (刺激的)形成鲜明对比,精确地描述了读书、园艺这类活动的性质,与推断的词义完全一致。
1 词汇积累:absorption / b s p n/ n.沉浸,专注　　illustration / l stre n/ n.例证,说明 state of peak performance巅峰表现状态
2 词汇积累:dedicate / ded ke t/ v.致力于,奉献　　commitment /k m tm nt/ n.承诺,投入 熟词生义:fortune熟义:运气,命运　生义:大量财产,巨款 原文出处:...dedicating their fortunes to the public good.
3 词汇积累:optional / p nl/ adj.可选择的,非强制的 熟词生义:value熟义:价值(名词);估价(动词)　生义:珍视,重视(动词) 原文出处:...that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
4 词汇积累:apprehensive / pr hens v/ adj.忧虑的,担心的
5 词汇积累:predictable /pr d kt bl/ adj.可预测的;墨守成规的 thrilling / θr l / adj.令人兴奋的,刺激的
技法二　利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义
有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明,此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理。
类型1　转折关系
在猜测词义时,两个分句之间的逻辑关系往往给我们一些重要暗示,比如转折关系。
[典例]　(2024·全国甲卷阅读B) Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit,but cats take this behavior up a notch.Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物).Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you.These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it’s been in their nature since the beginning of time.So just go along with it! 26.Which best explains the phrase“take...up a notch”in paragraph 3 A.Perform appropriately. B.Move faster. C.Act strangely. D.Do better. 自主解答　D [导引] Step 1:定位转折关系 目标句:...but cats take this behavior up a notch.中的转折连词but是关键信号。它表明猫的行为与狗的行为相比,存在一种转折或递进关系。 Step 2:对比推导 根据but建立的关系,既然狗已经很“令人印象深刻”了,那么猫的行为就是在此基础上的“更上一层楼”。 Step 3:筛选匹配 “Do better”精确地概括了“更上一层楼”的递进含义,与推断的词义完全一致。 [图解]
类型2　对比关系
有时,文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,这时考生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。
[典例]　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D) In the wrong hands,such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but,thankfully,Campbell has more than two decades’professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 32.What does the phrase“In the wrong hands”in paragraph 2 probably mean A.If read by someone poorly educated. B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C.If written by someone less competent. D.If translated by someone unacademic. 自主解答　C [导引] Step 1:定位对比关系 对比对象:In the wrong hands导致的结果是complicated。与之对比的Campbell,拥有professional experience,能将复杂内容变得understandable。 Step 2:分析对比双方 Campbell是一个能力出众的作者,那么,the wrong hands指的就是缺乏这种能力的作者。 Step 3:筛选匹配 选项C精确地概括了与Campbell形成对比的情况。 [图解]
类型3　类比关系
作为一种推理方法,类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性(共同特征),它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性,从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇有similarly、 like、 also、 just as、 as well等。
[典例]　(2023·全国乙卷阅读D) ...The Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals,the African people of Benin and the Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these,all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects. 34.What does the underlined word“conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society. 自主解答　B [导引] Step 1:定位类比关系 “only one half of a dialogue...the other half of that conversation”与前文“a history told through things gives them back a voice”形成类比。 Step 2:分析类比双方 分析类比双方可知,作者将历史类比成一场对话,对话的一半是文字,另一半是事实,因此conversation指代的是历史。 两者合在一起比喻“完整的历史”。 Step 3:筛选匹配 “History”与类比得出的结论完全对应。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
1.(2026·石家庄高三质检)
The instructions for assembling the bookshelf looked simple,and I thought I could finish it in an hour.The task,however,proved to be quite arduous.It took me the entire afternoon,requiring a lot of effort and concentration to fit all the pieces together correctly.
What does the underlined word “arduous” probably mean
A.Enjoyable. B.Creative.
C.Difficult. D.Pointless.
本题可以利用“转折关系”解题。
Step 1:定位转折关系
线索词:句中的转折词however是关键信号。它表明任务的实际情况与之前的预期相反。
Step 2:对比推导
根据 however 建立的转折关系,arduous 的意思应该与simple相反。下文的解释也印证了这一点:It took me the entire afternoon,requiring a lot of effort and concentration。这些都说明任务并不简单,而是非常费力。
Step 3:筛选匹配
选项C与simple形成鲜明对比,并被“花费整个下午”和“需要大量努力”所证实,与推断的词义完全一致。
2.(2026·长沙一中高三模拟)
The two brothers,Tom and Mark,could not be more different in their social habits,despite growing up in the same household.Tom has always been a quiet and reserved individual.He finds comfort in solitude,preferring a peaceful evening with a book to a noisy social gathering.His circle of friends is small but very close.Mark,on the other hand,is incredibly gregarious.He thrives in the presence of others and is often the life of the party,telling jokes and engaging everyone in conversation.For him,a weekend without a large social event feels empty;he draws his energy from being surrounded by people.
The word “gregarious” in the passage is closest in meaning to 　　　　.
A.humorous B.energetic
C.sociable D.popular
本题可以利用“对比关系”解题。
Step 1:定位对比关系
对比对象:前文对 Tom 的描述是 quiet and reserved (安静且内向),finds comfort in solitude (在独处中感到舒适),preferring a peaceful evening (更喜欢宁静的夜晚)。
Step 2:分析对比双方
根据 on the other hand 建立的对比关系,gregarious 的意思应该与“安静、内向、喜欢独处”相反,即“外向、喜欢交际”。下文对 Mark 的具体描述也印证了这一点:thrives in the presence of others、the life of the party。这些都指向了“合群、善于社交”的特质。
Step 3:筛选匹配
选项C完美地概括了与 Tom 的内向形成对比的性格特质,与推断的词义完全一致。
3.(2026·烟台高三模拟)
“In literature,just as a conductor meticulously balances each section of the orchestra—ensuring the violins soar above the woodwinds while the brass punctuates the melody with power—a skilled film director orchestrates every element of production:from actors’ performances to lighting,sound,and camera movement.The director’s vision unifies these disparate components into a cohesive whole,guiding the audience’s emotional journey through the narrative.”
What does the underlined word “orchestrates” most likely mean
A.Composes the score.
B.Coordinates different parts.
C.Performs before the camera.
D.Edits the footage.
本题可以利用通过“类比关系”解题。
Step 1:定位类比关系
· 信号词“while”表明前后两者在功能上对应:conductor director。
Step 2:分析类比双方
· Conductor→平衡各乐器组、设定节奏;
· Director→协调演员、灯光、音效、摄影等;
都在“调配、协调各部分”以达成整体效果。
Step 3:筛选匹配
选项B直接对应“balances”与“unifies”的核心含义。
1 词汇积累:assemble / sembl/ v.组装,集合
2 词汇积累:reserved /r z vd/ adj.内向的,寡言的　solitude / s l tju d/ n.独处,独居 thrive /θra v/ v.兴旺,茁壮成长;(在某种环境中)感到快乐而成功 the life of the party派对的中心人物,活跃气氛的人 熟词生义:circle熟义:圆圈,圆形　生义:圈子,界 原文出处:His circle of friends is small but very close.
3 词汇积累:orchestra / k str / n.管弦乐队 orchestrate / k stre t/ v.精心策划,组织安排;为管弦乐队谱曲 cohesive /k hi s v/ adj.有凝聚力的,统一的　narrative / n r t v/ n.叙事,叙述 熟词生义:score　熟义:分数,得分　生义:(电影、戏剧的)配乐,总谱 原文出处:(来自选项A)Composes the score.
技法三　利用“构词法”猜测词义
很多情况下,考生在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思,熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧。
[典例]　(新高考Ⅱ卷阅读B) I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit. ... My imaginary Grandma’s Box worked like magic that spring,and later.Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it.Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away—since I seldom actually kept them.Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day,and I would return the belonging. 25.What do the underlined words“the offender”in paragraph 8 refer to A.The student’s parent. B.The maker of the Grandma’s Box. C.The author’s grandchild. D.The owner of the forbidden fruit. 自主解答　D [导引] Step 1:分析构词成分 offend:动词,意为“冒犯;违反”。 -er:常见后缀,加在动词后表示“做……的人”。 the offender:字面意思为“冒犯者;违反者”。 Step 2:结合语境验证 老师没收了学生的违禁品,然后“the offender”会在放学后出现,老师把东西还给他/她。可以推断“the offender”就是指“携带违禁品的学生”。 Step 3:筛选匹配 “The owner of the forbidden fruit.”与“违反规定、携带违禁品”的行为直接相关,与推断的词义完全一致。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
　　(2026·湖南长郡中学高三模拟)
The rapid advancement of technology has led to a growing concern about job displacement,as automation and artificial intelligence become increasingly capable of performing tasks that were previously done by human workers.This phenomenon raises important questions about the future of work and the need for individuals to adapt to changing skill requirements.
33.What does the phrase “job displacement” most likely mean
A.The creation of new job opportunities.
B.The movement of workers to different industries.
C.The loss of jobs due to technological advancements.
D.The improvement of working conditions.
本题可以结合构词法解题。
Step 1:分析构词成分
placement:名词,意为“安置;放置”。
dis-:前缀,表示“否定;分离”。
job displacement:字面意思为“工作岗位的丧失/分离”。
Step 2:结合语境验证
语境:技术的快速发展导致了人们对“job displacement”的担忧,因为自动化和人工智能越来越能够执行以前由人工完成的任务。
推断:“job displacement”就是指“由于技术进步导致的工作岗位丧失”。
Step 3:筛选匹配
选项C精确地概括了“工作岗位丧失”的含义,与推断的词义完全一致。
词汇积累 advancement / d vɑ nsm nt/ n.进步,发展 job displacement职业取代,工作岗位流失 automation / t me n/ n.自动化
考向二　代词指代题——就近原则法
代词(如it、he、they、that、those等)在句中通常指代上文提到的人、物或事件。根据“就近原则”,代词指代的对象通常是离它最近的名词、短语或整个句子所表达的意思。解题时,只需找到该代词,然后向上文(通常是本句或上一句)查找,并将其指代的内容代入原句验证,看句意是否通顺、逻辑是否合理。
[典例]　(2025·全国二卷阅读B) There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho’s class.She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools.Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments;they express sympathy instead.“I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,”Ho says.“They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.” 26.What does the underlined word“it”refer to in paragraph 4 A.Offering regular lessons. B.Paying extra attention. C.Assigning no schoolwork. D.Showing no sympathy. 自主解答　C [导引] Step 1:定位代词。it前面的句子描述了“一些老师”的两种行为:①不布置作业;②表达同情。it指代的应该是这两种行为之一,或者整个情况。 Step 2:结合语境,确定指代内容。将it所在句子与前文联系起来推断,it在此指“don’t give the kids any assignments”这件事。 Step 3:筛选匹配,锁定答案。“Assigning no schoolwork.(不布置学校作业)”与推断的含义“don’t give the kids any assignments”完全一致。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
　　(2024·浙江1月卷阅读B)
When was the last time you used a telephone box I mean to make an actual phone call—not to shelter from the rain.Ages ago, right The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was...2006. I was conducting auditions(试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”.
As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me.Suddenly I was locked outside.My mobile phone was inside, but luckily there was a telephone box across the street.So, I called Directory Assistance, got put through to our landlady’s managing agent, and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.
As it has been many years since I last used one, I should hardly be surprised that there are no longer any public telephones near my house.The last one standing has just been turned into a “mini community library”: any passer-by can “borrow”a book from its shelves, andreturn it later, or replace it with another title from their own collection.
For a few months after the “library” opened, I didn’t bother taking a look, as I had assumed that it would be stuffed full of cheesy love stories.Then I noticed folk conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there.And these books were free.This unbeatable price point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying.And I’ve discovered some great books!...
What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to
A.The play.　　　B.The shared house.　　　C.The sofa.　　　D.The telephone box.
本题可以利用“就近原则法”解题。
Step 1:定位代词。定位到画线词it。it 所在句为...to make it seem a bit more “young professional” (……让它看起来更“年轻专业”一点)。根据“就近原则”,向前文查找 it 指代的对象。前文提到作者正在自己的 tiny old shared house (小旧合租屋) 里为试演做准备。
Step 2:结合语境,确定指代内容。作者为了给演员留下好印象,采取了两个行动:spread some throws over the sofas (在沙发上铺上毯子)和lit candles (点燃蜡烛)。这些行为都是为了装饰一个空间。将the shared house代入 it 的位置,句意变为“为了让这个合租屋看起来更‘年轻专业’一点”,逻辑完全通顺。
Step 3:筛选匹配,锁定答案。选项B与推断一致,作者装饰的是房子这个场所。
audition / d n/ n.(演员、乐手等的)试演,试音　　wastepaper basket废纸篓 for nothing免费地,不求回报地 swing shut (门等)猛地关上 熟词生义:throws　熟义:扔,抛　生义:(铺在家具上的)盖毯,罩单 原文出处:...I spread some throws over the sofas...
考向三　句意理解题——意义吻合法
对于理解特定句子含义的题目,考生不能仅凭字面意思猜测,而应将该句子放回原文,利用上下文提供的线索(如解释、举例、对比等)来推断其在具体语境中的确切含义。这种方法的核心是确保考生的理解与上下文的整体意义保持一致和吻合。
[典例]　(浙江卷阅读B) Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read,“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.” People quickly caught on.And while many took dollars,many others pinned their own cash to the board.“People of all ages,races,and socio-economic (社会经济的) backgrounds gave and took,”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox,which created the project... 24.What does the expression“Money with no strings attached”in paragraph 1 mean A.Money spent without hesitation. B.Money not legally made. C.Money offered without conditions. D.Money not tied together. 自主解答　C [导引] Step 1:分析句子含义 strings意为“绳子”,attached意为“附着的”。no strings attached字面意思是“没有绳子系着”。 Step 2:寻找语境线索 文章紧接着对这个概念进行了解释:人们可以自由地给予或拿取金钱,唯一的依据是自己的能力和需求,没有任何其他的限制、审查或偿还义务。这恰恰印证了“无附加条件”这一含义。 Step 3:筛选匹配 “Money offered without conditions.(无条件提供的钱)”与上下文的解释完全吻合。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
　　(2026·南通高三调研)
For weeks,I had stared at the blank page,my mind a barren desert.Every attempt to write felt forced,every sentence a dead end.I tried changing my routine,reading old classics for inspiration,anything to get the words flowing,but nothing worked.Then one afternoon,I went for a walk in the park and saw a child trying to fly a kite.He failed again and again,but his joyful determination struck me.I rushed home,sat down at my desk,and began to write.Ideas,characters,and plots flooded my mind.The dam had broken.
What does the sentence “The dam had broken” mean in the last paragraph
A.The writer’s house was flooded.
B.The writer finally overcame the creative block.
C.The writer decided to write about a dam.
D.The writer felt as determined as the child.
本题可以利用“意义吻合法”解题。
Step 1:分析句子含义
dam 意为“大坝,堤坝”。The dam had broken 的字面意思是“大坝决堤了”。
Step 2:寻找语境线索
紧接在这句话之前,作者描述道:Ideas,characters,and plots flooded my mind.(想法、人物和情节如洪水般涌入我的脑海)。这里的 flooded (淹没,涌入) 与 dam (大坝) 形成了完美的呼应,清晰地解释了“决堤”后涌出的正是创作灵感。
Step 3:筛选匹配
将推断出的“写作障碍被突破,灵感如洪水般涌来”的含义与各选项进行比较。
选项B准确地概括了“大坝”(创作障碍)“决堤”(被克服)的比喻义,与上下文意义完全吻合。
强化练4　主旨大意题专练
(限时:25分钟　满分:40分)
A
(2026·济南高三学习质量检测)
Despite being born without hands,12-year-old Aubrey Sauvie has never let limitations hold her back.From mastering martial arts (武术) to expressing herself through art,she advances bravely in a world that often prioritizes physical ability.However,her passion for drumming presented a special barrier:how could she hold the drumsticks without them slipping out
Aware of Aubrey’s problem,her band director proposed her for Tech Engineering for Kids,a program which is run through a junior-level engineering course of the Tennessee Tech University.It involves students working in teams to design a form of custom assistive technology for children with special needs.Up to now,they have created toys and devices for children with sensory disorder.
Learning about Aubrey’s story,a team of ten engineering students of the program decided to create 3D-printed prostheses (义肢) specifically designed for drumming.They would send a certain design to Aubrey,who would then provide feedback,like “I think this is good,but it’s a little bit long.Could it be shortened ” or “It’s a little bit hot on my arm.Could you potentially,like,make it a little bit more breathable ”.The team created about six iterations of the prostheses until they were satisfied with the final product,which was not only hard-wearing but also flexible,allowing for drumstick attachments on both arms.This innovation not only improved sound quality but also provided the flexibility needed for advanced drumming techniques.
Aubrey was very grateful for this technical solution.
“I was really excited that I was going to be able to use the new prostheses and try them out,” she remarked.“They are becoming a very useful and creative tool to help me with my drumming.“With her newfound drumming freedom,Aubrey sets her sights on mastering a full drum set.Meanwhile,Tech Engineering for Kids readies itself to extend its reach,bridging the gap between limitations and ambitions through technology.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了12岁的 Aubrey Sauvie 天生没有双手,Tech Engineering for Kids 项目的一些学生为她设计了专门用于打鼓的3D打印义肢,使她能够操作乐器。
1.What troubles Aubrey a lot
A.Lacking passion for sports.
B.Having no talent for music.
C.Inaccessibility to expert training.
D.Inability to operate an instrument.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第一段第一句中的“being born without hands”和最后一句可知,Aubrey面临的挑战是如何在没有手的情况下握住鼓槌而不滑落,这表明她面临的主要问题是无法操作乐器。A项“对体育运动缺乏热情”;B项“没有音乐天赋”;C项“无法获得专业的培训”;D项“无法操作乐器”。]
2.What is Tech Engineering for Kids intended to do
A.Offer engineering courses.
B.Design sustainable devices.
C.Create personalized adaptive tools.
D.Improve users’ overall experience.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“It involves students working in...for children with special needs.”可知,Tech Engineering for Kids的目的是为有特殊需要的儿童设计个性化的辅助工具。]
3.Which can replace the underlined word “iterations” in paragraph 3
A.Uses. B.Versions.
C.Materials. D.Kinds.
答案　B　[词义猜测题。根据画线词上文的“They would send a certain design to Aubrey,who would then provide feedback”和下文的“until they were satisfied with the final product”可知,该团队把设计好的义肢给Aubrey使用,然后根据Aubrey 提供的反馈意见重新设计,一共设计了六个版本的义肢。iteration意为“迭代”,在这里指的是设计的不同版本,version的意思与其相近。]
4.What does the text mainly tell us
A.Limitations bring down people’s creativity.
B.Ambitions fuel the desires of the disabled.
C.Science breaks down the barriers among people.
D.Technology empowers people to pursue dreams.
答案　D　[主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章主要讲述了Aubrey天生没有双手,她对打鼓的热情使她面临特殊障碍:如何在没有双手的情况下握住鼓槌。田纳西科技大学Tech Engineering for Kids项目的一些学生为她设计了专门用于打鼓的3D打印义肢,使她能够操作乐器,帮助她继续追求梦想。故选D项“技术赋予人们追求梦想的力量”。]
B
(2026·南京、盐城高三第一学期调研测试)
More than 20 years ago,Yung-Chi Cheng,a Yale professor in drug development for cancer,had a pioneering idea:what if he could unlock the potential of ancient Chinese medicines for treating cancer What if he could design botanical drugs that would make traditional cancer treatments work better No one had done it before.Fellow researchers and experts advised him to change course,because developing botanical drugs was too complicated and too risky.But Cheng didn’t let the idea go.
Now,in a landmark moment for cancer research,Cheng and research partners are launching the first international clinical trial for a botanical drug,YIV-906.Shwu-Huey Liu,a postdoctoral researcher in Cheng’s Yale lab,spent hours leafing through ancient Chinese texts at Yale’s library,seeking the properties of Chinese herbs.She returned with Huang Qin Tang,a 1,800-year-old treatment for stomach illnesses,based on which the team developed a drug and tested it on one thousand mice.
What followed were years of additional testing of the drug’s effectiveness for a range of cancers in multiple human studies involving over 200 patients.The positive effects displayed again and again.YIV-906 not only reduced the side effects of radiation treatment,but also led to faster recovery and longer survival rates.
All they need now are larger data sets.When the results of the international trial are available about three years from now,YIV-906 may find itself next in a long line of breakthrough drugs developed from natural products,which includes a malaria (疟疾) treatment developed from the Chinese herb qinghao,the discovery of which led to a Nobel Prize for chemist Tu Youyou.
It has been a long journey,but if Cheng and his team are successful,it could create a new approach for treating cancer.They called the new approach “WE” medicine,a combination of Western medicine and Eastern medicine.“It’s a totally new model.I’ve met with a lot of doubt,but I think the results will speak for themselves,” Cheng said.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了耶鲁大学教授郑永齐及其团队在开发植物抗癌药物方面所做出的贡献。
5.What did fellow researchers initially think of Cheng’s research
A.Creative. B.Comprehensive.
C.Conventional. D.Challenging.
答案　D　[观点态度题。根据第一段中的“Fellow researchers and experts...too complicated and too risky.”可知,同行的研究人员和专家建议他改变方向,因为开发植物药物太复杂,风险太大。由此可知,同行的研究人员最初认为郑的研究具有挑战性。]
6.Why did Liu refer to ancient Chinese texts
A.She wanted to question ancient treatment methods.
B.She desired to find inspiration for treating diseases.
C.She tried to document the history of Chinese herbs.
D.She determined to find a cure for stomach illnesses.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Shwu-Huey Liu,a postdoctoral...the properties of Chinese herbs.”可知,郑永齐所在的耶鲁大学实验室的博士后研究员刘淑惠花了很长时间在耶鲁大学图书馆翻阅中国古代文献,寻找中草药的特性。由此可推测,刘翻阅中国古代文献是为了寻找治疗疾病的灵感。]
7.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.The steps of the drug testing.
B.The application of YIV-906.
C.The effects of the clinical trial.
D.The effectiveness of YIV-906.
答案　D　[段落大意题。根据第三段中的“testing of the drug’s effectiveness”和“YIV-906 not only reduced the...recovery and longer survival rates.”可知,该段主要说明了药物试验的结果,证明了YIV-906的效果,故选D。]
8.Why does the author mention Chinese herb qinghao
A.To illustrate the value of botanical drugs.
B.To advocate the adoption of “WE” medicine.
C.To praise Tu’s contributions to drug development.
D.To highlight its success in medicine development.
答案　A　[写作目的题。根据倒数第二段中的“YIV-906 may find itself next in a long line of breakthrough drugs developed from natural products”可知,作者提到中草药青蒿是为了说明植物药物的价值。]
C
(2026·沈阳高中三年级教学质量监测)
Traditional methods employed for the diagnosis (诊断) of mental-health conditions require that patients engage in direct communication with a doctor.While these methods appear sensible in theory,such assessments can,in practical terms,extend over a period of several months,and furthermore,the diagnoses are ultimately subject to a degree of subjectivity.
It is precisely for this reason that scientists are actively involved in experimental efforts to automate this diagnostic process.For instance,large language models (LLMs) possess the capacity to analyze literally recorded interviews in search of speech patterns and contextual clues indicating psychological disorders.However,text-based AI has its limitations.Cultural distinction,language barriers,and varying levels of fluency in language can impact the results.It has also been demonstrated that LLMs have a tendency to mirror the linguistic discriminations in society.In one study,an LLM failed to diagnose depression in black patients compared with white patients.
Consequently,the novel methods currently under development do not focus on individual words but on the way those words are spoken.An AI model,for example,is intended to detect slight changes in a patient’s voice.The researchers assume that individuals with depression may possess distinctive ways of speaking that are not very noticeable for the human to detect.
The system uses “pre-training”,a technique by which the model is initially exposed to vast quantities of general speech,to help it recognize complex speech patterns.These patterns might include variations in rhythm,pitch (音高) variability and voice quality that human can rarely catch.This pre-training acts as a linguistic tuning fork,enabling the system to pick out complex variations in speech that might potentially signal depression,without the necessity of comprehending the words themselves.Subsequently,the researchers adjusted,or “fine-tuned” this general-purpose system specifically for the detection of depression with the aid of recordings of patients with depression.This method was 95% accurate when tasked with categorizing its severity based on one clinical rating extent.
Diagnosis,though valuable,is only the first step.Different people with the same condition often require customized treatments for the symptoms (症状) they find most troubling.The next step for this promising technology seems self-evident—build AI models that can help doctors personalize the treatments they give to patients.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了如何利用人工智能技术,特别是语言模型,来改善心理健康状况的诊断过程。
9.What’s the challenge text-based AI faces in paragraph 2
A.It cannot deeply analyze speech patterns.
B.It cannot reflect linguistic discriminations.
C.It cannot correctly recognize contextual clues.
D.It cannot avoid influences from linguistic factors.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“However,text-based AI has its...the linguistic discriminations in society.”可知,基于文本的AI有其局限性。文化差异、语言障碍以及语言流利程度的不同都可能影响结果。此外,大型语言模型有反映社会中语言歧视的倾向。由此可知,基于文本的AI会受到多种语言因素的影响。故选D。D项的“linguistic factors”指的是文中的“language barriers”“varying levels of fluency in language”和“linguistic discriminations”。]
10.Why is there pre-training on vast quantities of general speech
A.To recognize complex word patterns.
B.To pick out variations in symptoms.
C.To identify complicated voice patterns.
D.To understand the words themselves.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第四段的“The system uses ‘pre-training’...to help it recognize complex speech patterns.”可知,“预训练”技术最初接触大量的普通语音,以帮助其识别复杂的语音模式。故选C。C 项的“complicated voice patterns”与文中的“complex speech patterns”是同义互换。]
11.How will the AI-based technology further develop
A.It will promote its accuracy.
B.It will offer tailored treatments.
C.It will diversify its functions.
D.It will provide a personal diagnosis.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段的“The next step for this promising technology seems self-evident...personalize the treatments they give to patients.”可知,基于AI的技术的下一步是构建能够帮助医生为患者进行个性化治疗的AI模型。故选B。B项的“tailored”与文中的“personalize”是同义转换。]
12.What can be the best title for the text
A.Promising AI Treatment
B.Diagnosing Mental Disorders with AI
C.Language Models with AI
D.Applying AI to Mental Health Treatment
答案　B　[标题归纳题。本文主要讨论了如何利用人工智能技术,特别是语言模型,来改善心理健康状况的诊断过程。文章探讨了传统诊断方法的局限性,以及新兴AI技术在诊断中的应用和发展。B项“用AI诊断心理疾病”作本文标题最佳。]
D
(2026·青岛高三年级第一次适应性检测)
The chaos of travel through Los Angeles International Airport(LAX) calms down when you walk into the Orchestrina.At the start of a 1,000-foot-long hallway connecting Tom Bradley International Terminal’s (航站楼) Great Hall to its west gates,the light softens to blue.What amazes passengers is the gentle waves of music that greet them as they are carried through the terminal by the moving sidewalk.Along the way,the music shifts between 30 compositions from well-known artists.
The Orchestrina,a piece of public art equipment from radio station dublab,is part of a new three-year contract for the station to program live music and sound art at LAX.It’s an introduction to L.A.’s experimental music and art scenes.As passengers are on edge over the many things going wrong in the skies these days,the Orchestrina offers an experience of tasteful,mental peace.
“That’s absolutely the intention,to offer,like,a break from the fast-paced urban schedule,”said Cohen,executive director of dublab.“There’s a really interesting effect when you enter the hallway,coming down this long set of stairs and entering this blue light that completely surrounds you with music and field recordings where you can hear birds and wind passing through grass.” There are many events planned for the three years to come,as dublab tries to make one of the most awful locations in the county somewhere you might intend staying longer and listening.
“We desire to reflect our city,and I think we’ve got to bake the arts programming in as part of that.At the end of the day,we’re all just human beings using these public spaces,” explained Sarah Cifarelli,LAX Art Program Director.“That’s part of the point,though—to show off the city for anyone looking closely and make it gentler for anyone passing through.These are the things that you kind of live for,you work for,being part of the heartbeat of the city,” Cohen said.“It’s another step towards being integrated into the city whether intentionally or not.”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了洛杉矶国际机场的公共艺术设备Orchestrina。该项目旨在让旅客从快节奏的城市生活中得到片刻休息,也展示了城市特色。
13.What impresses the passengers when they walk into the Orchestrina
A.The long hallway.
B.The blue light.
C.The moving sidewalk.
D.The relaxing music.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“What amazes passengers is the gentle waves of music that greet them as they are carried through the terminal by the moving sidewalk.”可知,当乘客被移动的人行道带着穿过航站楼时,迎接他们的轻柔音乐浪潮让他们感到惊奇,即令人放松的音乐给乘客留下了深刻印象,故选D。]
14.What will dublab’s three-year project bring according to Cohen
A.A refreshing interaction with nature.
B.A momentary escape from busy routine.
C.The increase in LAX’s commercial value.
D.The promotion of local artists and their music.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As passengers are on edge...of tasteful,mental peace.”以及第三段中的“‘That’s absolutely the intention,to offer,like,a break from the fast-paced urban schedule,’said Cohen”可知,现在乘客们对空中出现的很多问题感到紧张不安,而Orchestrina提供了一种高雅、精神平静的体验,其目的是让人们从快节奏的城市日程中得到休息,也就是从忙碌日常中短暂逃离。故选B。]
15.What is the arts programming aimed at
A.Making full use of public spaces.
B.Prioritizing showing off the city.
C.Being mixed into the city’s identity.
D.Speeding up the city’s development.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中Sarah Cifarelli所说的话“We desire to reflect our city,and I think we’ve got to bake the arts programming in as part of that.”可知,他们希望展现他们的城市,并且认为必须把艺术节目编排融入其中。结合Cohen所说的“It’s another step towards being integrated into the city whether intentionally or not.”可推知,该艺术项目是朝着融入城市特色迈进的一步,即其目标是融入城市特色。故选C。]
16.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A.Dublab’s Music:a Relief from Stress
B.Exploring LAX:Finding Peace in Light
C.LAX’s New Art Program:Peace in Chaos
D.Orchestrina:a High-tech Design in the City
答案　C　[标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了洛杉矶国际机场的Orchestrina这一艺术项目,包括其带给乘客的独特体验(如音乐、灯光等)、该项目的背景(作为LAX新合同的一部分)和意图(让旅客从快节奏的生活中得到休息)以及它与城市的关系(反映城市、融入城市身份)。故C项为最佳标题。A项只强调了音乐缓解压力,没有突出机场这个背景;B项“在灯光中寻找宁静”偏离了文章重点(音乐带来宁静);D项“高科技设计”在文中未体现。]
A篇 hard-wearing adj.耐磨的,经久耐用的　attachment n.附件,附加装置　3D-printed adj.3D打印的　newfound adj.新获得的,新发现的　breathable adj.透气的(breathe+后缀-able“可/能……”)　custom n.风俗→adj.定制的,定做的(文章义:custom assistive technology)　bridge n.桥→v.弥合(差距、分歧)(文章义:bridging the gap)　assist v.协助,帮助→assistant n.助手,助理,副手→assistive adj.为残疾人设计的　hold sb back阻碍某人,使某人退缩　slip out滑落,溜走
B篇 pioneering adj.开创性的,先驱的　botanical adj.植物学的;植物的　herb n.草药;香草　course n.课程;过程→方向,做法(文章义:change course)　leaf n.叶子→v.快速翻阅(文章义:leafing through)　property n.财产;房产→特性,属性(文章义:properties of Chinese herbs)　add v.添加→addition n.添加物→additional adj.附加的　clinical trial n.临床试验　unlock the potential of释放……的潜力　leaf through匆匆翻阅
C篇 diagnosis n.诊断(复数:diagnoses)　linguistic adj.语言的;语言学的　discrimination n.歧视;辨别　fine-tune v.微调,精调　categorize v.将……分类　symptom n.症状　sensible adj.明智的;合理的,切合实际的　noticeable adj.显而易见的,明显的　pre-training n.预训练(前缀pre-“前”+training)　novel n.小说→adj.新颖的,新的(文章义:novel methods)　context n.环境;上下文→contextual adj.上下文的,前后关系的　be subject to受……影响;取决于;易遭受　be tasked with被赋予……的任务
D篇 composition n.(音乐、艺术)作品;作曲;构成　program n.程序;节目→v.安排(节目),为……制订节目(文章义:to program live music)　bake v.烘烤→使融入,使(思想、计划等)固定下来(文章义:bake the arts programming in)　experiment n.实验,试验v.做试验,进行实验→experimental adj.实验性的,试验性的　taste n.品味→tasteful adj.有品位的,高雅的　fast-paced adj.快节奏的　be on edge紧张不安,烦躁　at the end of the day说到底,终究　be integrated into被融入……之中

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