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第二讲　推理判断题
推理判断题是高考阅读理解的“皇冠上的明珠”,是区分高分段考生的关键。它不再满足于让考生找到“作者说了什么”,而是要考生读懂“作者没说但暗示了什么”。它考查的是考生基于文本线索,进行逻辑分析、归纳总结、洞察作者意图的深层阅读能力。掌握推理判断,意味着考生从信息的接收者,跃升为意义的构建者。
考什么——透视推理题的“命题密码”
1.常见设问方式
(1)直接推理型:以infer、imply、suggest、conclude、show等词提问。如:
What does the author’s experience show
What can we infer from the last paragraph
(2)观点态度型:提问作者、文中人物对某事的态度。如:
What is the author’s attitude towards...
(3)写作目的型:提问作者写某段、某句或整篇文章的写作目的。如:
Why does the author mention the experiment in Paragraph 2
Why does the author write the passage
(4)文章类型/文章出处型:推断文章最有可能的出处或文章类型。如:
Where is this text probably taken from
What is the text
2.正确选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
源于原文 正确的推理不是凭空想象,其所有逻辑起点都必须基于原文的信息。
合理引申 在原文信息基础上进行合乎逻辑的、一步之遥的推断,不过度引申。
语气委婉 选项常使用may、might、could、likely、probably、some等留有余地的词。
主题一致 推断出的结论通常与文章的中心思想或段落大意保持方向上的一致。
3.干扰选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
无中生有 选项内容在原文中找不到任何依据,是命题人凭空捏造的。
偷换概念 将原文的概念(主语、宾语、范围、程度等)进行悄悄替换,看似相似实则千里之遥。
主观臆断 选项内容可能是普遍的常识或个人观点,但并非从文章逻辑中得出的结论。
推理过度 从原文信息出发,但逻辑链条拉得太长,得出了过于绝对或夸张的结论。
照搬原文 选项几乎是原文细节的直接复述,而推理题的答案通常不会是原文的简单再现。
4.热点考向
5.解题步骤
怎么考——铸造推理题的“五大破题利器”
面对不同类型的推理题,告别“凭感觉”的模糊判断,掌握以下五大核心考向,实现从“猜测”到“论证”的质变。
考向1　隐含推断题——关键词句推敲法
此考向是推理判断题的“灵魂”,要求考生能品味出作者未直说的“弦外之音”。解题关键在于抓住文中带有强烈感彩、观点转折或总结性的关键词句,并对其进行深度“推敲”,从而得出合乎逻辑的推论。
[典例]　(2025·全国一卷阅读B) I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication.However,my students demonstrated something more important to me.When the final bell rang in June,I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance—the ability to connect people,to put us in another’s skin,to teach us what it means to be human. 27.What does the author’s experience show A.Teaching is learning. B.Still waters run deep. C.Knowledge is power. D.Practice makes perfect. 自主解答　A [导引] Step 1:锁定——锁定“题眼”句。根据题干关键词the author’s experience show,可以定位“题眼”句为“However,my students demonstrated...to be human”。 Step 2:推敲——推敲“弦外之音”。由“题眼”句可知,作者的认知发生了改变,而改变的来源是作者的学生。 Step 3:匹配——匹配最佳推论。选项“Teaching is learning.(教学相长)”最凝练概括。 [图解]
考向2　观点态度题——忠于措辞法
观点态度题旨在考查考生能否准确把握作者或文中人物对某事物的看法、立场和情感。解题的“金钥匙”就藏在作者的措辞之中。通过捕捉文中的褒贬性词汇(形容词、副词、动词),就能精准解码其态度。
[典例]　(2024·全国甲卷阅读C) The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. ... Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups.“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,”says Ducke.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.” 27.What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’services A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful. C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious. 自主解答　A [导引] Step 1:定位——定位观点主体。题干问的是Ducke对the Saint Lukas’services的态度。因此,解题关键是找到文中Ducke的原话。 Step 2:捕捉——捕捉情感措辞。由文中Ducke的原话可以捕捉到体现Ducke态度的关键信息:very impressed,focused,very concerned,best chance。 Step 3:定性——判定态度基调。这些关键信息词汇无一例外都带有强烈的正面、积极的情感色彩。 [图解]
考向3　写作手法题——行文标志词法
写作手法题旨在考查考生对文章组织方式和论证方法的理解。解题的关键在于识别出那些如同“路标”一样的行文标志词,它们能清晰地指示出段落的功能和段落之间的关系(如举例、对比、总结、因果等)。
[典例]　(2021·八省联考卷阅读C) Two basic magic tricks are making objects seem to appear and making objects seem to disappear.A combination of these two tricks makes for some interesting effects.For example,the magician puts a small ball under one of several cups.The ball then seems to jump from one cup to another or to change colour... Another favourite trick is to cut or burn something,and then make it appear whole again.What actually happens is that the magician makes the cut or burned object disappear by quickly hiding it... 30.What does the author focus on in the last two paragraphs A.Providing examples. B.Making a summary. C.Drawing comparisons. D.Explaining a concept. 自主解答　A [导引] Step 1:明确分析范围 题干要求我们分析最后一段。 Step 2:寻找标志词 在第一个目标段落的第四行的标志词:For example。 在第二个目标段落的开头具有并列和举例功能的短语:Another favourite trick。 Step 3:判定写作手法 For example直接表明了该段落的功能是举例。 Another favourite trick同样是在列举另一个例子。 综合判断:最后两段是用具体例子来说明问题。 [图解]
考向4　写作目的题——立足行文推意图法
写作目的题旨在考查考生对文章深层目的的理解。解题时不能孤立地看待某个细节,而应将其放回原文的“上下文逻辑链”中,分析其是作为论点、论据还是背景而存在,从而推断作者的真实意图。
[典例]　(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B) Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time,and if the past is any indication,he may be right:Since 1982,membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,”he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That’s my job.” 27.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association A.To prove Farber’s point. B.To emphasize its importance. C.To praise veterinarians. D.To advocate animal protection. 自主解答　A [导引] Step 1:定位原文关键信息。根据题干中关键词“the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association”;定位原文信息为“Since 1982,membership...to over 700.”。 Step 2:追溯上下文逻辑。前句:Farber is certain...with time...he may be right(观点句);后句:“Sometimes it surprises me...That’s my job.”(细节句)。这是一个典型的“观点+论据”结构。 Step 3:推断写作意图。作者引用“协会会员人数激增”这一事实数据,其目的就是为了提供一个客观的证据,来证明法伯的观点。 [图解]
考向5　文章出处/类型题——依据“文章内容”判断
判断文章出处/类型题应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说,报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等;广告类文章因其格式特殊,容易辨认;产品说明类文章,如家电、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式;药品的服用说明会告知服用的时间、次数、药量等;来自网络的文章一般比较新颖,时效性强。
[典例1]　(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读A) Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature Grading Scale 90—100,A;80—89,B;70—79,C;60—69,D;Below 60,E. Essays(60%) Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course:Essay 1=10%;Essay 2=15%;Essay 3=15%;Essay 4=20%. Group Assignments(30%) Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course.All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard,our online learning and course management system. 21.Where is this text probably taken from A.A textbook. B.An exam paper. C.A course plan. D.An academic article. 自主解答　C [典例2]　(2022·全国乙卷阅读B) In Wickenden’s book,she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism,which of course influenced the girls’decision to go to Elkhead.A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads,which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies,often in blinding snowstorms.The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn. Wickenden is a very good storyteller.The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing... 27.What is the text A.A news report. B.A book review. C.A children’s story. D.A diary entry. 自主解答　B [导引] [典例1] Step 1:扫描文体特征 内容:讲的是一门课程(Introduction to Literature)的评分政策、论文和小组作业要求。 格式:有清晰的大标题、小标题(Grading Scale,Essays,Group Assignments)和百分比分配。 语言:使用祈使句和将来时,面向学生,具有指导性和规定性。 Step 2:分析特征指向 以上特征都明确指向一份在学期初发给学生的课程计划或教学大纲。 Step 3:匹配最佳选项 选项C“A course plan.”完美概括了所有特征。 [典例2] Step 1:扫描文体特征 内容:介绍了Wickenden’s book的情节梗概,并对其写作风格进行评价。 格式:普通的段落式叙述。 语言:包含了大量主观评价性词汇,如very good storyteller、beautiful writing。 Step 2:分析特征指向 指向:“介绍情节+发表评论”是书评的典型特征。 Step 3:匹配最佳选项 选项B“A book review.”是对该文体最准确的定义。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
1.(2025·全国一卷阅读C)
Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people,among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A.They boosted the sales of cars.
B.They turned out largely ineffective.
C.They won government support.
D.They advocated building new parks.
本题为隐含推断题。
Step 1:锁定——锁定“题眼”句
文段开头第一句使用了强烈的转折连词Although。
Step 2:推敲——推敲“弦外之音”
由让步状语从句“Although these campaigns were widespread”可以推断,这些运动的目的必然是反对“以汽车为中心”的城市发展。主句“the reality is that...”揭示了与运动愿望完全相反的结果:城市还是为汽车而建,汽车数量还在猛增。将两部分信息整合,我们得到的“弦外之音”是:“虽然付出了努力(搞运动),但最终的结果却走向了反面。” 这直接指向了努力的失败。
Step 3:匹配——匹配最佳推论
选项B完美匹配。“ineffective”正是对“努力的失败”最精准的概括。
2.(2023·全国甲卷阅读C)
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences,and he does so with plenty of humor.Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history,and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun,sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire,loneliness,and aging.The invitation is clear:Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book.I encourage you to take his offer.It’s worth your time,even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
What does the author think of Weiner’s book
A.Objective and plain.
B.Daring and ambitious.
C.Serious and hard to follow.
D.Humorous and straightforward.
本题为观点态度题。
Step 1:定位——定位观点主体
题干问的是 the author对 Weiner’s book的看法。因此,我们需要在文中寻找作者对这本书的直接评价。
Step 2:捕捉——捕捉情感措辞
捕捉表达观点态度的措辞:appealing;plenty of humor;fun;sharp;apparent simplicity;I encourage you...;It’s worth your time等。
Step 3:定性——判定态度基调
综合所有捕捉到的情感措辞,判断其整体的情感基调,并与选项进行匹配。plenty of humor 直接对应了选项中的Humorous。apparent simplicity和clear与straightforward的含义高度契合。故选D项。
3.(2025·洛阳高三一模阅读B)
Nanako Hama was holding a light envelope.When she tore it open with care,locks of hair emerged.Many strangers send Hama locks of their hair,hoping to recycle it.
People generate a huge amount of hair waste.Nearly all of that waste ends up in landfill,where it can release harmful greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.But hair possesses useful qualities and it’s a shame to simply throw it away.That’s why people all around the world,like Hama,have been collecting hair and finding innovative ways to recycle it,including making mats (垫子) out of it for removing oil leaks in the ocean.
How does the author introduce the topic
A.By presenting a scene.
B.By detailing the background.
C.By describing the usage of hair.
D.By praising an environmentalist.
本题为写作手法题。
Step 1:明确分析范围
题干问的是“How does the author introduce the topic ”。这要求我们重点分析文章的开头部分,即第一段。
Step 2:寻找标志词/结构
标志寻找:第一段没有像 For example 或 However 这样的明显标志词。但是,我们要注意其句子结构和内容:Nanako Hama was holding a light envelope.;When she tore it open with care,locks of hair emerged.
这些句子共同构成了一个具体的、动态的画面:一个特定的人物(Nanako Hama),在一个特定的情境下(holding a light envelope),做着一个特定的动作(tore it open),看到了一个特定的物品(locks of hair)。
Step 3:判定写作手法
手法判定:这种通过描述人物、动作、环境来开篇的手法就是场景导入法或情景描写法。
锁定答案:选项A完美匹配,正是对第一段功能的精准概括。
4.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B)
He was amazed at the results.The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it!Within weeks,it had all been digested,and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years,John has taken on many big jobs.He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington.He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou,a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,”he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A.To review John’s research plans.
B.To show an application of John’s idea.
C.To compare John’s different jobs.
D.To erase doubts about John’s invention.
本题为写作目的题。
Step 1:定位原文关键信息
题干关键词是Fuzhou。在原文中快速定位到这句话:He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou,a city in southeast China.
Step 2:追溯上下文逻辑
逻辑追溯:前句(观点/总起句):Over the years,John has taken on many big jobs.;中间句(例证1):He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage...in South Burlington.;细节句(例证2):He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou...
逻辑关系:作者先提出了一个总括性的观点(约翰做了很多大项目),然后用 also 连接,并列举了两个具体的例子(南伯灵顿项目和福州项目)来支撑这个观点。这是一个典型的“总—分”结构,其中福州项目是第二个论据。
Step 3:推断写作意图
意图推断:福州项目和南伯灵顿项目一样,都是作为“many big jobs”的具体例证出现的。
这些“big jobs”本质上都是约翰的“生态设计”理念(John’s idea)在现实世界中的具体实践和运用(application)。因此,作者提及福州的目的,就是为了提供又一个鲜活的案例,向读者展示约翰的理念是如何被成功应用的。
锁定答案:选项B完美匹配,福州项目正是其理念的一个具体应用实例。
5.(2021·全国甲卷阅读A)
Take a view,the Landscape (风景) Photographer of the Year Award,was the idea of Charlie Waite,one of today’s most respected landscape photographers.Each year,the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape.Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond.
Mike Shepherd (2011) Skiddaw in Winter Cumbria,England. It was an extremely cold winter’s evening and freezing fog hung in the air.I climbed to the top of a small rise and realised that the mist was little more than a few feet deep,and though it was only a short climb,I found myself completely above it and looking at a wonderfully clear view of Skiddaw with the sun setting in the west.I used classical techniques,translated from my college days spent in the darkroom into Photoshop,to achieve the black-and-white image (图像).
Timothy Smith (2014) Macclesfield Forest Cheshire,England. I was back in my home town of Macclesfield to take some winter images.Walking up a path through the forest towards Shutlingsloe,a local high point,I came across a small clearing and immediately noticed the dead yellow grasses set against the fresh snow.The small pine added to the interest and I placed it centrally to take the view from the foreground right through into the forest.
Where can the text be found
A.In a history book.　　B.In a novel.　　C.In an art magazine.　　D.In a biography.
本题为文章出处题。
Step 1:扫描文体特征。内容:介绍一个名为Take a view的年度风景摄影大奖(Landscape Photographer of the Year Award)。展示了两幅具体的获奖摄影作品,并附有作者的创作说明。
结构:结构清晰,分为两部分:第一部分介绍大赛背景,第二部分展示作品。
语言:第一段语言客观,介绍性强,作品介绍部分是作者的第一人称自述,描述创作过程和心得。
Step 2:分析特征指向。这篇文章的核心是“摄影艺术”。它既有对艺术事件(大赛)的报道,又有对艺术作品(照片)的展示和解读。这种内容和形式高度符合艺术类出版物的特点。
Step 3:匹配出处。艺术杂志的核心功能就是报道艺术新闻、介绍艺术家、展示和评论艺术作品。本文的所有特征都指向一本艺术(特别是摄影)杂志。
故选项C完美匹配。
2 词汇积累:philosophical / f l s f kl/ adj.哲学的;富有哲理的　decode / di k d/ v.解读,破译 interpretation / n t prI te n/ n.解释,阐释　simplicity /s m pl s ti/ n.简单,简朴 熟词生义:sharp　熟义:锋利的,尖的　生义:敏锐的,犀利的,深刻的 原文出处:The Socrates Express is a fun,sharp book that draws readers in...
3 词汇积累:emerge / m d / v.出现,浮现　landfill / l ndf l/ n.垃圾填埋场 innovative / n v t v/ adj.创新的,新颖的 熟词生义:generate　熟义:产生(电、热等能量)　生义:造成,产生(某种结果或物质) 原文出处:People generate a huge amount of hair waste.
4 词汇积累:ecological / i k l d kl/ adj.生态的　organism / ɡ n z m/ n.生物,有机体　 spare parts备用零件
5 词汇积累:entry / entri/ n.(比赛等的)参赛作品　clearing / kl r / n.(森林中的)小块空地 foreground / f ɡra nd/ n.(图画、照片的)前景　set against以……为背景
强化练2　推理判断题专练
(限时:25分钟　满分:37.5分)
A
(2026·石家庄高三教学质量检测)
Here are some museums in honor of famous writers you can visit.
The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
William Shakespeare,perhaps the greatest playwright in English literature,is celebrated at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.You can visit his childhood home,explore exhibits about his life and works,and experience live performances in the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.You can also visit Anne Hathaway’s house,where Shakespeare courted her.
Location:Stratford-upon-Avon,England
Reading suggestion:Macbeth
The Louisa May Alcott’s Orchard House
Discover the literary legacy (遗产)of Louisa May Alcott,author of Little Women,at her former home,Orchard House.Explore the rooms where Alcott penned her famous novel and learn about the inspirations behind her beloved characters.There have been no major changes to the house,so the rooms look much the same.
Location:Concord,the US
Reading suggestion:Little Women
The Hans Christian Andersen Museum
Enjoy the fairy tales that have attracted generations at the Hans Christian Andersen Museum.Explore the life and imagination of the Danish author behind his short stories like The Little Mermaid.From the moment you step into the building,the exhibition takes you deeper into Andersen’s fairy tales.
Location:Odense,Denmark
Suggested reading:The Little Mermaid
The Pablo Neruda House
Bury yourself in the poetry of Pablo Neruda,the Chilean poet.The Pablo Neruda House showcases his collection of art,poetry,and personal artifacts,offering a poetic journey through his life and creative expressions.I wish I knew Spanish well enough to read Neruda’s works in his native language.
Location:Santiago,Chile
Suggested reading:Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个为纪念著名作家而设立的博物馆,分别说明了各博物馆的特色、位置以及相关阅读建议。
1.What can visitors do at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
A.Watch live shows.
B.Learn to write plays.
C.Meet Anne Hathaway.
D.Read drafts of Macbeth.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据文中“The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust”部分中的“You can visit his childhood...the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.”可知,游客可以在皇家莎士比亚剧院体验现场表演,即观看现场演出。故选A。]
2.Which of the works was probably written in Spanish
A.Macbeth.
B.Little Women.
C.The Little Mermaid.
D.Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据“The Pablo Neruda House”部分中的“I wish I knew Spanish well enough to read Neruda’s works in his native language.”可知,作者希望自己西班牙语足够好,可以用Neruda的母语(西班牙语)阅读他的作品,而其推荐阅读作品是“Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair”,所以这部作品可能是用西班牙语写的。故选D。]
3.Who is the text intended for
A.Art reviewers.
B.Literature enthusiasts.
C.Theatre performers.
D.Architecture designers.
答案　B　[读者对象题。文章介绍的是与著名作家相关的博物馆,包括在博物馆可以做的事、对应的作家作品阅读建议等,这些信息可以吸引对文学感兴趣的人。故选B。]
B
(2026·济南高三学习质量检测)
Robots are separated into two parts:the brain and the body.An AI brain can help run the traffic system of a city,but many robots still struggle to open a door—why is that
“Software has advanced rapidly in recent years,but hardware has not kept up.Currently,all robots rely on electricity and software to function.The robotic brain composed of software transmits information to the body or hardware through an encoder (编码器),which then performs an action,” said Dr Antonio Forte,a senior lecturer in engineering at King’s College London.
To overcome this,Forte’s team developed a circuit by integrating liquid-based circuits with an adjustable valve (阀) placed within a robot’s hardware.This valve acts like a switch in a normal circuit and engineers can send signals directly to hardware using variations in pressure from liquid inside,allowing the robot to perform complex tasks without the need for electricity or instructions from the central brain.This leads robots to function independently in challenging environments,such as low-income countries that do not have reliable access to electricity.
Independent from the software running it,the advanced hardware system carries the majority of computational load by itself.This opens up the possibility of a new generation of robots,whose bodies could operate independently of their built-in control center,with this space potentially being used instead for more complex AI-powered software,and consequently they can be more aware of their social context,which provides for a new kind of robotics in places like social care and mass production.
“Ultimately,without investment in such field robots will stay at a certain level after a period of growth.Soon,if we do not offload the computational tasks that modern-day robots take on,computing improvements will have little impact on their performance.The work is just a first step on this path,but the future holds smarter robots with smarter bodies,” Mostafa Mousa,a post-graduate researcher at King’s College London,commented.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了机器人硬件发展的滞后问题,并介绍了Forte团队开发的新型液体电路技术,使机器人能够在没有电力的情况下执行复杂任务,从而提升了自主性与适应能力,为未来更智能机器人的出现铺平了道路。
4.What is holding back the development of robots nowadays
A.Backward hardware.
B.High electricity cost.
C.Low-speed encoders.
D.Complex calculations.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“Software has advanced rapidly in recent years,but hardware has not kept up.”可知,硬件的发展没有跟上软件的快速进步,因此是硬件的落后阻碍了机器人的发展。]
5.How does the valve function in a robot
A.It translates information.
B.It adjusts liquid pressure.
C.It sends electrical signals.
D.It powers robots’ brains.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第三段的“This valve...engineers can send signals directly to hardware using variations in pressure from liquid inside...from the central brain.”可知,阀门可以调节液体压力,工程师根据压力变化向硬件直接发送信号,使机器人能够执行复杂任务。]
6.What sets the new generation of robots apart from others
A.Autonomy with adaptability.
B.Resistance to physical damage.
C.Understanding of users’ likes.
D.Capability to control software.
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第四段的“This opens up the possibility of...their built-in control center...mass production.”可知,新一代机器人的身体可以独立于内置的控制中心运行,而这个空间可能会被用于更复杂的人工智能软件,因此它们可以更了解自己的社会环境,这为社会护理和大规模生产等领域提供了一种新型的机器人技术。由此可推知,新一代机器人的特点是能够自主运行并适应不同的环境。]
7.What does Mousa think of the work of Forte’s team
A.Eventful. B.Uncertain.
C.Promising. D.Insignificant.
答案　C　[观点态度题。根据最后一段Mousa的话,尤其是“without investment in such field...after a period of growth”“The work is just a first step...smarter bodies”可知,Mousa认为,如果没有对这一领域的投入,机器人将在一段时间的增长后停留在一定水平,这项工作只是这条道路上的第一步,但未来的机器人会更智能,拥有更智能的身体。由此可知,Mousa认为Forte团队的工作是很有希望的。]
C
(2026·长沙新高考适应性考试)
Like other cities in New Jersey’s Rust Belt (锈带),Paterson has fallen on hard times,with its once-famous textile (纺织品) industry in disrepair and its schools abandoned.
Strickland,an expert in school design and instructor at MIT in Boston,had been hired as a consultant to help Paterson find sites for new schools.The architect hatched a grand plan to help revitalize (复兴) Paterson’s schools and the city itself.
Six career academies are holding classes at old sites.These small changes have not gone unnoticed.The city,as the residents expected,has the potential to shine.
A nearly unoccupied three-story shopping mall houses two schools,one focused on medical careers,the other on media arts and urban planning.English and math teachers for the two schools lead classes in storefronts that were empty just a year ago.Across town,under the thick wooden beams (横梁) of an old textile factory and a train engine plant,students with disabilities will learn about careers with the region’s transportation systems.
Strickland requires his graduate students at MIT to help Paterson construct models for new building projects in the city.Jane Riesman,one of Strickland’s students,has been working with her kids on an educational park that would replace a wasteland of lifeless asphalt (沥青) and grass that stretches between two downtown schools.The surrounding neighborhood is hardly inspiring;pulling-down of a high-rise housing project is underway,showering dust everywhere.But Riesman’s students envision a very different place.One of the student models includes a swimming pool,skating court,climbing wall,sandbox,and a pond with a fountain and lots of trees.“It’s fun,and it makes us feel like we’re in charge and helping the community,” says 15-year-old Marilyn Medina,one of the model’s creators.
Strickland says it’s important for the students to dream.“They’re setting a tone for the town,”he says.“The kids can push the envelope and change the culture.”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述因帕特森市陷入困境,为了振兴帕特森市,Strickland及其团队所采取的一系列的措施。
8.What was Paterson like in the past according to paragraph 1
A.It fell into severe disrepair.
B.It rarely produced any iron.
C.Its textile industry was well known.
D.Its schools were completely deserted.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知,与新泽西州“锈带”的其他城市一样,帕特森市也陷入了困境,曾经著名的纺织厂年久失修,学校也被废弃。所以在过去帕特森市的纺织厂很有名,故选C。C项中的well known与原文中的once-famous是同义转换。]
9.What was the residents’ attitude towards Strickland’s plan
A.Opposed. B.Favorable.
C.Dismissive. D.Uncaring.
答案　B　[观点态度题。根据第三段中的“These small changes have not gone unnoticed.The city,as the residents expected,has the potential to shine.”可知,这些微小的变化并没有被忽视。正如居民们所期望的那样,这座城市有潜力发光。根据not gone unnoticed、expected和shine 可以推断出居民们对 Strickland的计划是赞成的,故选B。A项“反对的”;B项“赞成的”;C项“鄙视的”;D项“不在意的”。]
10.What can we infer about Riesman’s students
A.Diligent and innocent.
B.Funny and responsible.
C.Honest and trustworthy.
D.Imaginative and helpful.
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第五段中的“pulling-down of a high-rise...lots of trees”可知,一项高层住宅项目的拆除正在进行中,尘土四处飞扬。但 Riesman的学生们设想了一个完全不同的地方,其中一个学生模型包括一个游泳池、一个滑冰场、一堵攀岩墙、一个沙坑、一个带喷泉的池塘和许多树。由此可推断学生们是很富有想象力的,且该段中的“It’s fun,and it makes...helping the community”也说明学生们是乐于助人的。]
11.What does the text focus on
A.Transforming old buildings to make them shine.
B.Revitalizing the city’s shopping mall.
C.Developing students’ logical thinking.
D.Witnessing the rise and fall of Paterson.
答案　A　[主旨大意题。文章围绕因帕特森市曾经著名的纺织厂年久失修,学校也被废弃,Strickland及其团队为振兴帕特森市而采取的一系列措施。]
D
(2026·南京、盐城高三第一学期调研测试)
Decision fatigue (决策疲劳) is a psychological phenomenon where the quality of decisions declines after a long session of decision-making.It is caused by the limited mental energy we have for making choices each day.While many of us believe we are logical beings capable of weighing every option carefully,decision fatigue shows how our mental resources can be used up over time.
One of the key studies on this phenomenon was conducted in the context of parole hearings (假释听证会).Researchers found that judges were more likely to approve of parole early in the day or after a meal break.As the day progressed and the judges made more decisions,they were increasingly likely to maintain their previous decisions,denying parole simply because it required less mental effort.
Decision fatigue affects not only major life choices but also everyday decisions.For instance,people often report struggling to decide what to eat for dinner after a long day.Similarly,too many choices,such as when people look through streaming platforms or online stores,can leave them feeling confused,leading them to abandon the process entirely or settle for a less satisfying option.
To overcome decision fatigue,some well-known figures have adopted strategies to simplify their daily routines.For example,a celebrity is famous for wearing the same style of gray T-shirts to minimize unnecessary choices.Similarly,Nobel Prize-winning physicist Albert Einstein was known for owning multiple identical suits to avoid wasting energy on deciding what to wear each day.In a different context,author Haruki Murakami has shared that he maintains a strict daily routine,including specific writing hours and exercise,to free up mental capacity for his creative work.
Understanding decision fatigue can help us structure our lives more effectively.Prioritizing important decisions earlier in the day or setting up routines to minimize unnecessary choices are strategies to preserve mental energy.By managing our mental resources wisely,we can make sound decisions and reduce the stress associated with overwhelming choices.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了决策疲劳的形成原因以及应对策略。
12.What leads to decision fatigue according to the text
A.The lack of time to make decisions.
B.The difficulty of making logical choices.
C.The stress from making important decisions.
D.The limited mental energy for decision-making.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第一段的“It is caused by the limited mental energy we have for making choices each day.”可知,决策疲劳是我们每天做选择的精力有限造成的。由此可知,做决策的精力有限会导致决策疲劳。]
13.What does the study on parole hearings reveal
A.Judges are much stricter after long breaks.
B.Decision fatigue can lead to unfair outcomes.
C.Fatigue causes judges to avoid complicated cases.
D.External factors have no impact on decision-making.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第二段的“Researchers found that judges...it required less mental effort.”可知,研究人员发现,法官更有可能在当天早些时候或用餐休息后批准假释。随着时间的推移,法官做出了更多的决定,他们越来越有可能维持之前的决定,拒绝假释只是因为这需要的脑力劳动更少。由此可推知,决策疲劳可能会导致不公平的结果。]
14.What does the author suggest readers shopping online do
A.Make quick decisions.
B.Compare different products.
C.Limit the number of choices.
D.Choose the most popular products.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第三段的“too many choices,such as...for a less satisfying option”可知,浏览流媒体平台或在线商店时,太多的选择会让人们感到困惑,导致他们完全放弃这个过程,或者勉强接受一个不太令人满意的选择。由此可推知,作者的建议是减少选择的数量。]
15.What is the purpose of adopting routines
A.To reduce the stress of daily work.
B.To increase decision-making quality.
C.To enhance overall life satisfaction.
D.To create more decision-making chances.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Prioritizing important decisions earlier in the day or setting up routines...we can make sound decisions”可知,在一天的早些时候优先考虑重要的决策,或者制定常规以尽量减少不必要的选择,这些都是保持精力的策略。通过明智地管理我们的精神资源,我们可以做出合理的决策。由此可推知,采用常规的目的是提高决策质量。]
A篇 playwright n.剧作家　legacy n.(历史)遗产　artifact n.手工艺品,人工制品　enthusiast n.热衷者,爱好者　celebrate v.庆祝,庆贺→赞美,颂扬(文章义)　court n.法庭;球场→v.(向……)求爱,追求(文章义:where Shakespeare courted her)　review v.评论→reviewer n.评论家　live performances现场表演
B篇 integrate v.(使)合并,成为一体　autonomy n.自主性,自治权　eventful adj.充满大事的,多事的　promising adj.有希望的,有前途的　consequence n.结果→consequently adv.因此,结果　insignificant adj.不重要的,无足轻重的(in-否定前缀+significant)　AI-powered adj.由人工智能驱动的(合成词:AI+powered)　function n.功能→v.起作用,运转,行使职责(文章义:rely on electricity and software to function)　mass production大规模生产　hold back阻碍,抑制
C篇 disrepair n.失修,破损(状态)(否定前缀dis-+repair)　revitalize v.使复兴,使恢复活力　unoccupied adj.空着的,未被占用的　high-rise adj.高层的n.高楼大厦　dismissive adj.轻视的,鄙视的　hatch v.孵化→策划,(尤指)密谋(文章义:hatched a grand plan)　plant n.植物→工厂(文章义)　go unnoticed未被注意到,被忽视　be underway正在进行中　push the envelope挑战极限,突破常规
D篇 identical adj.完全相同的　overwhelming adj.压倒性的;令人不知所措的　external adj.外部的,外在的　progress n.进步,进展→v.(时间)推移,流逝(文章义:As the day progressed)　structure n.结构→v.精心组织,系统安排(文章义:structure our lives more effectively)　prior adj.先前的,较早的;优先的,较重要的→priority n.优先权→prioritize v.优先处理　in the context of在……的背景下;就……而言　make sound decisions做出明智的决定第二讲　推理判断题
推理判断题是高考阅读理解的“皇冠上的明珠”,是区分高分段考生的关键。它不再满足于让考生找到“作者说了什么”,而是要考生读懂“作者没说但暗示了什么”。它考查的是考生基于文本线索,进行逻辑分析、归纳总结、洞察作者意图的深层阅读能力。掌握推理判断,意味着考生从信息的接收者,跃升为意义的构建者。
考什么——透视推理题的“命题密码”
1.常见设问方式
(1)直接推理型:以infer、imply、suggest、conclude、show等词提问。如:
What does the author’s experience show
What can we infer from the last paragraph
(2)观点态度型:提问作者、文中人物对某事的态度。如:
What is the author’s attitude towards...
(3)写作目的型:提问作者写某段、某句或整篇文章的写作目的。如:
Why does the author mention the experiment in Paragraph 2
Why does the author write the passage
(4)文章类型/文章出处型:推断文章最有可能的出处或文章类型。如:
Where is this text probably taken from
What is the text
2.正确选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
源于原文 正确的推理不是凭空想象,其所有逻辑起点都必须基于原文的信息。
合理引申 在原文信息基础上进行合乎逻辑的、一步之遥的推断,不过度引申。
语气委婉 选项常使用may、might、could、likely、probably、some等留有余地的词。
主题一致 推断出的结论通常与文章的中心思想或段落大意保持方向上的一致。
3.干扰选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
无中生有 选项内容在原文中找不到任何依据,是命题人凭空捏造的。
偷换概念 将原文的概念(主语、宾语、范围、程度等)进行悄悄替换,看似相似实则千里之遥。
主观臆断 选项内容可能是普遍的常识或个人观点,但并非从文章逻辑中得出的结论。
推理过度 从原文信息出发,但逻辑链条拉得太长,得出了过于绝对或夸张的结论。
照搬原文 选项几乎是原文细节的直接复述,而推理题的答案通常不会是原文的简单再现。
4.热点考向
5.解题步骤
怎么考——铸造推理题的“五大破题利器”
面对不同类型的推理题,告别“凭感觉”的模糊判断,掌握以下五大核心考向,实现从“猜测”到“论证”的质变。
考向1　隐含推断题——关键词句推敲法
此考向是推理判断题的“灵魂”,要求考生能品味出作者未直说的“弦外之音”。解题关键在于抓住文中带有强烈感彩、观点转折或总结性的关键词句,并对其进行深度“推敲”,从而得出合乎逻辑的推论。
[典例]　(2025·全国一卷阅读B) I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication.However,my students demonstrated something more important to me.When the final bell rang in June,I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance—the ability to connect people,to put us in another’s skin,to teach us what it means to be human. 27.What does the author’s experience show A.Teaching is learning. B.Still waters run deep. C.Knowledge is power. D.Practice makes perfect. [导引] Step 1:锁定——锁定“题眼”句。根据题干关键词the author’s experience show,可以定位“题眼”句为“However,my students demonstrated...to be human”。 Step 2:推敲——推敲“弦外之音”。由“题眼”句可知,作者的认知发生了改变,而改变的来源是作者的学生。 Step 3:匹配——匹配最佳推论。选项“Teaching is learning.(教学相长)”最凝练概括。 [图解]
考向2　观点态度题——忠于措辞法
观点态度题旨在考查考生能否准确把握作者或文中人物对某事物的看法、立场和情感。解题的“金钥匙”就藏在作者的措辞之中。通过捕捉文中的褒贬性词汇(形容词、副词、动词),就能精准解码其态度。
[典例]　(2024·全国甲卷阅读C) The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. ... Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups.“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,”says Ducke.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.” 27.What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’services A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful. C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious. [导引] Step 1:定位——定位观点主体。题干问的是Ducke对the Saint Lukas’services的态度。因此,解题关键是找到文中Ducke的原话。 Step 2:捕捉——捕捉情感措辞。由文中Ducke的原话可以捕捉到体现Ducke态度的关键信息:very impressed,focused,very concerned,best chance。 Step 3:定性——判定态度基调。这些关键信息词汇无一例外都带有强烈的正面、积极的情感色彩。 [图解]
考向3　写作手法题——行文标志词法
写作手法题旨在考查考生对文章组织方式和论证方法的理解。解题的关键在于识别出那些如同“路标”一样的行文标志词,它们能清晰地指示出段落的功能和段落之间的关系(如举例、对比、总结、因果等)。
[典例]　(2021·八省联考卷阅读C) Two basic magic tricks are making objects seem to appear and making objects seem to disappear.A combination of these two tricks makes for some interesting effects.For example,the magician puts a small ball under one of several cups.The ball then seems to jump from one cup to another or to change colour... Another favourite trick is to cut or burn something,and then make it appear whole again.What actually happens is that the magician makes the cut or burned object disappear by quickly hiding it... 30.What does the author focus on in the last two paragraphs A.Providing examples. B.Making a summary. C.Drawing comparisons. D.Explaining a concept. [导引] Step 1:明确分析范围 题干要求我们分析最后一段。 Step 2:寻找标志词 在第一个目标段落的第四行的标志词:For example。 在第二个目标段落的开头具有并列和举例功能的短语:Another favourite trick。 Step 3:判定写作手法 For example直接表明了该段落的功能是举例。 Another favourite trick同样是在列举另一个例子。 综合判断:最后两段是用具体例子来说明问题。 [图解]
考向4　写作目的题——立足行文推意图法
写作目的题旨在考查考生对文章深层目的的理解。解题时不能孤立地看待某个细节,而应将其放回原文的“上下文逻辑链”中,分析其是作为论点、论据还是背景而存在,从而推断作者的真实意图。
[典例]　(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B) Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time,and if the past is any indication,he may be right:Since 1982,membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,”he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That’s my job.” 27.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association A.To prove Farber’s point. B.To emphasize its importance. C.To praise veterinarians. D.To advocate animal protection. [导引] Step 1:定位原文关键信息。根据题干中关键词“the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association”;定位原文信息为“Since 1982,membership...to over 700.”。 Step 2:追溯上下文逻辑。前句:Farber is certain...with time...he may be right(观点句);后句:“Sometimes it surprises me...That’s my job.”(细节句)。这是一个典型的“观点+论据”结构。 Step 3:推断写作意图。作者引用“协会会员人数激增”这一事实数据,其目的就是为了提供一个客观的证据,来证明法伯的观点。 [图解]
考向5　文章出处/类型题——依据“文章内容”判断
判断文章出处/类型题应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说,报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等;广告类文章因其格式特殊,容易辨认;产品说明类文章,如家电、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式;药品的服用说明会告知服用的时间、次数、药量等;来自网络的文章一般比较新颖,时效性强。
[典例1]　(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读A) Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature Grading Scale 90—100,A;80—89,B;70—79,C;60—69,D;Below 60,E. Essays(60%) Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course:Essay 1=10%;Essay 2=15%;Essay 3=15%;Essay 4=20%. Group Assignments(30%) Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course.All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard,our online learning and course management system. 21.Where is this text probably taken from A.A textbook. B.An exam paper. C.A course plan. D.An academic article. [典例2]　(2022·全国乙卷阅读B) In Wickenden’s book,she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism,which of course influenced the girls’decision to go to Elkhead.A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads,which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies,often in blinding snowstorms.The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn. Wickenden is a very good storyteller.The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing... 27.What is the text A.A news report. B.A book review. C.A children’s story. D.A diary entry. [导引] [典例1] Step 1:扫描文体特征 内容:讲的是一门课程(Introduction to Literature)的评分政策、论文和小组作业要求。 格式:有清晰的大标题、小标题(Grading Scale,Essays,Group Assignments)和百分比分配。 语言:使用祈使句和将来时,面向学生,具有指导性和规定性。 Step 2:分析特征指向 以上特征都明确指向一份在学期初发给学生的课程计划或教学大纲。 Step 3:匹配最佳选项 选项C“A course plan.”完美概括了所有特征。 [典例2] Step 1:扫描文体特征 内容:介绍了Wickenden’s book的情节梗概,并对其写作风格进行评价。 格式:普通的段落式叙述。 语言:包含了大量主观评价性词汇,如very good storyteller、beautiful writing。 Step 2:分析特征指向 指向:“介绍情节+发表评论”是书评的典型特征。 Step 3:匹配最佳选项 选项B“A book review.”是对该文体最准确的定义。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
1.(2025·全国一卷阅读C)
Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people,among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A.They boosted the sales of cars.
B.They turned out largely ineffective.
C.They won government support.
D.They advocated building new parks.
本题为隐含推断题。
Step 1:锁定——锁定“题眼”句
文段开头第一句使用了强烈的转折连词Although。
Step 2:推敲——推敲“弦外之音”
由让步状语从句“Although these campaigns were widespread”可以推断,这些运动的目的必然是反对“以汽车为中心”的城市发展。主句“the reality is that...”揭示了与运动愿望完全相反的结果:城市还是为汽车而建,汽车数量还在猛增。将两部分信息整合,我们得到的“弦外之音”是:“虽然付出了努力(搞运动),但最终的结果却走向了反面。” 这直接指向了努力的失败。
Step 3:匹配——匹配最佳推论
选项B完美匹配。“ineffective”正是对“努力的失败”最精准的概括。
2.(2023·全国甲卷阅读C)
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences,and he does so with plenty of humor.Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history,and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun,sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire,loneliness,and aging.The invitation is clear:Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book.I encourage you to take his offer.It’s worth your time,even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
What does the author think of Weiner’s book
A.Objective and plain.
B.Daring and ambitious.
C.Serious and hard to follow.
D.Humorous and straightforward.
本题为观点态度题。
Step 1:定位——定位观点主体
题干问的是 the author对 Weiner’s book的看法。因此,我们需要在文中寻找作者对这本书的直接评价。
Step 2:捕捉——捕捉情感措辞
捕捉表达观点态度的措辞:appealing;plenty of humor;fun;sharp;apparent simplicity;I encourage you...;It’s worth your time等。
Step 3:定性——判定态度基调
综合所有捕捉到的情感措辞,判断其整体的情感基调,并与选项进行匹配。plenty of humor 直接对应了选项中的Humorous。apparent simplicity和clear与straightforward的含义高度契合。故选D项。
3.(2025·洛阳高三一模阅读B)
Nanako Hama was holding a light envelope.When she tore it open with care,locks of hair emerged.Many strangers send Hama locks of their hair,hoping to recycle it.
People generate a huge amount of hair waste.Nearly all of that waste ends up in landfill,where it can release harmful greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.But hair possesses useful qualities and it’s a shame to simply throw it away.That’s why people all around the world,like Hama,have been collecting hair and finding innovative ways to recycle it,including making mats (垫子) out of it for removing oil leaks in the ocean.
How does the author introduce the topic
A.By presenting a scene.
B.By detailing the background.
C.By describing the usage of hair.
D.By praising an environmentalist.
本题为写作手法题。
Step 1:明确分析范围
题干问的是“How does the author introduce the topic ”。这要求我们重点分析文章的开头部分,即第一段。
Step 2:寻找标志词/结构
标志寻找:第一段没有像 For example 或 However 这样的明显标志词。但是,我们要注意其句子结构和内容:Nanako Hama was holding a light envelope.;When she tore it open with care,locks of hair emerged.
这些句子共同构成了一个具体的、动态的画面:一个特定的人物(Nanako Hama),在一个特定的情境下(holding a light envelope),做着一个特定的动作(tore it open),看到了一个特定的物品(locks of hair)。
Step 3:判定写作手法
手法判定:这种通过描述人物、动作、环境来开篇的手法就是场景导入法或情景描写法。
锁定答案:选项A完美匹配,正是对第一段功能的精准概括。
4.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B)
He was amazed at the results.The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it!Within weeks,it had all been digested,and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years,John has taken on many big jobs.He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington.He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou,a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,”he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A.To review John’s research plans.
B.To show an application of John’s idea.
C.To compare John’s different jobs.
D.To erase doubts about John’s invention.
本题为写作目的题。
Step 1:定位原文关键信息
题干关键词是Fuzhou。在原文中快速定位到这句话:He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou,a city in southeast China.
Step 2:追溯上下文逻辑
逻辑追溯:前句(观点/总起句):Over the years,John has taken on many big jobs.;中间句(例证1):He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage...in South Burlington.;细节句(例证2):He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou...
逻辑关系:作者先提出了一个总括性的观点(约翰做了很多大项目),然后用 also 连接,并列举了两个具体的例子(南伯灵顿项目和福州项目)来支撑这个观点。这是一个典型的“总—分”结构,其中福州项目是第二个论据。
Step 3:推断写作意图
意图推断:福州项目和南伯灵顿项目一样,都是作为“many big jobs”的具体例证出现的。
这些“big jobs”本质上都是约翰的“生态设计”理念(John’s idea)在现实世界中的具体实践和运用(application)。因此,作者提及福州的目的,就是为了提供又一个鲜活的案例,向读者展示约翰的理念是如何被成功应用的。
锁定答案:选项B完美匹配,福州项目正是其理念的一个具体应用实例。
5.(2021·全国甲卷阅读A)
Take a view,the Landscape (风景) Photographer of the Year Award,was the idea of Charlie Waite,one of today’s most respected landscape photographers.Each year,the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape.Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond.
Mike Shepherd (2011) Skiddaw in Winter Cumbria,England. It was an extremely cold winter’s evening and freezing fog hung in the air.I climbed to the top of a small rise and realised that the mist was little more than a few feet deep,and though it was only a short climb,I found myself completely above it and looking at a wonderfully clear view of Skiddaw with the sun setting in the west.I used classical techniques,translated from my college days spent in the darkroom into Photoshop,to achieve the black-and-white image (图像).
Timothy Smith (2014) Macclesfield Forest Cheshire,England. I was back in my home town of Macclesfield to take some winter images.Walking up a path through the forest towards Shutlingsloe,a local high point,I came across a small clearing and immediately noticed the dead yellow grasses set against the fresh snow.The small pine added to the interest and I placed it centrally to take the view from the foreground right through into the forest.
Where can the text be found
A.In a history book.　　B.In a novel.　　C.In an art magazine.　　D.In a biography.
本题为文章出处题。
Step 1:扫描文体特征。内容:介绍一个名为Take a view的年度风景摄影大奖(Landscape Photographer of the Year Award)。展示了两幅具体的获奖摄影作品,并附有作者的创作说明。
结构:结构清晰,分为两部分:第一部分介绍大赛背景,第二部分展示作品。
语言:第一段语言客观,介绍性强,作品介绍部分是作者的第一人称自述,描述创作过程和心得。
Step 2:分析特征指向。这篇文章的核心是“摄影艺术”。它既有对艺术事件(大赛)的报道,又有对艺术作品(照片)的展示和解读。这种内容和形式高度符合艺术类出版物的特点。
Step 3:匹配出处。艺术杂志的核心功能就是报道艺术新闻、介绍艺术家、展示和评论艺术作品。本文的所有特征都指向一本艺术(特别是摄影)杂志。
故选项C完美匹配。
2 词汇积累:philosophical / f l s f kl/ adj.哲学的;富有哲理的　decode / di k d/ v.解读,破译 interpretation / n t prI te n/ n.解释,阐释　simplicity /s m pl s ti/ n.简单,简朴 熟词生义:sharp　熟义:锋利的,尖的　生义:敏锐的,犀利的,深刻的 原文出处:The Socrates Express is a fun,sharp book that draws readers in...
3 词汇积累:emerge / m d / v.出现,浮现　landfill / l ndf l/ n.垃圾填埋场 innovative / n v t v/ adj.创新的,新颖的 熟词生义:generate　熟义:产生(电、热等能量)　生义:造成,产生(某种结果或物质) 原文出处:People generate a huge amount of hair waste.
4 词汇积累:ecological / i k l d kl/ adj.生态的　organism / ɡ n z m/ n.生物,有机体　 spare parts备用零件
5 词汇积累:entry / entri/ n.(比赛等的)参赛作品　clearing / kl r / n.(森林中的)小块空地 foreground / f ɡra nd/ n.(图画、照片的)前景　set against以……为背景
强化练2　推理判断题专练
(限时:25分钟　满分:37.5分)
A
(2026·石家庄高三教学质量检测)
Here are some museums in honor of famous writers you can visit.
The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
William Shakespeare,perhaps the greatest playwright in English literature,is celebrated at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.You can visit his childhood home,explore exhibits about his life and works,and experience live performances in the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.You can also visit Anne Hathaway’s house,where Shakespeare courted her.
Location:Stratford-upon-Avon,England
Reading suggestion:Macbeth
The Louisa May Alcott’s Orchard House
Discover the literary legacy (遗产)of Louisa May Alcott,author of Little Women,at her former home,Orchard House.Explore the rooms where Alcott penned her famous novel and learn about the inspirations behind her beloved characters.There have been no major changes to the house,so the rooms look much the same.
Location:Concord,the US
Reading suggestion:Little Women
The Hans Christian Andersen Museum
Enjoy the fairy tales that have attracted generations at the Hans Christian Andersen Museum.Explore the life and imagination of the Danish author behind his short stories like The Little Mermaid.From the moment you step into the building,the exhibition takes you deeper into Andersen’s fairy tales.
Location:Odense,Denmark
Suggested reading:The Little Mermaid
The Pablo Neruda House
Bury yourself in the poetry of Pablo Neruda,the Chilean poet.The Pablo Neruda House showcases his collection of art,poetry,and personal artifacts,offering a poetic journey through his life and creative expressions.I wish I knew Spanish well enough to read Neruda’s works in his native language.
Location:Santiago,Chile
Suggested reading:Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个为纪念著名作家而设立的博物馆,分别说明了各博物馆的特色、位置以及相关阅读建议。
1.What can visitors do at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
A.Watch live shows.
B.Learn to write plays.
C.Meet Anne Hathaway.
D.Read drafts of Macbeth.
2.Which of the works was probably written in Spanish
A.Macbeth.
B.Little Women.
C.The Little Mermaid.
D.Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.
3.Who is the text intended for
A.Art reviewers.
B.Literature enthusiasts.
C.Theatre performers.
D.Architecture designers.
B
(2026·济南高三学习质量检测)
Robots are separated into two parts:the brain and the body.An AI brain can help run the traffic system of a city,but many robots still struggle to open a door—why is that
“Software has advanced rapidly in recent years,but hardware has not kept up.Currently,all robots rely on electricity and software to function.The robotic brain composed of software transmits information to the body or hardware through an encoder (编码器),which then performs an action,” said Dr Antonio Forte,a senior lecturer in engineering at King’s College London.
To overcome this,Forte’s team developed a circuit by integrating liquid-based circuits with an adjustable valve (阀) placed within a robot’s hardware.This valve acts like a switch in a normal circuit and engineers can send signals directly to hardware using variations in pressure from liquid inside,allowing the robot to perform complex tasks without the need for electricity or instructions from the central brain.This leads robots to function independently in challenging environments,such as low-income countries that do not have reliable access to electricity.
Independent from the software running it,the advanced hardware system carries the majority of computational load by itself.This opens up the possibility of a new generation of robots,whose bodies could operate independently of their built-in control center,with this space potentially being used instead for more complex AI-powered software,and consequently they can be more aware of their social context,which provides for a new kind of robotics in places like social care and mass production.
“Ultimately,without investment in such field robots will stay at a certain level after a period of growth.Soon,if we do not offload the computational tasks that modern-day robots take on,computing improvements will have little impact on their performance.The work is just a first step on this path,but the future holds smarter robots with smarter bodies,” Mostafa Mousa,a post-graduate researcher at King’s College London,commented.
4.What is holding back the development of robots nowadays
A.Backward hardware.
B.High electricity cost.
C.Low-speed encoders.
D.Complex calculations.
5.How does the valve function in a robot
A.It translates information.
B.It adjusts liquid pressure.
C.It sends electrical signals.
D.It powers robots’ brains.
6.What sets the new generation of robots apart from others
A.Autonomy with adaptability.
B.Resistance to physical damage.
C.Understanding of users’ likes.
D.Capability to control software.
7.What does Mousa think of the work of Forte’s team
A.Eventful. B.Uncertain.
C.Promising. D.Insignificant.
C
(2026·长沙新高考适应性考试)
Like other cities in New Jersey’s Rust Belt (锈带),Paterson has fallen on hard times,with its once-famous textile (纺织品) industry in disrepair and its schools abandoned.
Strickland,an expert in school design and instructor at MIT in Boston,had been hired as a consultant to help Paterson find sites for new schools.The architect hatched a grand plan to help revitalize (复兴) Paterson’s schools and the city itself.
Six career academies are holding classes at old sites.These small changes have not gone unnoticed.The city,as the residents expected,has the potential to shine.
A nearly unoccupied three-story shopping mall houses two schools,one focused on medical careers,the other on media arts and urban planning.English and math teachers for the two schools lead classes in storefronts that were empty just a year ago.Across town,under the thick wooden beams (横梁) of an old textile factory and a train engine plant,students with disabilities will learn about careers with the region’s transportation systems.
Strickland requires his graduate students at MIT to help Paterson construct models for new building projects in the city.Jane Riesman,one of Strickland’s students,has been working with her kids on an educational park that would replace a wasteland of lifeless asphalt (沥青) and grass that stretches between two downtown schools.The surrounding neighborhood is hardly inspiring;pulling-down of a high-rise housing project is underway,showering dust everywhere.But Riesman’s students envision a very different place.One of the student models includes a swimming pool,skating court,climbing wall,sandbox,and a pond with a fountain and lots of trees.“It’s fun,and it makes us feel like we’re in charge and helping the community,” says 15-year-old Marilyn Medina,one of the model’s creators.
Strickland says it’s important for the students to dream.“They’re setting a tone for the town,”he says.“The kids can push the envelope and change the culture.”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述因帕特森市陷入困境,为了振兴帕特森市,Strickland及其团队所采取的一系列的措施。
8.What was Paterson like in the past according to paragraph 1
A.It fell into severe disrepair.
B.It rarely produced any iron.
C.Its textile industry was well known.
D.Its schools were completely deserted.
9.What was the residents’ attitude towards Strickland’s plan
A.Opposed. B.Favorable.
C.Dismissive. D.Uncaring.
10.What can we infer about Riesman’s students
A.Diligent and innocent.
B.Funny and responsible.
C.Honest and trustworthy.
D.Imaginative and helpful.
11.What does the text focus on
A.Transforming old buildings to make them shine.
B.Revitalizing the city’s shopping mall.
C.Developing students’ logical thinking.
D.Witnessing the rise and fall of Paterson.
D
(2026·南京、盐城高三第一学期调研测试)
Decision fatigue (决策疲劳) is a psychological phenomenon where the quality of decisions declines after a long session of decision-making.It is caused by the limited mental energy we have for making choices each day.While many of us believe we are logical beings capable of weighing every option carefully,decision fatigue shows how our mental resources can be used up over time.
One of the key studies on this phenomenon was conducted in the context of parole hearings (假释听证会).Researchers found that judges were more likely to approve of parole early in the day or after a meal break.As the day progressed and the judges made more decisions,they were increasingly likely to maintain their previous decisions,denying parole simply because it required less mental effort.
Decision fatigue affects not only major life choices but also everyday decisions.For instance,people often report struggling to decide what to eat for dinner after a long day.Similarly,too many choices,such as when people look through streaming platforms or online stores,can leave them feeling confused,leading them to abandon the process entirely or settle for a less satisfying option.
To overcome decision fatigue,some well-known figures have adopted strategies to simplify their daily routines.For example,a celebrity is famous for wearing the same style of gray T-shirts to minimize unnecessary choices.Similarly,Nobel Prize-winning physicist Albert Einstein was known for owning multiple identical suits to avoid wasting energy on deciding what to wear each day.In a different context,author Haruki Murakami has shared that he maintains a strict daily routine,including specific writing hours and exercise,to free up mental capacity for his creative work.
Understanding decision fatigue can help us structure our lives more effectively.Prioritizing important decisions earlier in the day or setting up routines to minimize unnecessary choices are strategies to preserve mental energy.By managing our mental resources wisely,we can make sound decisions and reduce the stress associated with overwhelming choices.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了决策疲劳的形成原因以及应对策略。
12.What leads to decision fatigue according to the text
A.The lack of time to make decisions.
B.The difficulty of making logical choices.
C.The stress from making important decisions.
D.The limited mental energy for decision-making.
13.What does the study on parole hearings reveal
A.Judges are much stricter after long breaks.
B.Decision fatigue can lead to unfair outcomes.
C.Fatigue causes judges to avoid complicated cases.
D.External factors have no impact on decision-making.
14.What does the author suggest readers shopping online do
A.Make quick decisions.
B.Compare different products.
C.Limit the number of choices.
D.Choose the most popular products.
15.What is the purpose of adopting routines
A.To reduce the stress of daily work.
B.To increase decision-making quality.
C.To enhance overall life satisfaction.
D.To create more decision-making chances.
A篇 playwright n.剧作家　legacy n.(历史)遗产　artifact n.手工艺品,人工制品　enthusiast n.热衷者,爱好者　celebrate v.庆祝,庆贺→赞美,颂扬(文章义)　court n.法庭;球场→v.(向……)求爱,追求(文章义:where Shakespeare courted her)　review v.评论→reviewer n.评论家　live performances现场表演
B篇 integrate v.(使)合并,成为一体　autonomy n.自主性,自治权　eventful adj.充满大事的,多事的　promising adj.有希望的,有前途的　consequence n.结果→consequently adv.因此,结果　insignificant adj.不重要的,无足轻重的(in-否定前缀+significant)　AI-powered adj.由人工智能驱动的(合成词:AI+powered)　function n.功能→v.起作用,运转,行使职责(文章义:rely on electricity and software to function)　mass production大规模生产　hold back阻碍,抑制
C篇 disrepair n.失修,破损(状态)(否定前缀dis-+repair)　revitalize v.使复兴,使恢复活力　unoccupied adj.空着的,未被占用的　high-rise adj.高层的n.高楼大厦　dismissive adj.轻视的,鄙视的　hatch v.孵化→策划,(尤指)密谋(文章义:hatched a grand plan)　plant n.植物→工厂(文章义)　go unnoticed未被注意到,被忽视　be underway正在进行中　push the envelope挑战极限,突破常规
D篇 identical adj.完全相同的　overwhelming adj.压倒性的;令人不知所措的　external adj.外部的,外在的　progress n.进步,进展→v.(时间)推移,流逝(文章义:As the day progressed)　structure n.结构→v.精心组织,系统安排(文章义:structure our lives more effectively)　prior adj.先前的,较早的;优先的,较重要的→priority n.优先权→prioritize v.优先处理　in the context of在……的背景下;就……而言　make sound decisions做出明智的决定

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