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第三讲　主旨大意题
　　主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的“司令塔”,它要求考生站在作者的高度,俯瞰全文,把握文章的核心思想与脉络。它考查的不是考生对某个细节的记忆,而是考生穿透文字、洞察全局的宏观概括能力。
考什么——透视主旨题的“命题密码”
1.常见设问方式
(1)标题归纳型:要求为文章选择一个最恰当的标题。如:
Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
(2)文章大意型:直接提问文章的中心思想。如:
What is the main idea of the passage
What is the passage mainly about
(3)段落大意型:直接提问文章某一段落的中心思想。如:
What is the main idea of paragraph 2
2.正确选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
概括性强 能够覆盖全文的核心内容,而非局限于某个细节。
立意精准 准确反映文章或段落的中心论点或说明对象,不偏不倚。
标题醒目 简洁、吸引人、概括性强,能引发读者兴趣。
3.干扰选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
以偏概全 选项内容是文中的某个细节或次要信息,用局部代替了整体。
范围过宽 选项的概括范围超出了文章实际讨论的内容,过于宽泛笼统。
无中生有 选项内容与文章主旨无关,甚至是文章未提及的信息。
主次颠倒 将文章的次要信息或某个例证当作主旨,喧宾夺主。
4.热点考向
文章大意题 记叙文主旨:概括故事的核心情节并提炼其背后蕴含的主题或寓意。 说明文主旨:精准概括说明的对象及其特征/功能/原理。 议论文主旨:清晰提炼作者的核心论点和主要论据。
标题归纳题 在概括性的基础上,更侧重精炼度和吸引力。
段落大意题 精准概括段落的主题、核心观点和主要内容。
5.解题步骤
文章大意和标题归纳题的解题步骤:
怎么考——铸造主旨题的“三大破题利器”
面对不同文体和不同形式的主旨大意题,掌握以下三大核心考向,实现从“只见树木”到“尽览森林”的升华。
考向1　标题归纳题
标题归纳题,顾名思义,就是要求考生为所读文章选择一个最合适的标题。这类题目旨在测试考生是否能够穿透细节的迷雾,准确把握文章的中心思想和作者的核心论点。
[典例]　(2025·全国一卷阅读C) While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years,transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility,especially among young children.Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school,so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these.In their new book Movement:How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives,they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back... Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly... We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through,but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right:it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 31.What can be a suitable title for the text A.Why the Rush B.What’s Next C.Where to Stay D.Who to Blame 自主解答　A [导引] Step 1:定位主旨句 1.核心观点句:...they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.(Para.2) 2.问题本质句:...not just rush through.We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through...(Para.3 & Para.5) Step 2:梳理行文脉络 1.提出问题:城市街道为汽车服务,导致行人的活动空间被严重挤压。(Para.1) 2.分析根源:问题的根源在于城市街道的设计理念——只为让车辆“匆匆穿过”(rush through),而忽视了其作为生活空间的功能。(Paras.2-4) 3.发出呼吁:呼吁我们必须反思(rethink)这种以“速度”和“匆忙”为核心的理念。(Para.5) Step 3:合成主旨,匹配标题 选项A“Why the Rush (为何如此匆忙 )”不仅概括了内容,还传达了作者的态度。 [图解] 1.解题步骤 2.结合好标题的3特点解题 3.排除3种错误选项
考向2　文章大意题
文章大意题要求考生从宏观上把握整篇文章的核心内容。它考查对文章中心思想的提炼能力,选项通常是陈述句形式。做好此类题目的关键在于,整合各段落大意,形成一个全面、精准的整体认知。
[典例]　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C) We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However,most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally,it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital,restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically,it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud,BMF is remotely monitored.Also,there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated,it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil,the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest,users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover,having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition,there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives... 31.What does the text mainly talk about A.BMF’s major strengths. B.BMF’s general management. C.BMF’s global influence. D.BMF’s technical standards. 自主解答　A [导引] Step 1:定位主旨句或串联各段大意 本文没有单一的、统领全文的主旨句,而是采用“总起+分述”的结构。 引出优势:...Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.(Para.1) 便捷优势:...requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply...(Para.2) 技术优势:...significantly reduces the amount of water needed...(Para.3) 环保优势:...zero emissions...no need for pesticides...(Para.4) 理念优势:BMF employees live out sustainability...(Para.5) Step 2:梳理行文脉络 全文结构清晰,围绕核心产品BMF,系统性地、层层递进地展示其在不同方面的优点和长处。 Step 3:合成主旨,匹配选项 本文主要介绍了一种名为BMF的室内微型农场系统,并详细列举了它的一系列主要优点。选项A“BMF’s major strengths.(BMF的主要优点)”完美地对应了文章“逐一介绍优点”的行文脉络。 [图解]
考向3　段落大意题
段落大意题要求考生精准概括特定段落的中心思想。它与文章大意题的解题思路类似,但范围小,只聚焦于一个段落。解题时,专注于该段内部的逻辑关系,找出统领全段的中心句,或通过整合句意来提炼核心内容。
[典例]　(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B) Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack,Tindale says,she was prepared to put him to sleep,but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse,Nappy,“moves more easily and rides more comfortably”after a chiropractic adjustment. 26.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B.The complexity of veterinarians’work. C.Examples of rare animal diseases. D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 自主解答　D [导引] Step 1:定位主旨句或串联句意 该段无单一主旨句,由两个并列的例子构成。 通过列举狗和马两个成功治愈的案例,来证明Farber的holistic medicine的疗效。 Step 2:匹配选项 选项D“The effectiveness of holistic medicine.”是对Farber所用疗法(针灸、脊柱矫正等替代疗法)的恰当归类。该选项完美总结了本段的论证目的,是最佳选项。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
1.(2025·全国二卷阅读C)
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants,she didn’t have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened:She was flooded,shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone.In the past year,Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants.Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,”says Dr.Melinda Knuth,a researcher from the University of Florida.“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,”she says.“Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.”Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol,the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,”says Knuth.“This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults.Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants,don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it.“Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care of it,but if it dies,go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Time to Replace Houseplants
B.Plants Boost Your Mood
C.Tips on Choosing Houseplants
D.Plants Brighten Your Home
本题为标题归纳题。
Step 1:定位主旨句
核心观点句:Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.(Para.2)这句话直接点明了植物对人的核心影响。
总结概括句:If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants...(Para.4)这句话总结了前文论述的各种好处。
Step 2:梳理行文脉络
文章的结构是 “引出现象→科学阐释其益处→鼓励读者参与”,全文的重心在于论证植物对人情绪和健康的积极作用。
Step 3:合成主旨,匹配标题
标题匹配:选项B是最佳选项。
概括性:“Boost Your Mood”精准地抓住了文章论述的核心益处,如change our mood、improve our state of mind、decreasing our level of cortisol等。
独特性:该标题直接、有力地概括了文章的主旨,即植物对人心理层面的积极作用,涵盖了全文最重要的信息。
2.(2022·全国甲卷阅读C)
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica,she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello.These gentle,lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood,Ginni,now 71,has had a deep love for travel.Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer,she toured in the UK,but always longed to explore further.When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest,she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts,Ginni began to travel the world,eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile.And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego,the southernmost tip of the South American mainland.“I just decided I wanted to go,” she says.“I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous.I just wanted to do it.And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008,Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before,to begin the journey towards Antarctica.“From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises,the whole experience was amazing.Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says.“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale;it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us.You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land,to be respected by humans,was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
What is the text mainly about
A.A childhood dream.
B.An unforgettable experience.
C.Sailing around the world.
D.Meeting animals in Antarctica.
本题为文章大意题。
Step 1:定位主旨句或串联各段大意
点题句:...a trip Ginni would never forget.(Para.1)
感受句:...the whole experience was amazing.Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has...(Para.4)
升华句:The realization that this is a precious land...(Para.5)
Step 2:梳理行文脉络
文章以记叙文的形式,讲述了Ginni在退休后独自前往南极洲旅行的个人经历。从旅行的缘起、过程中的见闻,到最终深刻的感悟,全文围绕这次旅行展开。
Step 3:合成主旨,匹配选项
选项匹配:选项B是最佳选项。
概括性:“unforgettable experience”精准概括了文章从开头(never forget)到结尾(amazing、left an impression)所渲染的核心主题。
独特性:该选项涵盖了旅行的见闻、感受和感悟,是对全文主旨最恰当的总结。
3.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D)
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
本题为段落大意题。
Step 1:定位主旨句或串联句意
主旨句 (段首):This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.
Step 2:匹配选项
选项B是最佳选项。
概括性:“underlying logic”精准地概括了段落内容——解释“为什么”和“如何”群体智慧会生效。该选项完美总结了本段的说明目的。
1 词汇积累:sustain /s ste n/ v.维持,使……持续　productivity / pr d k t v ti/ n.生产力,效率 state of mind心态,心境　 beat oneself up过分自责,苛责自己 熟词生义:practice　熟义:练习,实践(动词或名词)　生义:(医生、律师等专业人士的)从业,执业 原文出处:Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.
2 词汇积累:prehistoric / pri h st r k/ adj.史前的　operatic / p r t k/ adj.歌剧的,歌剧般的 take the plunge (尤指经过长时间考虑后)决心做,断然行事 hit home (话语、事实等)使人深切感受到,使人领会 熟词生义:fly the nest　熟义:(鸟)飞离巢穴　生义:(子女)长大成人并搬离父母家独立生活 原文出处:When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest,she decided it was time to take the plunge.
3 词汇积累:underestimate / nd r est me t/ v.低估　　correlate / k r le t/ v.使相互关联 capitalize on利用　cancel out抵消,对消　in technical terms用专业术语来说
强化练3　词义猜测题专练
(限时:25分钟　满分:40分)
A
(2026·长春高三质量检测二)
An alarming phenomenon has sprung up over the past few years:Many students are arriving at college unprepared to read entire books.Many students are overwhelmed at the thought of reading multiple books in a semester.They shut down when they’re faced with ideas they don’t understand.
Why is this happening The attraction of smartphones and social media came up,and it appears that many middle and high schools are teaching fewer full books.But one possible cause that I nod to is a change in values,not ability.The problem does not appear to be that kids these days are incurious or uninterested in reading.Instead,young people might be responding to a cultural message:Books just aren’t that important.
I once spoke with 33 professors at some top universities,who didn’t think their students were lazy.It is not unusual that their students’ schedules are crowded with activities that are less about personal development and more relevant to future employment.“There are too many demands on their time to devote themselves fully to works of literature that might take 20 hours to consume,”said James Shapiro,an English professor at Columbia.
In 1971,37%students said that a core objective of their college years was to become well-off financially.63% said it was to develop a meaningful philosophy of life.By 2015,those numbers had almost reversed (颠倒).Experts and parents alike have emphasized preprofessional courses but downplayed the importance of humanistic study.
However society changes,there is no denying that reading is of significance.If we’ve shifted what we hold in esteem (推崇),it is reasonable that we could,as a society,shift back.The responsibility doesn’t lie only in Generation Z.Everyone who’s upset about the change has a role to play in reversing it.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章指出近几年来出现很多大学生没有准备好阅读整本书的现象,其原因可能包括智能手机和社交媒体的吸引、很多中学和高中教授的整本书的减少以及价值观的变化等。
1.According to the author,what is the cause of the phenomenon
A.Many distractions from digital devices.
B.Inadequate preparations for college life.
C.A misguided belief in reading full books.
D.Disqualifications of secondary school teachers.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But one possible cause that I nod to is a change in values,not ability...Books just aren’t that important.”可知,作者认为,一个可能的原因是价值观的变化,问题似乎并不在于如今的孩子们没有好奇心或者对阅读不感兴趣。相反,年轻人可能是在回应一种文化信息:书籍并不是那么重要。故C项正确。]
2.What can be inferred from James Shapiro’s words
A.Schools should offer time management courses.
B.Students are occupied with their works of literature.
C.Reading literary pieces is beyond students’ available time.
D.Professors believe employment is more related to personal growth.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的“‘There are too many demands...consume,’said James Shapiro”可知,James Shapiro认为学生们的时间被太多事情占据,无法全身心投入到可能需要20个小时来阅读的文学作品中。所以可推测阅读文学作品超出了学生们可利用的时间。故C项正确。]
3.What does the underlined word “downplayed” in paragraph 4 mean
A.Highlighted. B.Underestimated.
C.Recognized. D.Misunderstood.
答案　B　[词义猜测题。根据该词所在句“Experts and parents alike have...the importance of humanistic study.”可知,专家和家长都强调职前课程,but表示转折,所以downplay应该与emphasize意思相反,emphasize是“强调”,所以downplay意思是“贬低”。故B项正确。highlight “突出,强调”;recognize“认可”;misunderstand “误解”。]
4.What is the author’s purpose of writing the last paragraph
A.To restate an opinion.
B.To stir up a debate.
C.To issue an announcement.
D.To put forward a proposal.
答案　D　[写作目的题。根据最后一段可知,作者先强调了阅读的重要性,然后指出如果我们已经改变了我们所推崇的东西,那么作为一个社会,我们也有理由转变回来,并且改变现状的责任不只在于Z世代,每个对这种变化感到不安的人都可以在扭转现状这件事中发挥作用。这表明作者是在呼吁大家共同努力,重视阅读,所以作者写最后一段的目的是提出一个建议。故选D项。]
B
(2026·成都高中毕业班第二次诊断性检测)
A honeybee’s life depends on it successfully harvesting from flowers to make honey.Deciding which flower is most likely to offer nectar (花蜜) is incredibly difficult.In new research published recently,our team reports how bees make these complex decisions.
We challenged bees with a field of artificial flowers,each of which offered a tiny drop of sugar syrup.Different-colored“flowers”varied in their likelihood of offering sugar.We put tiny,harmless paint marks on the back of each bee,and filmed every visit a bee made to the flower array.We then used computer vision and machine learning to automatically draw and study the route on which bees flew through.From this information,we found bees very quickly learned to identify the most rewarding flowers.They quickly assessed whether to accept or reject a flower,but surprisingly they made correct decisions within 0.6 seconds while incorrect decisions took them 1.2 seconds on average.
The results and what we expected are poles apart.Usually in animals,an accurate decision takes longer than an inaccurate decision.This is called the speed-accuracy trade-off,which happens because determining whether a decision is right or wrong usually depends on how much evidence we have to make that decision.More evidence means a more accurate decision,but gathering evidence takes time.So accurate decisions are usually slow and inaccurate decisions are faster.But bees only accepted a flower if,at a glance,they were sure it was rewarding.If they had any uncertainty,they rejected it.They might have missed some rewarding flowers,but they successfully focused their efforts only on the flowers with the best chance and best evidence of providing them with sugar.
The only other animals known to beat the speed-accuracy trade-off are humans and primates.It’s indeed amazing that bees seemed to be breaking this boundary.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。研究发现蜜蜂可以快速识别最有可能提供花蜜的花朵,且其做出正确选择的速度比做出错误选择的速度要快。
5.How did researchers get the result of the experiment
A.By observing bees in the wild.
B.By analyzing bees’ flight paths.
C.By testing bees in different colors.
D.By comparing bees’ food preference.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“We then used computer vision...bees very quickly learned to identify the most rewarding flowers.”可知,研究人员利用计算机视觉和机器学习自动绘制并研究蜜蜂飞行的路线,从这些信息中,研究人员发现蜜蜂能非常迅速地学会识别那些回报最丰厚的花朵。由此可知,研究人员是通过分析蜜蜂的飞行路线得出实验结果的,故选B。]
6.What did the research find about bees
A.They could tell artificial flowers immediately.
B.They performed better in certain colored flowers.
C.They made right choices faster than the wrong ones.
D.They made more correct decisions than other species.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“they made correct decisions...them 1.2 seconds on average”可知,蜜蜂做出正确决定的平均用时为0.6秒,而做出错误决定的平均用时为1.2秒。由此可知,蜜蜂做出正确选择的速度比做出错误选择的速度要快,故选C。]
7.What does the underlined phrase “poles apart” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A.Contrary. B.Reasonable.
C.Essential. D.Confusing.
答案　A　[词义猜测题。第二段尾句讲研究结果表明蜜蜂做出正确决定的速度比做出错误决定的速度要快。第三段的“Usually in animals,an accurate decision takes longer than an inaccurate decision.”讲通常情况下,对动物而言,做出准确决定比做出不准确决定所花费的时间要长。由此可推知,研究结果与人们的预期大相径庭,故画线短语的含义与A项“相反的”意思最为接近。B项“合理的”;C项“极其重要的”;D项“难以理解的”。]
8.Why do bees beat the speed-accuracy trade-off
A.They ignore uncertainties.
B.They gather evidence very fast.
C.They stay on the right track while flying.
D.They adopt a special decision-making mechanism.
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第三段的“This is called the speed-accuracy trade-off...inaccurate decisions are faster.”可知,根据速度一准确性权衡,准确的决定通常比较慢,而不准确的决定则更快。而第三段的“bees only accepted a flower...providing them with sugar”讲蜜蜂只有在一眼就能确定某朵花会有回报时才会接受它,如果它们有任何不确定,它们就会拒绝这朵花;虽然它们可能会错过一些有回报的花朵,但它们成功地将精力只集中在那些最有可能且最有迹象能为它们提供糖分的花朵上。由此可知,蜜蜂采用的决策机制与速度一准确性权衡决策机制不同,故选D。]
C
(2026·长沙新高考适应性考试)
Decades of increasing corn and soya bean production have turned Brazil into an agricultural powerhouse,which also led to the destruction of the Amazon rainforest.That has long put farmers and environmentalists in disagreement.But a study released in October by the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) and Rainforest Foundation Norway (RFN) shows the extent to which deforestation is hurting farmers too.
The report shows that the practice of clear-cutting in the Brazilian Amazon led to reduced crop production,resulting in total economic losses of about $1 billion between 2006 and 2019.The net revenues (收入) for soya beans dropped by 10% over that time,while corn revenues dropped by 20%.Anders Krogh,a specialist forest adviser at RFN,says these findings demonstrate the danger deforestation poses to global food security.
When ancient forests become rolling plains,a delicate balance of water cycle is disturbed.As trees breathe,they turn water into vapour (水蒸气),which goes on to form large,thick rain clouds,and has a cooling effect on the region.This recycling process also influences atmospheric circulation (循环),which plays a key role in temperature regulation in the Amazon basin.The effects are the severest in the most deforested regions.Less rain and hotter days mean smaller harvests and smaller revenues.
Preventing further deforestation in Brazil’s southern Amazon could slow the trend.Plus,reforesting could even change rainfall trends:the report concludes that if the Brazilian state of Pará were to reforest 55,000 km2 of farming land,the rain could come on average five days earlier,and up to 19 in some areas.For now,though,that seems like a tall order.Agricultural firms in Brazil tend to treat such reports and the researchers who produce them with doubt.The term “agri-phobic (农业恐惧)” is often used to describe scientists who criticize the country’s farming practices.At the grassroots level,despite the increasing costs of adapting to drier conditions,Brazilian farmers doubt the claims that lower production results from climate change or deforestation.
Britaldo Soares-Filho,a researcher at UFMG and the report’s lead author,hopes that concentrating on the financial effect of deforestation,rather than abstract modelling,can change farmers’ minds.Sustainable farming practices,he urges,are in the economic interests of agribusiness.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍森林的砍伐打破了水循环的平衡,导致农民收成的减少,重新造林会减少这一影响,但是农民对气候变化或森林砍伐导致产量下降的说法表示怀疑。
9.How does the author develop paragraph 2
A.By listing statistics.
B.By citing a saying.
C.By making an assumption.
D.By introducing a concept.
答案　A　[写作手法题。根据第二段中的“about $ 1 billion between 2006 and 2019”、“soya beans dropped by 10%”和“corn revenues dropped by 20%”可知,该段是通过列举数据来展开的,故选A。A项“通过列出统计数据”;B项“通过引用一句谚语”;C项“通过一个假设”;D项“通过引入一个概念”。]
10.Which is close to the underlined idiom “a tall order” in meaning in paragraph 4
A.A hard nut.
B.A big fish.
C.A helping hand.
D.A red-letter day.
答案　A　[词义猜测题。根据第四段内容可知,阻止巴西南部亚马孙森林的进一步砍伐可能会减缓这一趋势。此外,重新造林甚至可以改变降雨趋势。though表示转折,再根据画线词后一句可知,巴西的农业公司往往对这类报告及其撰写者持怀疑态度。所以可以推测此处是说那看起来像是一个棘手的问题。]
11.What does Britaldo Soares-Filho mean
A.Logging contributes to financial increase.
B.Abstract modelling makes a big difference.
C.Clear-cutting puts global food security in great danger.
D.Farmers should focus on the financial impact of deforestation.
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第五段可知,Britaldo Soares-Filho希望通过关注森林砍伐的经济影响,而不是抽象的建模改变农民的观念。由此可以推断农民应该关注森林砍伐对经济的影响。]
12.What is the best title for the text
A.Deforestation:it boosts revenues
B.Water cycle:it disturbs agriculture
C.Climate change:it worsens rainforest
D.Reforesting:it relieves global warming
答案　A　[标题归纳题。整篇文章都是围绕砍伐森林所带来的一系列影响展开的。砍伐森林导致水循环的微妙平衡被破坏,影响大气环流,而大气环流在亚马孙流域的温度调节中起着关键作用,更少的雨水和更热的天气意味着更少的收成和更少的收入。想要缓解这一结果,需要重新造林,然而巴西农民们对此持怀疑态度。所以文章在讲砍伐森林看似增加了收入但其实带来了更大的危害,故A项“砍伐森林:它增加了收入 ”最能概括本文内容。]
D
(2026·重庆学业质量调研抽测)
If you could work from any location in the world,where would you go Picture filling in a spreadsheet on a sandy Caribbean island,or maybe a little rooftop cafe in Rome where you can sip great coffee while editing a social media video.More and more countries are offering digital nomad (游牧民) visas and therefore the chance to work remotely,from wherever you’d like to.
This trend is growing,with a 2023 report indicating 11% of US workers identifying themselves as digital nomads,a figure projected to rise by over 20 million in five years.Initially,digital nomads were mostly freelancers like social media managers or software developers,but now even traditional professionals like accountants and lawyers are embracing this lifestyle.But what is the life of a digital nomad really like
Rowena Hennigan,who writes for Harvard Business Review,is a digital nomad along with her family.They have a “home base” in Spain but frequently go away for workcations that can last from weeks to months.She says,“Compared to a traditional model of raising children,remote working has allowed my family to move away from that kind of intensity,and this way,we all get to move at a more sustainable and healthy pace.” Plus,her family are regularly exposed to new cultures,languages and natural beauty.
However,it doesn’t work for everyone.Francesca Specter,a writer for The Guardian,decided to country-hop and her “office” included beaches,cafes and coworking spaces.But along with struggling to find reliable wi-fi and fighting terrible loneliness,she wrote that she felt envious as she cooled her overheating laptop in the shade while holidaymakers relaxed by the pool.She said,“I was fighting against dull concerns,such as missing luggage or sleep loss after an overnight flight delay.”
So,it’s not for everyone,but if you ever feel like escaping the rat race,why not give it a go
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了随着越来越多的国家提供数字游民签证,更多人有机会远程工作。文中讲述了数字游民数量的增长,列举了数字游民的生活实例,也提到了这种生活方式存在的问题,最后引发读者思考是否尝试这种生活方式。
13.What is the advantage of being a digital nomad according to the text
A.A higher income.
B.A better work-life balance.
C.A flexible work location.
D.A faster career promotion.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第一段,尤其是“the chance to work remotely,from wherever you’d like to”可知,数字游民可以随时随地远程工作,即工作地点灵活。]
14.Who was probably a digital nomad originally
A.A blogger.
B.A lawyer.
C.An athlete.
D.An accountant.
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第二段的“Initially,digital nomads were mostly freelancers like social media managers or software developers”可知,最初数字游民主要是像社交媒体经理或软件开发人员这样的自由职业者。结合常识可知,博主属于自由职业者。故选A 项。根据第二段的“now even traditional professionals...this lifestyle”可知,会计、律师是后来才加入数字游民行列的。运动员在文中未提及与数字游民相关。]
15.What does the underlined word “workcations” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A.Changing jobs frequently.
B.Working while on vacation.
C.Touring in different countries.
D.Taking breaks between jobs.
答案　B　[词义猜测题。第三段首句说Rowena Hennigan和她家人都是数字游民;再结合画线词所在句的句意可知,他们在西班牙有一个“家”,但经常出去进行为期数周到数月的“workcations”。结合他们是数字游民以及通过构词法知识可推知,画线词的含义应是“在度假时工作”。故选B项。]
16.What is the author’s attitude towards digital nomads
A.Oppositive. B.Supportive.
C.Dismissive. D.Indifferent.
答案　B　[观点态度题。通读全文,尤其是根据第三段和最后一段可知,作者描述了数字游民这种生活方式的好处,并承认这种生活方式不适合所有人,但还是鼓励那些想逃离激烈竞争的人尝试,所以作者对数字游民的态度是支持的。故选B项。A项“反对的”;C项“轻视的”;D项“冷漠的”。]
A篇 overwhelmed adj.不知所措的,难以承受的　humanistic adj.人文主义的　underestimate v.低估(前缀:under-低+estimate)　spring up跳起来→(现象、问题等)突然出现,涌现(文章义:An alarming phenomenon has sprung up)　downplay v.轻描淡写,贬低(合成词:down+play)　curious adj.好奇的,求知欲强的→incurious adj.不好奇的,漫不经心的→curiosity n.好奇心,求知欲　come up (问题、话题)出现,被提及
B篇 array n.一系列,一批　trade-off n.(在矛盾的事物间的)权衡,协调,取舍　boundary n.界限,边界　mechanism n.机制,原理　harvest v.收割(农作物)→(蜜蜂)采集(花蜜等)(文章义:successfully harvesting from flowers)　accurate adj.精确的,准确的;正确无误的→inaccurate adj.不精确的,不准确的,有错误的→accuracy n.准确;准确性,精确度　likelihood of……的可能性　at a glance看一眼(便……)
C篇 clear-cutting n.(森林)皆伐,完全砍伐　revenue n.收入,收益　sustainable adj.可持续的　practice n.练习;实践→惯例,常规做法(文章义:the practice of clear-cutting)　delicate adj.精致的;脆弱的→微妙的,需要小心处理的(文章义:a delicate balance)　destruct v.毁坏→destructive adj.引起破坏的→destructively adv.破坏地;狼狈地→destruction n.摧毁,毁灭,破坏　deforest v.砍伐树林→deforestation n.毁林,滥伐森林,烧林　grassroots level基层
D篇 spreadsheet n.电子表格　freelancer n.自由职业者　workcation n.边工作边度假(合成词:work+vacation) overheating adj.过热的(合成词:over过度+heating)　project n.项目→v.预计,推断(文章义:a figure projected to rise)　remote adj.偏远的;遥远的;远程的→remotely adv.远程地　rely v.依赖,依靠;信任,信赖→reliable adj.可信赖的,可靠的→unreliable adj.不可信赖的,不可靠的　envy v.羡慕,妒忌→envious adj.羡慕的,妒忌的　give it a go尝试一下第三讲　主旨大意题
　　主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的“司令塔”,它要求考生站在作者的高度,俯瞰全文,把握文章的核心思想与脉络。它考查的不是考生对某个细节的记忆,而是考生穿透文字、洞察全局的宏观概括能力。
考什么——透视主旨题的“命题密码”
1.常见设问方式
(1)标题归纳型:要求为文章选择一个最恰当的标题。如:
Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
(2)文章大意型:直接提问文章的中心思想。如:
What is the main idea of the passage
What is the passage mainly about
(3)段落大意型:直接提问文章某一段落的中心思想。如:
What is the main idea of paragraph 2
2.正确选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
概括性强 能够覆盖全文的核心内容,而非局限于某个细节。
立意精准 准确反映文章或段落的中心论点或说明对象,不偏不倚。
标题醒目 简洁、吸引人、概括性强,能引发读者兴趣。
3.干扰选项特征
特征类别 具体描述
以偏概全 选项内容是文中的某个细节或次要信息,用局部代替了整体。
范围过宽 选项的概括范围超出了文章实际讨论的内容,过于宽泛笼统。
无中生有 选项内容与文章主旨无关,甚至是文章未提及的信息。
主次颠倒 将文章的次要信息或某个例证当作主旨,喧宾夺主。
4.热点考向
文章大意题 记叙文主旨:概括故事的核心情节并提炼其背后蕴含的主题或寓意。 说明文主旨:精准概括说明的对象及其特征/功能/原理。 议论文主旨:清晰提炼作者的核心论点和主要论据。
标题归纳题 在概括性的基础上,更侧重精炼度和吸引力。
段落大意题 精准概括段落的主题、核心观点和主要内容。
5.解题步骤
文章大意和标题归纳题的解题步骤:
怎么考——铸造主旨题的“三大破题利器”
面对不同文体和不同形式的主旨大意题,掌握以下三大核心考向,实现从“只见树木”到“尽览森林”的升华。
考向1　标题归纳题
标题归纳题,顾名思义,就是要求考生为所读文章选择一个最合适的标题。这类题目旨在测试考生是否能够穿透细节的迷雾,准确把握文章的中心思想和作者的核心论点。
[典例]　(2025·全国一卷阅读C) While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years,transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility,especially among young children.Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school,so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these.In their new book Movement:How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives,they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back... Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly... We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through,but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right:it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 31.What can be a suitable title for the text A.Why the Rush B.What’s Next C.Where to Stay D.Who to Blame [导引] Step 1:定位主旨句 1.核心观点句:...they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.(Para.2) 2.问题本质句:...not just rush through.We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through...(Para.3 & Para.5) Step 2:梳理行文脉络 1.提出问题:城市街道为汽车服务,导致行人的活动空间被严重挤压。(Para.1) 2.分析根源:问题的根源在于城市街道的设计理念——只为让车辆“匆匆穿过”(rush through),而忽视了其作为生活空间的功能。(Paras.2-4) 3.发出呼吁:呼吁我们必须反思(rethink)这种以“速度”和“匆忙”为核心的理念。(Para.5) Step 3:合成主旨,匹配标题 选项A“Why the Rush (为何如此匆忙 )”不仅概括了内容,还传达了作者的态度。 [图解] 1.解题步骤 2.结合好标题的3特点解题 3.排除3种错误选项
考向2　文章大意题
文章大意题要求考生从宏观上把握整篇文章的核心内容。它考查对文章中心思想的提炼能力,选项通常是陈述句形式。做好此类题目的关键在于,整合各段落大意,形成一个全面、精准的整体认知。
[典例]　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C) We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However,most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally,it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital,restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically,it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud,BMF is remotely monitored.Also,there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated,it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil,the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest,users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover,having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition,there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives... 31.What does the text mainly talk about A.BMF’s major strengths. B.BMF’s general management. C.BMF’s global influence. D.BMF’s technical standards. [导引] Step 1:定位主旨句或串联各段大意 本文没有单一的、统领全文的主旨句,而是采用“总起+分述”的结构。 引出优势:...Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.(Para.1) 便捷优势:...requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply...(Para.2) 技术优势:...significantly reduces the amount of water needed...(Para.3) 环保优势:...zero emissions...no need for pesticides...(Para.4) 理念优势:BMF employees live out sustainability...(Para.5) Step 2:梳理行文脉络 全文结构清晰,围绕核心产品BMF,系统性地、层层递进地展示其在不同方面的优点和长处。 Step 3:合成主旨,匹配选项 本文主要介绍了一种名为BMF的室内微型农场系统,并详细列举了它的一系列主要优点。选项A“BMF’s major strengths.(BMF的主要优点)”完美地对应了文章“逐一介绍优点”的行文脉络。 [图解]
考向3　段落大意题
段落大意题要求考生精准概括特定段落的中心思想。它与文章大意题的解题思路类似,但范围小,只聚焦于一个段落。解题时,专注于该段内部的逻辑关系,找出统领全段的中心句,或通过整合句意来提炼核心内容。
[典例]　(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B) Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack,Tindale says,she was prepared to put him to sleep,but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse,Nappy,“moves more easily and rides more comfortably”after a chiropractic adjustment. 26.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B.The complexity of veterinarians’work. C.Examples of rare animal diseases. D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine. [导引] Step 1:定位主旨句或串联句意 该段无单一主旨句,由两个并列的例子构成。 通过列举狗和马两个成功治愈的案例,来证明Farber的holistic medicine的疗效。 Step 2:匹配选项 选项D“The effectiveness of holistic medicine.”是对Farber所用疗法(针灸、脊柱矫正等替代疗法)的恰当归类。该选项完美总结了本段的论证目的,是最佳选项。 [图解]
　运用所学方法解答下列题目
1.(2025·全国二卷阅读C)
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants,she didn’t have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened:She was flooded,shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone.In the past year,Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants.Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,”says Dr.Melinda Knuth,a researcher from the University of Florida.“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,”she says.“Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.”Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol,the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,”says Knuth.“This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults.Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants,don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it.“Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care of it,but if it dies,go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Time to Replace Houseplants
B.Plants Boost Your Mood
C.Tips on Choosing Houseplants
D.Plants Brighten Your Home
本题为标题归纳题。
Step 1:定位主旨句
核心观点句:Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.(Para.2)这句话直接点明了植物对人的核心影响。
总结概括句:If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants...(Para.4)这句话总结了前文论述的各种好处。
Step 2:梳理行文脉络
文章的结构是 “引出现象→科学阐释其益处→鼓励读者参与”,全文的重心在于论证植物对人情绪和健康的积极作用。
Step 3:合成主旨,匹配标题
标题匹配:选项B是最佳选项。
概括性:“Boost Your Mood”精准地抓住了文章论述的核心益处,如change our mood、improve our state of mind、decreasing our level of cortisol等。
独特性:该标题直接、有力地概括了文章的主旨,即植物对人心理层面的积极作用,涵盖了全文最重要的信息。
2.(2022·全国甲卷阅读C)
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica,she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello.These gentle,lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood,Ginni,now 71,has had a deep love for travel.Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer,she toured in the UK,but always longed to explore further.When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest,she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts,Ginni began to travel the world,eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile.And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego,the southernmost tip of the South American mainland.“I just decided I wanted to go,” she says.“I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous.I just wanted to do it.And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008,Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before,to begin the journey towards Antarctica.“From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises,the whole experience was amazing.Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says.“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale;it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us.You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land,to be respected by humans,was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
What is the text mainly about
A.A childhood dream.
B.An unforgettable experience.
C.Sailing around the world.
D.Meeting animals in Antarctica.
本题为文章大意题。
Step 1:定位主旨句或串联各段大意
点题句:...a trip Ginni would never forget.(Para.1)
感受句:...the whole experience was amazing.Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has...(Para.4)
升华句:The realization that this is a precious land...(Para.5)
Step 2:梳理行文脉络
文章以记叙文的形式,讲述了Ginni在退休后独自前往南极洲旅行的个人经历。从旅行的缘起、过程中的见闻,到最终深刻的感悟,全文围绕这次旅行展开。
Step 3:合成主旨,匹配选项
选项匹配:选项B是最佳选项。
概括性:“unforgettable experience”精准概括了文章从开头(never forget)到结尾(amazing、left an impression)所渲染的核心主题。
独特性:该选项涵盖了旅行的见闻、感受和感悟,是对全文主旨最恰当的总结。
3.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D)
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
本题为段落大意题。
Step 1:定位主旨句或串联句意
主旨句 (段首):This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.
Step 2:匹配选项
选项B是最佳选项。
概括性:“underlying logic”精准地概括了段落内容——解释“为什么”和“如何”群体智慧会生效。该选项完美总结了本段的说明目的。
1 词汇积累:sustain /s ste n/ v.维持,使……持续　productivity / pr d k t v ti/ n.生产力,效率 state of mind心态,心境　 beat oneself up过分自责,苛责自己 熟词生义:practice　熟义:练习,实践(动词或名词)　生义:(医生、律师等专业人士的)从业,执业 原文出处:Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.
2 词汇积累:prehistoric / pri h st r k/ adj.史前的　operatic / p r t k/ adj.歌剧的,歌剧般的 take the plunge (尤指经过长时间考虑后)决心做,断然行事 hit home (话语、事实等)使人深切感受到,使人领会 熟词生义:fly the nest　熟义:(鸟)飞离巢穴　生义:(子女)长大成人并搬离父母家独立生活 原文出处:When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest,she decided it was time to take the plunge.
3 词汇积累:underestimate / nd r est me t/ v.低估　　correlate / k r le t/ v.使相互关联 capitalize on利用　cancel out抵消,对消　in technical terms用专业术语来说
强化练3　词义猜测题专练
(限时:25分钟　满分:40分)
A
(2026·长春高三质量检测二)
An alarming phenomenon has sprung up over the past few years:Many students are arriving at college unprepared to read entire books.Many students are overwhelmed at the thought of reading multiple books in a semester.They shut down when they’re faced with ideas they don’t understand.
Why is this happening The attraction of smartphones and social media came up,and it appears that many middle and high schools are teaching fewer full books.But one possible cause that I nod to is a change in values,not ability.The problem does not appear to be that kids these days are incurious or uninterested in reading.Instead,young people might be responding to a cultural message:Books just aren’t that important.
I once spoke with 33 professors at some top universities,who didn’t think their students were lazy.It is not unusual that their students’ schedules are crowded with activities that are less about personal development and more relevant to future employment.“There are too many demands on their time to devote themselves fully to works of literature that might take 20 hours to consume,”said James Shapiro,an English professor at Columbia.
In 1971,37%students said that a core objective of their college years was to become well-off financially.63% said it was to develop a meaningful philosophy of life.By 2015,those numbers had almost reversed (颠倒).Experts and parents alike have emphasized preprofessional courses but downplayed the importance of humanistic study.
However society changes,there is no denying that reading is of significance.If we’ve shifted what we hold in esteem (推崇),it is reasonable that we could,as a society,shift back.The responsibility doesn’t lie only in Generation Z.Everyone who’s upset about the change has a role to play in reversing it.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章指出近几年来出现很多大学生没有准备好阅读整本书的现象,其原因可能包括智能手机和社交媒体的吸引、很多中学和高中教授的整本书的减少以及价值观的变化等。
1.According to the author,what is the cause of the phenomenon
A.Many distractions from digital devices.
B.Inadequate preparations for college life.
C.A misguided belief in reading full books.
D.Disqualifications of secondary school teachers.
2.What can be inferred from James Shapiro’s words
A.Schools should offer time management courses.
B.Students are occupied with their works of literature.
C.Reading literary pieces is beyond students’ available time.
D.Professors believe employment is more related to personal growth.
3.What does the underlined word “downplayed” in paragraph 4 mean
A.Highlighted. B.Underestimated.
C.Recognized. D.Misunderstood.
4.What is the author’s purpose of writing the last paragraph
A.To restate an opinion.
B.To stir up a debate.
C.To issue an announcement.
D.To put forward a proposal.
B
(2026·成都高中毕业班第二次诊断性检测)
A honeybee’s life depends on it successfully harvesting from flowers to make honey.Deciding which flower is most likely to offer nectar (花蜜) is incredibly difficult.In new research published recently,our team reports how bees make these complex decisions.
We challenged bees with a field of artificial flowers,each of which offered a tiny drop of sugar syrup.Different-colored“flowers”varied in their likelihood of offering sugar.We put tiny,harmless paint marks on the back of each bee,and filmed every visit a bee made to the flower array.We then used computer vision and machine learning to automatically draw and study the route on which bees flew through.From this information,we found bees very quickly learned to identify the most rewarding flowers.They quickly assessed whether to accept or reject a flower,but surprisingly they made correct decisions within 0.6 seconds while incorrect decisions took them 1.2 seconds on average.
The results and what we expected are poles apart.Usually in animals,an accurate decision takes longer than an inaccurate decision.This is called the speed-accuracy trade-off,which happens because determining whether a decision is right or wrong usually depends on how much evidence we have to make that decision.More evidence means a more accurate decision,but gathering evidence takes time.So accurate decisions are usually slow and inaccurate decisions are faster.But bees only accepted a flower if,at a glance,they were sure it was rewarding.If they had any uncertainty,they rejected it.They might have missed some rewarding flowers,but they successfully focused their efforts only on the flowers with the best chance and best evidence of providing them with sugar.
The only other animals known to beat the speed-accuracy trade-off are humans and primates.It’s indeed amazing that bees seemed to be breaking this boundary.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。研究发现蜜蜂可以快速识别最有可能提供花蜜的花朵,且其做出正确选择的速度比做出错误选择的速度要快。
5.How did researchers get the result of the experiment
A.By observing bees in the wild.
B.By analyzing bees’ flight paths.
C.By testing bees in different colors.
D.By comparing bees’ food preference.
6.What did the research find about bees
A.They could tell artificial flowers immediately.
B.They performed better in certain colored flowers.
C.They made right choices faster than the wrong ones.
D.They made more correct decisions than other species.
7.What does the underlined phrase “poles apart” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A.Contrary. B.Reasonable.
C.Essential. D.Confusing.
8.Why do bees beat the speed-accuracy trade-off
A.They ignore uncertainties.
B.They gather evidence very fast.
C.They stay on the right track while flying.
D.They adopt a special decision-making mechanism.
C
(2026·长沙新高考适应性考试)
Decades of increasing corn and soya bean production have turned Brazil into an agricultural powerhouse,which also led to the destruction of the Amazon rainforest.That has long put farmers and environmentalists in disagreement.But a study released in October by the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) and Rainforest Foundation Norway (RFN) shows the extent to which deforestation is hurting farmers too.
The report shows that the practice of clear-cutting in the Brazilian Amazon led to reduced crop production,resulting in total economic losses of about $1 billion between 2006 and 2019.The net revenues (收入) for soya beans dropped by 10% over that time,while corn revenues dropped by 20%.Anders Krogh,a specialist forest adviser at RFN,says these findings demonstrate the danger deforestation poses to global food security.
When ancient forests become rolling plains,a delicate balance of water cycle is disturbed.As trees breathe,they turn water into vapour (水蒸气),which goes on to form large,thick rain clouds,and has a cooling effect on the region.This recycling process also influences atmospheric circulation (循环),which plays a key role in temperature regulation in the Amazon basin.The effects are the severest in the most deforested regions.Less rain and hotter days mean smaller harvests and smaller revenues.
Preventing further deforestation in Brazil’s southern Amazon could slow the trend.Plus,reforesting could even change rainfall trends:the report concludes that if the Brazilian state of Pará were to reforest 55,000 km2 of farming land,the rain could come on average five days earlier,and up to 19 in some areas.For now,though,that seems like a tall order.Agricultural firms in Brazil tend to treat such reports and the researchers who produce them with doubt.The term “agri-phobic (农业恐惧)” is often used to describe scientists who criticize the country’s farming practices.At the grassroots level,despite the increasing costs of adapting to drier conditions,Brazilian farmers doubt the claims that lower production results from climate change or deforestation.
Britaldo Soares-Filho,a researcher at UFMG and the report’s lead author,hopes that concentrating on the financial effect of deforestation,rather than abstract modelling,can change farmers’ minds.Sustainable farming practices,he urges,are in the economic interests of agribusiness.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍森林的砍伐打破了水循环的平衡,导致农民收成的减少,重新造林会减少这一影响,但是农民对气候变化或森林砍伐导致产量下降的说法表示怀疑。
9.How does the author develop paragraph 2
A.By listing statistics.
B.By citing a saying.
C.By making an assumption.
D.By introducing a concept.
10.Which is close to the underlined idiom “a tall order” in meaning in paragraph 4
A.A hard nut.
B.A big fish.
C.A helping hand.
D.A red-letter day.
11.What does Britaldo Soares-Filho mean
A.Logging contributes to financial increase.
B.Abstract modelling makes a big difference.
C.Clear-cutting puts global food security in great danger.
D.Farmers should focus on the financial impact of deforestation.
12.What is the best title for the text
A.Deforestation:it boosts revenues
B.Water cycle:it disturbs agriculture
C.Climate change:it worsens rainforest
D.Reforesting:it relieves global warming
D
(2026·重庆学业质量调研抽测)
If you could work from any location in the world,where would you go Picture filling in a spreadsheet on a sandy Caribbean island,or maybe a little rooftop cafe in Rome where you can sip great coffee while editing a social media video.More and more countries are offering digital nomad (游牧民) visas and therefore the chance to work remotely,from wherever you’d like to.
This trend is growing,with a 2023 report indicating 11% of US workers identifying themselves as digital nomads,a figure projected to rise by over 20 million in five years.Initially,digital nomads were mostly freelancers like social media managers or software developers,but now even traditional professionals like accountants and lawyers are embracing this lifestyle.But what is the life of a digital nomad really like
Rowena Hennigan,who writes for Harvard Business Review,is a digital nomad along with her family.They have a “home base” in Spain but frequently go away for workcations that can last from weeks to months.She says,“Compared to a traditional model of raising children,remote working has allowed my family to move away from that kind of intensity,and this way,we all get to move at a more sustainable and healthy pace.” Plus,her family are regularly exposed to new cultures,languages and natural beauty.
However,it doesn’t work for everyone.Francesca Specter,a writer for The Guardian,decided to country-hop and her “office” included beaches,cafes and coworking spaces.But along with struggling to find reliable wi-fi and fighting terrible loneliness,she wrote that she felt envious as she cooled her overheating laptop in the shade while holidaymakers relaxed by the pool.She said,“I was fighting against dull concerns,such as missing luggage or sleep loss after an overnight flight delay.”
So,it’s not for everyone,but if you ever feel like escaping the rat race,why not give it a go
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了随着越来越多的国家提供数字游民签证,更多人有机会远程工作。文中讲述了数字游民数量的增长,列举了数字游民的生活实例,也提到了这种生活方式存在的问题,最后引发读者思考是否尝试这种生活方式。
13.What is the advantage of being a digital nomad according to the text
A.A higher income.
B.A better work-life balance.
C.A flexible work location.
D.A faster career promotion.
14.Who was probably a digital nomad originally
A.A blogger.
B.A lawyer.
C.An athlete.
D.An accountant.
15.What does the underlined word “workcations” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A.Changing jobs frequently.
B.Working while on vacation.
C.Touring in different countries.
D.Taking breaks between jobs.
16.What is the author’s attitude towards digital nomads
A.Oppositive. B.Supportive.
C.Dismissive. D.Indifferent.
A篇 overwhelmed adj.不知所措的,难以承受的　humanistic adj.人文主义的　underestimate v.低估(前缀:under-低+estimate)　spring up跳起来→(现象、问题等)突然出现,涌现(文章义:An alarming phenomenon has sprung up)　downplay v.轻描淡写,贬低(合成词:down+play)　curious adj.好奇的,求知欲强的→incurious adj.不好奇的,漫不经心的→curiosity n.好奇心,求知欲　come up (问题、话题)出现,被提及
B篇 array n.一系列,一批　trade-off n.(在矛盾的事物间的)权衡,协调,取舍　boundary n.界限,边界　mechanism n.机制,原理　harvest v.收割(农作物)→(蜜蜂)采集(花蜜等)(文章义:successfully harvesting from flowers)　accurate adj.精确的,准确的;正确无误的→inaccurate adj.不精确的,不准确的,有错误的→accuracy n.准确;准确性,精确度　likelihood of……的可能性　at a glance看一眼(便……)
C篇 clear-cutting n.(森林)皆伐,完全砍伐　revenue n.收入,收益　sustainable adj.可持续的　practice n.练习;实践→惯例,常规做法(文章义:the practice of clear-cutting)　delicate adj.精致的;脆弱的→微妙的,需要小心处理的(文章义:a delicate balance)　destruct v.毁坏→destructive adj.引起破坏的→destructively adv.破坏地;狼狈地→destruction n.摧毁,毁灭,破坏　deforest v.砍伐树林→deforestation n.毁林,滥伐森林,烧林　grassroots level基层
D篇 spreadsheet n.电子表格　freelancer n.自由职业者　workcation n.边工作边度假(合成词:work+vacation) overheating adj.过热的(合成词:over过度+heating)　project n.项目→v.预计,推断(文章义:a figure projected to rise)　remote adj.偏远的;遥远的;远程的→remotely adv.远程地　rely v.依赖,依靠;信任,信赖→reliable adj.可信赖的,可靠的→unreliable adj.不可信赖的,不可靠的　envy v.羡慕,妒忌→envious adj.羡慕的,妒忌的　give it a go尝试一下

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