资源简介

(共22张PPT)
独立主格结构
1
主语+非谓语形式
2
主语+形容/副/名/介短
3
With/Without复合结构
4
There/It being 结构
Contents
一、Defenition
在英语中，常把复杂句子简单化，比如把从句改为非谓语形式，让我们从非谓语结构开始演算：
eg. 1). When she heard the news, she burst into tears.
Hearing the news, she burst into tears.
去掉引导词；
从句和主句主语一致，可去掉；
从句主语和heard之间为主动关系，变为现在分词形式。被动变为过去分词形式。
2). Because she was invited by David, she burst into tears.
Invited by David, she burst into tears.
1). Because David invited her, Jenny felt very happy.
David inviting her, Jenny felt very happy.
去掉引导词；
从句和主句主语不一致，要保留；
从句主语David和invite之间为主动关系，变为现在分词形式。
the party venue和decorate是被动，变为过去分词
2). Because the party venue is decorated by David, she decided to attend.
The party venue decorated by David, she decided to attend.
独立主格结构是一个由“名词/代词+非谓语动词/形容词/副词/介词短语等”构成的特殊结构。它在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状况
独立：它拥有自己的逻辑主语（即结构开头的名词或代词），这个主语与句子的主语不同。因此，它在结构上不依附于主句的主语，是“独立”的
主格：这个逻辑主语采用的是主格形式（如果是代词，则用I，he，she，they等主格，而不用me，him，her，th等宾格）
独立主格=自带主语的状语
eg: The ceremony over, we went home directly.
eg: He being absent, the meeting had to be postponed.
Summary:
名词或代词
三、 There/lt being+名词/代词结构
二、独立主格结构的基本形式
1. 非谓语动词（doing/done/to do）★
2. 形容词/副词/名词/介词短语
一、
二、
With/without 引出的独立主格结构
1. If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.→______________________________, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
2. As an important lecture will be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. →______________________________________________________, the professor has to stay up late into the night.3.He was lying on the grass, and his hands were crossed under his head.
→He was lying on the grass,__________________________________________.
Weather permitting
An important lecture to be given tomorrow
his hands crossed under his head
1. 独立主语+非谓语
名词/代词+现在分词（-ing），表示主动或动作正在进行
名词/代词+过去分词（-ed），表示被动或完成的时态
名词/代词+不定式（to do），表将来或目的
1. 独立主格+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语
由 “主谓结构” 简化而来的，核心为逻辑主语+being+表语结构中省略了being，
1. 独立主语 + 形容词（由 “主语 + be + 形容词” 演变而来）
Because the door was open, a cool wind blew into the room.(门开着，一阵凉风吹进了房间。)
演变逻辑：原句中 “be 动词” 省略，直接用形容词作状语，描述独立主语的状态。
He stood there, and his face was pale with cold. （他站在那里，脸冻得苍白。）
The door open, a cool wind blew into the room.
He stood there, his face pale with cold.
2. 独立主语 + 副词（由 “主语 + be + 形容词” 演变而来）
The lights off, we couldn’t see anything in the room.
1）. The lights were off, so we couldn’t see anything in the room.（灯灭了，我们在房间里什么也看不见。）
2). The meeting was over, and everyone rushed to the cafeteria.（会议结束了，所有人都冲向食堂。）
The meeting over, everyone rushed to the cafeteria.
演变逻辑：原句中 “be 动词” 省略，直接用副词作状语，描述独立主语的状态，以小品词为主：on,over,out,off,up,down等
1).A girl was with a red hat. She walked along the street. （一个戴红帽子的女孩，沿着街道走着。）
3. 独立主语 + 介词短语（由 “主语 + be + 介词短语” 演变而来,提供背景或伴随信息）
省略 be 动词，用介词短语表示独立主语的位置、伴随或所属关系。避免两个独立主谓句直接用逗号连接的语法错误。
2).（The teacher came in. A book was in his hand. 老师进来了，手里拿着一本书。）
A girl with a red hat, she walked along the street.
The teacher came in, a book in his hand.
1) I received many gifts, many of them (being) books.
2) His first shot (being) failure, he fired again.
3) Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
4. 独立主语 + 名词（由 “主语 + be + 介词短语” 演变而来，表身份、类别或等同关系）
演变逻辑：省略 be 动词，用名词直接说明独立主语的身份、性质或状态。避免两个独立主谓句直接用逗号连接的语法错误。
1. Many people come to the park,and most of them are students.
=Many people come to the park, most of them (being)students.
2. Computers are very small, but we can use them widely
=Computers(being)very small, we can use them widely.
3. The lights are off, so we could not go on with the work.
=The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
4. A girl came in, and a book was in her hand
=A girl came in, book in hand
1.当独立主格原句为主系表结构，being可省略(看前两句)
2.表示方式的独立主格结构中，使句子简洁，往往省略独立主格中的冠词和代词(看最后一句)
主语+名词
主语+形容词
主语+副词
主语+介词短语
Summary:
三、练习
The problem ______ (solve), we went home happily.
Time ______ (permit), we will have a picnic this weekend.
He stood there, his eyes ______ (look) at the distant mountain.
With so much work ______ (finish), she had no time to rest.
The meeting ______ (start) soon, everyone hurried to the hall.
Her homework ______ (do), the little girl began to watch TV.
The teacher came in, a book ______ (hold) in his hand.
There being no bus, we decided ______ (walk) to the station.
solved（问题被解决，用 done 表被动）
permitting（时间允许，主动关系，用 doing）
looking（眼睛主动看，用 doing，逻辑主语 eyes 与 look 主谓关系）
to finish（工作待完成，用 to do 表将来）
to start（会议即将开始，用 to do 表将来）
done（作业被完成，用 done）
held（书被拿在手里，用 done）
to walk（decide 后接 to do，独立主格为原因状语）
二、翻译句子（要求使用独立主格+非谓语结构）
9. 作业做完了，他开始看电视。
→ ________________________________________________
10. 天气允许的话，我们明天去爬山。
→ ________________________________________________
11. 许多项目要完成，他每天都很忙。
→ ________________________________________________
Many projects to be completed, he is busy every day.
His homework done, he started to watch TV.
Weather permitting, we will go climbing tomorrow.
with/without 复合结构引出的独立主格结构
with复合结构
with复合结构由“with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”构成。宾语可以是名词或代词，而宾语补足语可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、不定式等。
基本形式1:
, 主语 +谓语动词
With+宾语 +非谓语动词
基本形式2:
, 主语 +谓语动词
With+宾语 +adj./adv./介词短语
1、with 通常表示“具有，伴随，因为，由于”等
结构:With+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词短语
With the lights on, the room looked very bright.
因为灯开着，房间看起来很亮。
With her hair flying in the wind, she ran along the street.
她的头发在风中飞扬，她沿着街道跑。
2、without 表示缺乏某物或某种情况
结构:Without+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词短语Without a word spoken, she left the room in a hurry.一句话没说，她匆匆离开了房间。
Without his help, I couldn't have finished the task on time.
没有他的帮助，我不可能按时完成任务。
_______ his homework _______, he had to stay at home.
A. With; unfinished B. Without; finishing C. With; finishing D. Without; to finish
2. She walked out of the house, _______ her baby _______ in her arms.
A. with; carry B. without; carried C. with; carried D. without; carrying
3. _______ no one _______ him, he felt lonely.
A. With; to help B. Without; helping C. With; helping D. Without; to help
一、填空题（用适当形式填空）
With the problem _______ (solve), we all felt relaxed.
He left the room with the light _______ (burn).
Without anyone _______ (notice), he slipped through the window.
She stood there with her eyes _______ (fix) on the painting.
The teacher came in with a book _______ (hold) in his hand.
Without time _______ (waste), we must start the project at once.
They sat in silence, with the fire _______ (die) down slowly.
With too much work (do), I was so anxious.
二、选择题
dying
solved
burning
noticing
fixed
held
wasted
A
C
B
to do
There/it being
There being a heavy rain, the football match was canceled.
因为下大雨，足球比赛取消了。
There being no taxis, we had to take the subway.
因为没有出租车，我们不得不坐地铁。
It being Sunday, the shops were all closed.
因为是星期天，商店都关门了。
It being very cold, we stayed at home.
因为天气很冷，我们待在家里。
There being、It being 结构中的there和it可以看作是形式主语，因此there/it和be是主动关系，be变成being，成为独立主格结构。(being一般不能省略)
练习：
1.______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being
C. Because there being D. There were
B
2.The murder was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
D
3.______ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment.
A. Since B. For C. As D. With
D
4. He lay on the grass, with his eyes ______ up at the sky.
A. looking B. looked C. to look D. look
A

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