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(共33张PPT)
全国1卷 阅读理解
长难句
2023全国1卷B
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
插入语
翻译：
当John Todd还是个孩子时，他喜欢探索家周围的树林，观察大自然如何解决问题。例如，一条浑浊的小溪流经植物和微小生物栖息的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，John 开始思考是否可以利用这个过程来清理人类制造的污染。
在大学攻读农业、医学和渔业专业后，John 重新开始观察自然并提出问题：为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类能吞噬致癌化学物质？他设想，若能正确组合动植物，或许就能像大自然那样净化废物。于是他决定建造后来被称为"生态机器"的装置。
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
C
...After a few weeks, John added the sludge（污泥）.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it!
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
...After a few weeks, John added the sludge（污泥）.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it!
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
翻译：
几周后，John添加了污泥。
他被结果惊呆了。生态机器里的植物和动物把污泥当作食物，开始吃起来！
D
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans.
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans.
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
翻译：多年来，John承担了许多重要的工作。他开发了一个温室——一种处理South Burlington1600户家庭污水的设施。他还设计了一台生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水。
同位语
B
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
7. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
7. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
翻译：“生态设计”是约翰给自己的工作起的名字。“地球上的生命就像是发明家的零件盒，”他说，“你把生物放在新的关系中，观察发生的事情。然后你让这些新系统发展出自己的自我修复方式。”
名词 +姓名+谓语 （省略that的定语从句）
A
2024全国1卷C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
翻译：这本书的目标是阐述数字极简主义的理念，包括对它要求和为什么有效进行详细探索，然后教你如何采用这种哲学，如果你认为它适合你。
B
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up.B. Add-on.C. Check-in.D. Take-over.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
翻译：
第一部分以介绍我建议的方法来采用这种哲学作为结尾：数字断舍离。这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。
A
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
翻译：在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导你如何进行自己的数字整理。为此，我将引用2018年的一项实验，在该实验中，超过1,600人同意进行数字整理。你将听到这些参与者的经历，了解哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到的陷阱，这些都是你应该避免的。
名词 +代词+谓语 （省略that的定语从句）
C
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
翻译：你可以把这些做法看作是一个工具箱，旨在帮助你努力建立一种适合你特定情况的极简主义生活方式。
A
2024全国1卷D
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
翻译：这种效应利用了这样一个事实：当人们犯错时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人倾向于高估，而有些人则倾向于低估。当这些错误足够多地汇总在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而得出更准确的估计。如果人们相似且倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误就不会相互抵消。用更技术性的术语来说，群体智慧要求人们的估计应该是独立的。如果由于某种原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性将会下降。
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
B
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
翻译：但由Joaquin Navajas领导的一项新研究为这一经典现象提供了一个有趣的转折。该研究的关键发现是，当人群进一步分成更小的小组并允许他们进行讨论时，这些小组的平均结果比相同数量的独立个体更为准确。例如，四个五人小组的估计平均值显著高于二十个独立个体的平均值。
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
D
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
翻译：在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。
C
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
翻译：尽管Navajas领导的研究存在局限性，仍有许多问题有待解决，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。
D

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