资源简介

(共59张PPT)
定语和定语从句
定语从句
的构成与分类
定语从句
关系词分类
定语从句关系词的选择
01
02
03
定语从句
04
什么是定语从句？
1.什么是定语？
就是修饰___________的成分。
为了便于理解，我们说“什么什么的东西，什么的就是定语”。
找出下列句子的定语：
①他的妻子是一个爱慕虚荣的女人。
②桌子上的水杯是绿色的。
名词(短语)
爱慕虚荣的
桌子上的
2.什么是定语从句
定语从句是指一个句子跟在一个名词或代词后进行修饰限定，这个句子就叫定语从句。
例如： 那个戴眼镜的男生是我的朋友。
“戴眼镜的”修饰“男生”，相当于定语从句。
主句：
从句：
eg:The boy who wears glasses is my friend.
The boy is my friend.
who wears glasses 插入到被修饰的名词（boy）后
3.定语从句的构成
先行词[名词(短语)]+ 关系词+分句
例：The boy who wears glasses is my friend.
【语法分析】
先行词:
关系词:
分句:
The boy 即定语从句所要修饰的名词
who
wears glasses
4.定语从句的分类
限制性定语从句：对先行词进行必要的限制或区分，如果去掉定语从句，主句意思就不完整或不明确。
非限制性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，它不是主句的必要组成部分，即使去掉定语从句，主句的意思仍然完整。
The book that is on the table belongs to me.
My sister, who lives in New York , is a doctor.
考点一　关系代词
1．定语从句的基本概念和引导词
(1)功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语
(2)位置：置于被修饰词(先行词)后
关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
关系副词 when, where, why
5.定语从句关系词的分类
2.关系代词引导的定语从句
(1)基本方法：先看从句是否缺少主语或宾语；然后再看先行词
先行词 成分 关系代词
指人 主 who, that
宾 whom, who, that (可省)
指物 主 which, that
宾 which, that (可省)
①A plane is a machine that/which can fly.
飞机是能飞行的机器。
②This is the model plane (that/which) we made last week.
这就是我们上周制作的飞机模型。
③A friend is someone (that/who) makes me happy.
朋友是让我感到快乐的人。
(2)关系代词whose的用法
①whose既可以指人，也可以指物 ②“whose＋名词”引导定语从句修饰物/人时，可换成“the＋名词＋of which/whom”或“of which/whom＋the＋名词” 我们在一个窗户朝南的大教室里学习。
We study in a big classroom whose windows face south.
＝We study in a big classroom the windows of which face south.
＝We study in a big classroom of which the windows face south.
(3)关系代词as的用法
①先行词既可指人也可指物 ②在从句中作主语或宾语 ③先行词前有such或the same修饰 ①This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢的那块表一样。
②This is such an interesting book as everyone wants to read.这是一本如此有趣、每个人都想读的书。
3.只用that不用which的情况
①当先行词是不定代词all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none, some等时 ②当先行词被the only, the very, the last, all, few, just等词修饰时 ③当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时 ④当先行词是序数词或先行词前面有序数词修饰时 ⑤当先行词既有人又有物时 ⑥当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时 ①All the books that you need are here.你所需要的书都在这里。
②This is the very book that I am looking for.这正是我在找的书。
③This is the best movie that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好看的电影。
④It is the first step that costs troublesome.万事开头难。
⑤He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。
⑥Who is the man that is standing there 站在那的男人是谁？
4.遇到以下情况只能用who，不能用that。
1. 当先行词是one，ones，anyone，those时，只能用who
God helps those who help themselves.
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
Those who have any difficulties with pronunciation should practice.
2. 当先行词是人称代词时，只能用who
1. The girl ______ is wearing a red dress is my sister.
A. who B. which C. whose D. where
2. This is the book ______ I borrowed from the library.
A. who B. which C. whose D. when
3. The boy ______ bike was stolen cried sadly.
A. who B. which C. whose D. that
4. I don’t like movies ______ have scary scenes.
A. who B. which C. whose D. where
一、单项选择
A
B
C
B
5. The dog ______ is running in the garden belongs to my neighbor.
A. who B. which C. whose D. where
6. The teacher ______ teaches us English is very kind.
A. who B. which C. whose D. where
7. The house ______ windows are broken needs repair.
A. who B. which C. whose D. where
8. The cake ______ she made yesterday tasted delicious.
A. who B. which C. whose D. where
一、单项选择
B
A
C
B
二、单句语法填空
1. The man __________ you met at the party is a famous writer.
2. The phone __________ is on the table belongs to me.
3. The girl __________ mother is a doctor won the prize.
4. The movie __________ we watched last night was boring.
5. The students __________ study hard will pass the exam.
6. The dog __________ tail is short is very cute.
who/whom/that
that/which
whose
that/which
who/that
whose
三、翻译句子
1.那个戴眼镜的男孩是我的同桌。
2.这是我昨天在书店买的书。
3.妈妈是医生的那个学生成绩很好。
4.你刚才提到的电影很有趣。
The boy who/that wears glasses is my deskmate.
This is the book which/that I bought in the bookstore yesterday.
The student whose mother is a doctor gets good grades.
The movie that/which you mentioned just now is very interesting.
1．(2024·浙江高考1月)Of course, shops are not charities—they price goods in the way ________ will make them the most money.
答案： that/which　句意：当然，商店不是慈善机构——他们以最赚钱的方式给商品定价。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词way，指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which。故填that/which。
答案
3．(2023·浙江高考1月)Finally, Ziyad got close to the hive ________ was around 20 metres above the ground.
答案： which/that　设空处引导定语从句，修饰限定先行词hive，指物，在从句中作主语。故填which/that。
答案
答案
6．(2023·全国乙卷)The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman ________ hair color looked just perfect.
答案： whose　句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，盒子上有一张女人的照片，她的发色看起来非常完美。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是woman，关系词在从句中作hair的定语，表示所属关系，应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
10．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way ________ emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.
答案：which/that　设空处引导定语从句，修饰限定先行词way，指物，在从句中作主语。故填which/that。
答案
考点二　关系副词
1．where引导的定语从句
①where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/... ＋which” ②先行词为表示地点含义的抽象名词，如situation, case, position, point等，且从句缺少状语时，常用where引导定语从句 ①I enjoy my English classes where (＝in which) I can voice my opinions freely.我喜欢英语课，在课上我可以自由发表看法。
②We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.我们只是设法达成共识，让双方能够坐在一起谈谈。
2.when引导的定语从句
when表示时间，在从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during/... ＋which”结构，先行词常为day, week, time等表示时间的名词 ①There was a time when (＝at which) I enjoyed reading.我有一段时间特别喜欢读书。
②I often think fondly of an occasion some years ago when I studied in junior middle school.我时常愉快地想起几年前上初中时的一个时刻。
3.why引导的定语从句
①why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于for which ②先行词必须是reason ③先行词reason如在从句中作主语或宾语，其后的定语从句用that或which引导 ①The reason why (＝for which) he didn't come back on time was that he went to pay a visit to his friends.他没有按时回来的原因是他去拜访了他的朋友。
②The reason that/which caused the accident was unclear.造成事故的原因不清楚。
③The reason that/which he provided did’t convinced me. 他提供的理由没有说服我。
4.the way后的定语从句
①引导词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词which或that引导，作宾语或表语时，引导词可省略 ②若从句缺少方式状语，相当于“用这种方式/方法(＝in this way)”时，用that或in which来引导，引导词也可省略 ①The way (which/that) you suggested yesterday is worth trying.你昨天建议的方法值得一试。(在从句中作宾语)
②I don't like the way (that/in which) you spoke to the teacher.我不喜欢你跟老师说话的方式。(在从句中作状语)
考点三　“介词＋关系代词”
1．关系代词的使用
①先行词指物时，关系代词用which ②先行词指人时，关系代词用whom ①He will forever remember the day on which he was admitted to Peking University.他将永远记得他被北京大学录取的那一天。
②Do you know the person with whom our teacher is shaking hands？你认识正在和我们老师握手的那个人吗？
2.介词的确定
①根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定 ②根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定 ③根据所表达的意思确定 ④在非限制性定语从句中表示“所有关系”或“整体中的一部分”时常用介词of ①In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街道，她找不到人求助。(turn to sb for help向某人求助)
②With keen interest in your company, I am writing to apply for a post of electrical engineer for which, I am sure, my experience and education will make me qualified.本人对贵公司很感兴趣，特致函申请一份机电工程师的工作，我确信我的经验和学历会使我完全胜任这一工作。(be qualified for胜任……)
1. This is the village ______ my grandparents lived for 50 years.
A. which B. where C. that D. why
2. I still remember the day ______ we first met.
A. when B. which C. that D. why
3. The reason ______ he was late was the heavy traffic.
A. why B. which C. that D. where
4. The library is a place ______ you can find all kinds of books.
A. which B. that C. where D. when
5. 1949 was the year ______ the People’s Republic of China was founded.
A. which B. that C. where D. when
一、单项选择
B
A
A
C
D
二、单句语法填空
1. This is the hospital __________ I was born.
2. Do you know the reason ______ she refused the offer
3. I will never forget the moment ______ we won the game.
4. The park ______ we had a picnic last week is closing now.
5. The season ______ flowers bloom is spring.
where
why
when
where
when
答案
4．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks ________ tiny creatures lived.
答案： where　设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词rocks，指物，在从句中作地点状语。故填where。
考点四　非限制性定语从句
1．基本概念和引导词
①功能：可修饰名词，也可修饰整个主句，对它们起补充说明作用 ②特点：用逗号与被修饰的名词或句子隔开 关系代词 which, whom, who, whose, as
关系副词 when, where, why
2.关系代词和关系副词的使用
(1)用来修饰名词的非限制性定语从句
①引导词在任何情况下都不能省略 ②不能用that作引导词 ③除上述两点外，和限制性定语从句的使用方法一样 ①Last week we went to the nearby park, where we had a good time.上周我们去了附近的公园，在那里我们玩得很高兴。
②He is reading a letter, which came from his friend.他正在读一封他朋友寄来的信。
(2)用来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句
①which引导的定语从句，可修饰整个句子 位置：放在主句后面 意义：这一点，这件事 ②as引导的定语从句，可修饰整个句子 位置：主句前、中、后都可以 意义：正如，正像 ①He passed the exam, which made his parents happy.他通过了考试，这使他父母很高兴。
②As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.众所周知，他是我们班里最优秀的学生。
(3)定语从句中的主谓一致
①关系代词在句中作主语，从句谓语动词的单复数与先行词保持一致 ②先行词为“one of＋复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用复数形式；先行词为“the(only/very/right) one of＋复数名词”结构时，从句谓语动词用单数形式 ①This is the suggestion which I think is very valuable.这是我认为非常有价值的建议。
②He is one of the students who are praised by the teacher.他是老师表扬的学生之一。(比较：He is the only one of the students who is praised by the teacher.他是唯一一位受到老师表扬的学生。)
2．(2023·全国甲卷)Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”．
答案： as　句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。
答案
5．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, ________ with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low income schools.
答案： who　设空处引导非限制定语从句，解释说明先行词Abby Jaramillo，指人，在从句中作主语。故填who。
答案
7．(2023·全国甲卷)There was once a town in the heart of America, ________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings.
答案： where　句意：从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词town，在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
答案
8．(2023·全国甲卷)She even played some recordings of their singing, ________ was fun.
答案：which　句意：她甚至播放了一些它们唱歌的录音，这很有趣。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词recordings，在从句中作主语，指物。故填which。
9．(2023·全国乙卷)The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of ________ appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.
答案：whom　句意：加勒比泰诺人、澳大利亚土著人、贝宁非洲人和印加人，都出现在这本书中，现在他们可以通过他们制作的物品最有力地向我们讲述他们过去的成就：通过事物讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。 设空处与前面的all of构成了“代词＋介词＋关系词”结构，引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面提到的四类人，设空处位于介词后，应用whom引导。故填whom。
答案
对比填空：that 、which、when、where、why
1. I will never forget the days _________ we spent together.
I will never forget the days _______ we stayed together.
2. The reason_______ he explained at the meeting was not sound.
The reason _______ he was late was that he missed his train.
3. Keep the book in place__________ you can find it easily.
This is the house ________ was built by my grandfather forty
years ago.
that/which
when
that/which
why
where
that/which
定语从句解题三部曲
1. 分析定语从句，看定语从句缺少什么成分，从而推断出关系词在从句中作什么成分，是作主语、宾语、定语、表语还是状语。（如果定语从句不缺主要成分，就补充先行词对应的状语）
2) 辨别先行词表示的是人、物、事还是时间、地点、原因。
3) 判断此从句是限制性还是非限制性的定语从句。
难点突破
一、试题难点
难点1 关系代词与关系副词的选用
引导定语从句既可以用关系代词也可以用关系副词，只是在定语从句中所作的成分不一样。
难点2 关系副词where的使用场合
where引导定语从句时，在句中作地点状语，但是有时候先行词指的不是具体的地点，而是虚拟的地点。
难点3 “介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时介词的选用。
难点4 指代整个句子时as与which的区别。
二、解题策略
策略1　观察定语从句中的句子成分
(1)缺少主语、宾语时，往往用关系代词，指人用who/that/whom；指物用that/which。
(2)缺少定语时，无论指人还是指物都用whose。
(3)定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语时，往往用关系副词。先行词指时间，用when引导定语从句；先行词指地点，用where引导定语从句；先行词指原因，用why引导定语从句。
策略2　关系副词where的使用场合
首先确定定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语。然后观察先行词，如果先行词不是指代时间和原因，那么可能是虚拟的地点(如：point, case, situation, race, family, class, job, example, atmosphere等)，此时，往往用where引导该定语从句。
策略3　“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时介词的选用
(1)可以根据与定语从句中动词或者形容词的搭配。如：I visited my former teacher for whom I was grateful.我去拜访了我以前的老师，我对他很感激。(be grateful for 对……感激)
(2)可以根据与先行词的逻辑关系来选择。如：The glasses, without which I could see nothing clearly, fell to the ground. 我的眼镜掉地上了，没有眼镜我什么也看不清。
策略4　指代整个句子时as与which的区别
as和which指代整个句子时，有时候可以互换。但是which意为“这一点”，往往暗含事情的结果，只能置于主句后；as意为“正如……那样”，可以置于主句的前面、中间、后面。
对点演练
维度一　单句语法填空
1．(2024·浙江省强基联盟高三仿真模拟)There is a saying among the archaeological circles in China ________ goes, “A page from a book of the Song Dynasty is worth a tael of gold”.
答案：that/which　句意：中国考古界有一句俗语，“一页宋版，一两黄金”。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词saying，指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which。故填that/which。
答案
2．(2023·浙江省高三校联考阶段练习)Initially, he purchased incense production equipment and raw materials while visiting senior incense masters, from ________ he obtained valuable information.
答案：whom　此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词masters，指人，引导词在从句中充当介词from的宾语，应用关系代词 whom。故填whom。
答案
3．(2024·广东省湛江市高三检测)The 150 metre tall bridge crosses a deep, narrow valley, ________ aim is to bring in thrill seeking tourists.
答案：whose　先行词为前面的主句，作定语修饰从句的主语aim，应用关系代词whose表示所属关系。故填whose。
4．(2023·吉林市普通中学高三第四次调研测试)But there is another reason ________ peppers show up on dinner plates around the world.
答案：why　设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词 reason，在从句中作原因状语，应用关系副词 why。故填why。
答案
5．(2024·浙江省名校协作体高三检测)But be sure to carefully evaluate every school ________ has accepted you.
答案：that　设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词every school，指物，从句中缺少主语，且先行词被every修饰，只能用that。故填that。
6．(2024·广东省广州市第三中学高三测试)The core of the concept is “The benevolent love of others” or universal love, ________ is the basic virtue of a gentleman of noble character.
答案：which　设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词love，指物，从句中缺少主语。故填which。
答案
7．(2024·陕西省渭南市大荔县高三一模)And over the past decade, China has added 15 new world heritage sites, six of ________ have been included in the relevant lists of intangible cultural heritage.
答案：which　设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词，指物“15 new world heritage sites”，从句中缺少主语。故填which。
8．(2024·湖南省岳阳市高三检测)Things started to change for Dafen in 2008, ________ the global financial crisis cut down overseas orders.
答案： when/in which　设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为时间2008，在从句中作时间状语。故填when/in which。
答案
9．(2024·广西南宁市高三检测)“A barbecue restaurant owner I know told me to come back on Monday, so as to leave the weekends to out of town visitors，” said Huang Yang, a native of Zibo city in Shandong Province ________ works outside his hometown.
答案： who/that　设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a native，指人，从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词who或that。故填who/that。
答案
10．(2024·四川省成都市高三一诊模拟)Instead, it's just a live event ________ remarkable letters selected from a wide time span and a diverse range of subjects are read.
答案： where　设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词event，在从句中作状语，event为抽象的地点。故填where。
维度二　语法填空
(2024·江苏省徐州市高三模拟测试)Aiming to inspire the people of various countries to learn Chinese, the video series The Imagination of Art was released on Oct. 24.
The project, __1__ (joint) produced by the Center for Language Education and Cooperation __2__ Central Academy of Fine Arts, selects multiple art pieces created by four artists: Wu Jian'an, Kang Lei, Lu Zhengyuan and Zhang Fan.
Under the theme of “Chinese language plus arts”， the series is comprised of two parts, the first part of which contains four episodes, each __3__ (feature) one artist. The second part will see education experts guide Chinese learning from their __4__ (work)．
In the first episode, Wu, one director of Fine Arts Experimental Art School at the academy, __5__ (share) his creation procedure of The Heaven of Nine Levels, __6__ hand carved piece inspired by Shan Hai Jing. The second introduces The Garden of Forking Paths, artist Kang's painting, __7__ title is inspired from Jorge Borges' novel. The work demonstrates Kang's reflection __8__ time, as she paints different sceneries and objects in different places and at different times worldwide __9__ (record) her feelings and experiences.
The other two episodes are respectively about Lu's work Solid Liquid and Zhang's work Tianxin, both of which have a __10__ (power) effect on people learning Chinese.
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5．________
6.________　7.________　8.________　9．________　10.________
篇章导读
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍为了激励各国人们学习汉语，10月24日发行了《艺术的想象》系列视频。
1．jointly　考查词性转换。句意：该项目由中央美术学院语言教育与合作中心联合制作，精选吴建安、康蕾、陆正元、张帆四位艺术家创作的多件艺术作品。此处应用副词作状语修饰动词produced。故填jointly。
2．and　设空处应用and连接两个并列短语Center for Language Education and Cooperation和Central Academy of Fine Arts。故填and。
3．featuring　考查非谓语动词。设空处为非谓语动词，与设空前的each构成独立主格结构，feature与逻辑主语each为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填featuring。
4．works　考查名词。句意：第二部分将见证教育专家从作品中指导汉语学习。此处为名词作宾语，work意为“作品，著作”为可数名词，设空前有their修饰，应用名词复数。故填works。
答案
5．shares　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。此处为谓语动词，句子主语Wu为第三人称单数，且与share为主动关系，根据下文中的谓语动词introduces可知，此处也应用一般现在时。故填shares。
6．a　考查冠词。此处泛指“一件手工雕刻的作品”，应用不定冠词，且hand carved的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
7．whose　考查定语从句的引导词。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词painting，先行词与设空后名词title为所属关系。故填whose。
8．on　考查介词。reflection on “对……的反思/思考”，为固定搭配。故填on。
9．to record　考查非谓语动词。设空处应用动词不定式作目的状语，表示“为了”。故填to record。
10．powerful　考查词性转换。设空处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词effect。故填powerful。
答案
维度三　完成句子
1．(2024·山东省滨州市高三期末考试)瓷器是一种由黏土和高岭土(一种白色黏土)混合制成的陶瓷制品。
→Porcelain is a type of ceramic ______________________________________
and kaolin, a type of white clay.
that/which is made from a mixture of clay
答案
2．(2023·辽宁省沈阳市高三教学质量监测)大运河是世界上最古老、最长的人工水道，有2，500多年的历史，始建于春秋时期。
→The Grand Canal is the oldest and longest man made waterway in the world with a history of more than 2，500 years, ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________．
whose construction started in the Spring and Autumn Period
3．(2024·浙江省名校协作体高三检测)然后一位眼科专家分享了一些关于保持良好的眼部卫生的宝贵建议，之后几位护士帮助我们现场检查眼睛直到下午4点。
→Then an eye specialist shared valuable tips on maintaining good eye hygiene, _____________________________________ to check up our eyes on the spot until 4 pm.
after which several nurses helped
答案
4．(2024·浙江省尖子生高三深研模拟)获胜者的奖品是创新基金，这对于那些需要资金从事技术发明工作的人来说非常有用。
→The prize for the winner is the innovation fund, which is really useful for those ____________________________ to work on technical inventions.
who need money
5．(2024·上海黄浦区高三质量调研)正如她在她的演讲中总结的那样：遗憾不会提醒我们做得不好。
→____________________________________， regret doesn't remind us that we did badly.
As she sums up in her talk
答案

展开更多......

收起↑