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Analyzing the Structure and Logic of Expository Essays
从篇章结构角度解析高考说明文
Lead-in
Those who win the reading comprehension win the world,
and winning the expository essays is winning half the world.
得阅读者得天下,
而说明文就是半个天下。
is a type of essay that seeks to describe or explain a particular subject or topic.
An expository essay
Lead-in
Language
Content
Structure
organized, clear, coherent
description/
explanation
A research
An object
A phenomenon
objective, accurate, logical
Passage 1：2023年新高考I卷D篇
Passage 2：2021年新高考I卷C篇
Passage 3：2024年广东一模D篇
Passage 1 (2023年新高考I卷D篇 )
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate goes down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
③
④
⑤
①
②
Step 1: Number the paragraphs.
Step 2: Skim the passage and identify its content.
Activity 1: To learn and explore
Passage 1 (2023年新高考I卷D篇 )
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate goes down.
①
②
Step 3: Circle the key words and underline the topic sentence paragraph by paragraph.
words related to the topic
repeated words
signal words
a study / social phenomenon: _________________
the ____________ of the effect
(Different errors accuracy)
Step 4: Use brief words to summarize each paragraph.
Passage 1 (2023年新高考I卷D篇 )
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate goes down.
①
②
“Wisdom of crowds” effect
fact / basic logic
Passage 1 (2023年新高考I卷D篇 )
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
③
④
⑤
a new study
(Discussion accuracy）
a follow-up study
(What they did in the discussion.)
evaluation
P1 a study/social phenomenon
P2 the fact/ basic logic
“Wisdom of crowds” effect
Different errors accuracy
P3 a new study
P4 a follow-up study
P5 evaluation
Discussion accuracy
What they did in the discussion.
Limitations but potential
Structure for your reference:
Step 5: Draw the structure.
Now let’s answer some questions with the help of this structure.
32题
33题
34题
35题
Can you locate the paragraph(s) for each question
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small
D. estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
C. The discussion process.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
D. Approving.
Step 3: Circle the key words and underline the topic sentence paragraph by paragraph.
Step 4: Use brief words to summarize each paragraph.
Step 1: Number the paragraphs.
Step 2: Skim the passage and identify its content.
Work in groups of four:
1. Apply the five steps to drawing the structure of passage 2 (2021年新高考I卷C篇).
2. Answer the two questions.
Summary: How to draw the structure
Activity 2: To apply and practice (group work)
Step 5: Draw the structure.
I will invite some students to present their group work.
problem
An act was passed: must purchase a Federal Duck Stamp
Natural resources↓
Waterfowl killed
Habitat reduced
P1
P2
P3
Fund → to purchase habitat
solution
effect
Structure for your reference:
Work on your own:
Try the five steps on passage 3 (2024年广东一模D篇 ).
Answer the question.
Activity 3: To apply and practice (individual work)
I will invite some students to present their structure and ideas.
A research
Raise a question
P1
P2
P3
Research process
P4
Research results
P5
Comment
Where does our ability to learn come from
Interaction/mutual imitation → transfer of knowledge → human development
Recorded — engaged — analyzed
Mutual imitation is the keystone of knowledge transfer.
Human evolution ← cultural learning ← imitation
Structure for your reference:
Self-evaluation
What I have learnt in this lesson: 1. I can identify the key words and analyze the structure of a passage.
2. I can locate the answers with the help of the structure.
3. I can analyze the key information and get the right answers.
What I need to improve:
Read an additional expository essay, map out the structure, and answer the questions.
Try to use what you have learnt to analyze the structure of “七选五” passages.
Homework
Thank you for your attention !

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