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Strategies Based on Discourse Cohesion to Complete the Gap-filling Task
climbing the mountain of gap-filling
What are the barriers on the mountain of gap-filling？
Feedback form the quiz and questionnaire
选项 正确项/人数 最易混淆项/人数
1 /10 A（40）
2 G/45 C（3）
3 /17 F（24）
4 C/48 E（2）
5 D/37 E（10）
连接（转折, 解释）、过渡句
同义复现、指称、过渡句
上下义复现、细节句
连接（递进）、同词复现、
主旨句
指称、反义复现、细节句
忽视词汇之间的上下义关系；
应用语法衔接的能力不足;
忽视上下文的结构衔接。
词汇 衔接 语法 衔接 结构 衔接 同词 同义 上下义 反义 指称 连接 主旨 句 过渡 句 细节 句 小标题
2022 6 7 3 0 5 6 1 2 7 3
2023 3 9 4 1 6 2 2 2 6 1
2024 1 6 5 1 4 2 1 1 3 0
After the class, you will be able to:
1. Have a review about lexical cohesion（词汇衔接），grammatical cohesion（语法衔接）and structural cohesion（结构衔接）.
2. Complete gap-filling tasks （七选五） with three kinds of cohesion.
3. Use three kinds of cohesion to set blanks （设空）for a gap-filling task.
Learning Objectives
39 .
Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships. Although technology might make day-to-day communication possible, extra effort goes a long way on special days. Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends’ birthdays and other important dates will make sure nothing slips by you.
A. Remember important dates
1. Repetition of hyponymy 复现 （2022年全国乙卷）
Strategy 1: Lexical cohesion 词汇衔接
上下义
B. Compensate by writing letters
C. It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper
D. Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
E. Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication
F. It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media
G. You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind
2. Repetition of synonym 同/近义复现
special dates→important dates
3. Repetition of same words同词复现
important dates
read loudly,
underline key words,
choose the answer,
2 min
Eat with others whenever possible. Eating alone, specially in front of the TV or computer, often leads to mindless overeating. And be careful about the foods you keep at hand. It's more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies. (E) Instead, surround yourself with healthy choices.
Strategy 1: Lexical cohesion 词汇衔接
4. Repetition of antonym 复现 （2024全国甲卷）
反义词
grammatical cohesion
D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport
Strategy 2: Grammatical cohesion 语法衔接
1. Conjunction （连接）（2022年新高考1卷)
A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.
B. A workout partner usually needs to live close by.
C. You'll work harder if you train with someone else.
E. How can you write a good "seeking training partner" notice
F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.
G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.
First of all, decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.
语法衔接：常用逻辑连接词
类型 例词
并列/递进
比较
转折
因果
解释
归纳
first/second..., then/next/last..., and, too, also, or, moreover, what's more, in addition, furthermore, not only...but also...
but, however, yet, while, instead, or, otherwise, nevertheless...
because, since, as, for, so, therefore, thus...
for example, for instance, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually...
in short, in brief, in summary, in general, generally speaking, to conclude, in a word...
similarly, like, likewise, in the same way, equally...
At the top of a second page, put the heading “Acts of kindness.” On this one, list all the positive things you’ve done for others. It might be the time when you helped a friend with their homework, when you did the ironing without being asked, or when you baked cookies after the family had had a tiring day. 38 .
E. It doesn’t mean you have to ignore what’s happened or forget it.
F. Whatever it is, no matter how small it might seem, write it down.
Strategy 2: Grammatical cohesion 语法衔接
2. Reference （指称/照应）（2023新高考1卷）
A. A little self-forgiveness also goes a long way.
B. Now list all the characteristics you like about yourself.
C. They might even like to have a go at doing the exercise.
D. It’s just as important to show yourself some forgiveness.
G. Whatever the mistake, remember it isn’t a fixed aspect of your personality.
指称：指称是一种语义关系，通常有三种类型：人称指称、指示指称和比较指称。
(1)人称指称：he, they, it, him, our, theirs等人称或物主代词。
(2)指示指称：this, that, these, those, here, there, now, then等。
(3)比较指称：same, similar, other, different, so, such, equally, more, less等
discourse
cohesion
lexical
cohesion
grammatical cohesion
hyponymy 上下义
synonym 同/近义
same words 同词
antonym 反义
conjunction 连接
reference 指称
structure
Strategy 3: Structural cohesion 结构衔接
一般→特殊(General→Particular)
Strategy 3: Structural cohesion（以说明文为例）
问题→对策(Problem→Solution)
1. 提出问题
(problem)
2. 分述解决方法
(solution)
3.评价/结果
(evaluation/result)
1. 概括陈述
(general
statement)
2. 具体细节或举例
(details/examples)
3. 总结陈述/评价
(conclusion/comment)
topic
主旨
transition
过渡
detail
细节
summary
结论
Strategy 3: Structural cohesion 结构衔接
There are frequent reports on the need of volunteers in so many different charitable organizations. 1 There are actually many ways to find opportunities to help others. When a person is looking for volunteer opportunities and doesn't care where he volunteers, a good place to look for jobs is through local volunteer centers.
These centers may have lists，much like classified ads, requesting volunteers in a variety of fields. It can help to choose a volunteer position that will take advantage of work or life experience. 2 Other employers and companies may not be that picky and are willing to take on anyone who has enthusiasm for the work.
Sometimes people want to become a volunteer in a specific type of work. 3 The best route may be to contact these facilities and find out what available volunteer programs they have. Some programs may require job applications and training, and this training isn't always free. Looking around at a few programs can help people find the ones that don't charge for training.
4 Schools may additionally have volunteer job listings that can help people become a volunteer. Sometimes listings for jobs are exclusive(独有的)to the school and people may find work as tutors or administrative assistants.
It isn't always necessary to look at non-profit companies to find volunteer opportunities. Plenty of individuals and for-profit companies may benefit from volunteers' help too. A volunteer babysitter or someone who helps a neighbor with the housework can make a big difference in a community. Volunteering doesn't have to be a full-time commitment. 5 .
problem→solution
问题→对策
para 1：提出问题（如何寻找志愿者工作）
para 2
向当地志愿者中心求助
para 3
联系具体的公司
para 4
关注学校招聘
para 5
做临时工
帮助邻居
F. But people don't know how to start sometimes if they want to become a volunteer.
E. Many people will give more time if they see the benefit of their volunteer work.
D. It may be an occasional thing that promotes good feelings between neighbors.
Strategy 3: Structural cohesion 结构衔接
There are frequent reports on the need of volunteers in so many different charitable organizations. 1 There are actually many ways to find opportunities to help others. When a person is looking for volunteer opportunities and doesn't care where he volunteers, a good place to look for jobs is through local volunteer centers.
A. Different organizations have different ways to attract volunteers.
para 1：提出问题
B. They may want to help at an animal shelter or work in a hospital.
C. Many schools now have community service requirements for students.
G. Some volunteer positions do require that applicants have certain experience before they are hired.
C. Many schools now have community service requirements for students.
B. They may want to help at an animal shelter or work in a hospital.
Strategy 3: Structural cohesion 结构衔接
Sometimes people want to become a volunteer in a specific type of work. 3 The best route may be to contact these facilities and find out what available volunteer programs they have. Some programs may require job applications and training, and this training isn't always free. Looking around at a few programs can help people find the ones that don't charge for training.
para 3：解决办法（具体工作）
F. But people don't know how to start sometimes if they want to become a volunteer.
E. Many people will give more time if they see the benefit of their volunteer work.
D. It may be an occasional thing that promotes good feelings between neighbors.
A. Different organizations have different ways to attract volunteers.
G. Some volunteer positions do require that applicants have certain experience before they are hired.
上下义复现
Exercise for lexical, grammatical and structural cohesion
Emoji (表情符号)and Workplace Communication
（2020年全国2卷）
In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play. 36 .It's been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.
Written communications can often read as cold and dull. Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping intention clear. 37 , encouraging better and more frequent communication.
In any given office, employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond, and finding common ground in communication style can be a challenge. 38 . While the younger generations prefer to communicate visually, for those used to working with traditional tools like email, it may feel like a learning curve(曲线).The good news is that it's simple to learn and can be worth the effort.
There is also the matter of tone(语气).Who hasn't received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day 39 .Emoji can help communication feel friendlier, and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.
40 and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome. And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication, you'll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.
Exercise for lexical, grammatical and structural cohesion
Emoji (表情符号)and Workplace Communication
（2020年全国2卷）
In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play. 36 .It's been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.
Written communications can often read as cold and dull. Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping intention clear. 37 , encouraging better and more frequent communication.
In any given office, employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond, and finding common ground in communication style can be a challenge. 38 . While the younger generations prefer to communicate visually, for those used to working with traditional tools like email, it may feel like a learning curve(曲线).The good news is that it's simple to learn and can be worth the effort.
There is also the matter of tone(语气).Who hasn't received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day 39 .Emoji can help communication feel friendlier, and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.
40 and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome. And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication, you'll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.
general-particular
一般→特殊
para 1:表情符号在工作场合的广泛应用
para 2
表达情绪和明晰目的
para 3
提供代际交流平台
para 4
表达友好亲近语气
para 5
工作场合的积极结果
Emoji (表情符号)and Workplace Communication
In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play. 36 .It's been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.
A. Messages with emojis feel more conversational
B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E. Giving employees the tools enables them to communicate honestly
F. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace
G. An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform
para 1：表情符号的广泛应用
指称
Exercise for lexical, grammatical and structural cohesion
同义复现
Written communications can often read as cold and dull. Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping intention clear. 37 , encouraging better and more frequent communication.
A. Messages with emojis feel more conversational
B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E. Giving employees the tools enables them to communicate honestly
F. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace
G. An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform
同义复现
para 2：表达情绪和明晰目的
Exercise for lexical, grammatical and structural cohesion
同义复现
Exercise for lexical, grammatical and structural cohesion
In any given office, employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond, and finding common ground in communication style can be a challenge. 38 . While the younger generations prefer to communicate visually, for those used to working with traditional tools like email, it may feel like a learning curve(曲线).The good news is that it's simple to learn and can be worth the effort.
A. Messages with emojis feel more conversational
B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E. Giving employees the tools enables them to communicate honestly
F. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace
G. An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform
同义复现
para 3：提供代际交流平台
Exercise for lexical, grammatical and structural cohesion
There is also the matter of tone(语气).Who hasn't received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day 39 . Emoji can help communication feel friendlier, and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.
A. Messages with emojis feel more conversational
B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E. Giving employees the tools enables them to communicate honestly
F. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace
G. An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform
同词复现
para 4：表达友好亲近语气
上下义复现
Exercise for lexical, grammatical and structural cohesion
40 and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome. And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication, you'll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.
A. Messages with emojis feel more conversational
B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E. Giving employees the tools enables them to communicate honestly
F. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace
G. An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform
上下义复现
上下义复现
para 5：工作场合的积极结果
Be the examiner to set five sentences as blanks
(2023全国乙卷）
Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much, but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home.Not only do they look beautiful, but studies have shown that they can promote people's wellbeing by improving their mood (心情), reducing stress and helping their memory. What's more, indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.
Para: 1
work in groups (4 min)
G1-G4: Para 1+Para 2
G5-G8: Para 3+Para 4
1 para for 1-2 blanks
Be the examiner to set five sentences as blanks
(2023全国乙卷）
What are indoor plants
Indoor plants, also known as houseplants or pot plants, are plants that like to grow indoors. Many of these species (物种) are not ideally suited to growing outside in the UK, especially in the winter. Instead, they grow better inside, where it is warmer.
Para: 2
Be the examiner to set five sentences as blanks
(2023全国乙卷）
Why are indoor plants good for you
Will Spoelstra, who works at the Royal Botanic Gardens, says,“There are many benefits to growing plants indoors. I find during the winter months, plants around the house can really lift your mood.” Several studies have backed this up and found that indoor plants can improve creativity, focus and memory. There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide. They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking. Plants like peace lilies and devil's ivy are among the best.
Para: 3
Be the examiner to set five sentences as blanks
(2023全国乙卷）
Which plants can you grow
Aloe vera, peace lilies and spider plants are some of the species that are easy to grow indoors. You can buy plants from supermarkets, garden centres or online. Younger plants are often cheaper than fully grown ones, and you get to care for them as they mature - which is part of the joy of owning plants.“ Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding,”Spoelstra says.“It can bring a new interest and focus into people's lives and help to make the link between home and nature.”
Para: 4
Summary
外重 ，内看
词汇衔接分四种：
连接主要分六类：
同词近义及反义，包含关系上下义
语法衔接两手抓：
指称连接是一家
找出指称很关键：
人称/指示最常见
并进比较和转折，因果解释及归纳
文章结构
词汇语法
pick up confidence and bravery
put aside fears and anxieties
just climb the mountain of knowledge
and be the dream chaser on our life journey
攀登知识高峰·人生旅途的逐梦者
1. Draw a mind map to show the strategies of lexical, grammatical, and structural cohesion to complete the gap-filling task.
2. Apply three kinds of strategies to complete the following gap-filling task and write down the kind(s) of cohesion of each choice.
Homework

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