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高中英语阅读理解主旨大意题突破口：语篇结构
Ⅰ阅读B篇（记叙文）语篇结构
Every month we look at a different artist. We think Haroshi is super cool—he makes sculptures (雕塑) from skateboards.
Haroshi is in his late 30s. He’s a skateboarder but he also makes things from wood. He began skateboarding when he was 15 years old and he loved it. He used to skate every day. Now, if you know anything about skateboarding, you’ll know that skateboards don’t last forever because they break. But Haroshi didn’t throw his out because he was fond of them. Over time he built up a big collection and at the same time he learnt about all the different types of skateboard. Surprisingly, not all skateboards are of the same shape and actually they are often built in different ways. By the time he was 25, he had an enormous collection of old skateboards.
He decided he had to do something with them so he started to cut them up. As he was doing that, he noticed some interesting patterns in the wood. He then cut more and stuck them on top of each other. The first thing he created from the wood was a piece of jewelry. He created something new from something old.
Nowadays, however, he is known for his extremely large 3D wooden sculptures. His ideas generally come from skateboarding culture, ranging from skateboarding cats to cool trainers, but also everyday topics such as hurting yourself, getting better, being crazy about something and of course, growing up. All skateboarders will understand these. Haroshi has made over 40 pieces and each piece takes a very long time. There is no doubt that he is very talented but he’s had no formal art training. He taught himself.
Haroshi held an exhibition in London last month and three of us from @teenattack went along. As we entered the first room, we saw a huge bird that covered one wall. It was absolutely enormous! There was also a sculpture called Ordinary Life. It looked like a broken leg—a very common problem, of course. It’s incredible to think that these sculptures are all made from broken skateboards. But there’s something else that is really interesting about Haroshi’s work.
In the twelfth century a sculptor called Unkei placed a glass ball in each of his works to show the heart of the piece. Haroshi also places something inside his sculptures—a piece of broken skateboard. In this way, he gives his sculptures life. We think that is just awesome!
34. What does Paragraph 2 want to tell us
A. Skateboards are built differently.
B. Skateboards need to be improved.
C. Haroshi collects broken skateboards.
D. Haroshi is an excellent skateboarder.
答案：C.主旨大意题包含段落主旨题、文章主旨题和选标题题。此题为段落主旨题。该段介绍了Haroshi做雕塑的背景，他因喜爱滑板运动积累了大量的滑板。
干扰项A、D是忽视了关键Haroshi搜集滑板，B项是过度推理。
37. What can be learnt from the passage
A. It’s never too old to learn.
B. Rome is not built in one day.
C. Failure is the mother of success.
D. Creativity makes a big difference.
答案：D. 全文讲述了Haroshi用滑板做雕塑的故事，他因热爱，一步步经探索、自学等，最终成为了一名出色的艺术家，说明了创造力的重要性。
干扰项A、B是以偏概全，都只说到原文部分信息。C项是无中生有。
Ⅱ阅读CD篇（说明文）语篇结构
主题解释型结构
（2024新课标Ⅱ卷C篇）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store we nt through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm（BMF）shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it's a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod（容器）to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions（排放）from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. "We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment," said a BMF employee.
What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF's major strengths. B. BMF's general management.
C. BMF's global influence. D. BMF's technical standards.
答案：A.原文是主题解释型说明文，根据其典型结构，首先第一段引出主题--BMF巴比伦微农场，后面几段都是解释了BMF的优势，其主旨就是介绍BMF的优势。
干扰项B、D是以偏概全，涉及原文部分内容。C项是无中生有。
问题解决型结构
（2023浙江1月卷D篇）According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels(太阳能面板) installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating（调查） practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines（下降） in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed（改变） the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development
答案：D.原文是问题解决型说明文，根据其典型结构，第一段提出问题--人们不喜安装太阳能面板，第二段分析问题原因，第三和四段提出解决方法--太阳能农场，最后一段是评价，其主旨就是介绍太阳能农场。
干扰项A、B、C都是以偏概全，原文只有一部分涉及A、B、C。
研究发现型结构
(2022年新高考Ⅱ卷Ⅱ阅读D篇)As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise. ” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all. ”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
1. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
答案：D.根据题干关键词the rubber band定位在第二段。根据第二段划线部分的句子可知，提及橡皮筋是说明心脏衰老的过程，间接考察原文主旨。
干扰项A、C项是忽视关键词心脏heart,B项是有迷惑词causes.
Ⅲ干扰项特点：
以偏概全、过度推理、忽视关键、干扰迷惑、无中生有
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