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Unit5
LANGUAGES AROUND
THE WORLD
Look and discuss
1 Do you know where the photo was taken
2 Which languages do you think are officially used here
In this unit, you will
1 read about the development of Chinese characters
and students’ difficulties in learning English.
2 listen to a speech about learning foreign languages
and talk about reasons why people study a foreign
language.
3 write a blog about language study.
4 learn about the history of the Oxford English Dictionary.
One language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way.
—Frank Smith
UNIT5 LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD
目录
contents
01
WORDS
02
Listening and Speaking
03
Reading and Thinking
05
Reading for Writing
04
Listening and Talking
06
Assessing Your Progress
part 01
WORDS
words
billion num. 十亿
native adj. 出生地的；本地的；土著的
n. 本地人
attitude n. 态度；看法
reference n. 指称关系；参考
refer vi. 提到；参考；查阅vt. 查询；叫......求助于
refer to 指的是；描述；提到；查阅
system n. 体系；制度；系统
despite prep. 即使；尽管
ups and downs 浮沉；兴衰；荣辱
factor n. 因素；要素
based adj. 以（某事）为基础的以......为重要部分（或特征）的
base vt. 以......为据点；以......为基础n. 底部；根据
date back (to ...) 追溯到
bone n. 骨头；骨（质）
shell n. 壳；壳状物
symbol n. 符号；象征
carve vt. & vi. 雕刻
dynasty n. 王朝；朝代
variety n. （植物、语言等的）变体；异体；多样化
major adj. 主要的；重要的；大的n. 主修课程；主修学生vi. 主修；专门研究
no matter where, who, what, etc.
不论......；不管......
dialect n. 地方话；方言
means n. 方式；方法；途径
classic adj. 传统的；最优秀的；典型的n. 经典作品；名著
regard n. 尊重；关注vt. 把......视为；看待
character n. 文字；符号；角色；品质；特点
WORDS
calligraphy n. 书法；书法艺术
global adj. 全球的；全世界的
affair n. 公共事务；事件；关系
appreciate vt. 欣赏；重视；感激；领会vi. 增值
specific adj. 特定的；明确的；具体的
CE （= Common Era）公元
struggle n. & vi. 斗争；奋斗；搏斗
tongue n. 舌头；语言
point of view 观点；看法
semester n. 学期
petrol n.（NAmE gas）汽油
subway n.（BrE underground）地铁
apartment n.（especially NAmE）公寓套房
pants n. [pl.]（BrE） 内裤；短裤；裤子
beg vt. 恳求；祈求；哀求
equal n. 同等的人；相等物adj. 相同的；同样的
gap n. 间隔；开口；差距
demand n. 要求；需求vt. 强烈要求；需要vi. 查问
vocabulary n. 词汇
description n. 描写（文字）；形容
relate vt. 联系；讲述
relate to 与......相关；涉及；谈到
Korean n. 朝鲜（或韩国）语；朝鲜（或韩国）人
adj. 朝鲜（或韩国）的
Danish n. 丹麦语；丹麦人adj. 丹麦的
Denmark 丹麦（国家名）
Arabic n. 阿拉伯语adj. 阿拉伯语的；阿拉伯文学的
FIFA abbr. ( 源自法语 ) 国际足联；国际足球联合会
part 02
Listening and Speaking
Explore languages around the world
Discuss which languages are spoken in these countries
France Russia Germany
Spain Canada India
Get ready to travel
Speaking
Speaking
A: Hey, I’ve been thinking about learning a new language lately. Do you have any language you want to pick up
B: Oh, I totally want to learn Japanese! First, I’m obsessed with Japanese anime and manga—imagine understanding them without subtitles! Second, Japan has such unique culture, like tea ceremonies and traditional crafts. If I can speak Japanese, I can talk to locals when I travel there someday. What about you
A: That makes sense! For me, I want to learn Spanish. It’s one of the most widely spoken languages in the world—over 500 million people use it. Plus, I love Spanish music and food. I hope I can order tapas in Madrid in real Spanish, or sing along to Shakira’s songs without guessing the lyrics.
B: Wow, Spanish sounds super useful too! Maybe we can keep each other motivated—like sharing what we’ve learned every week
A: That’s a great idea! Let’s start planning our first lessons this weekend.
part 03
Reading and Thinking
THE CHINESE WRITING SYSTEM:
CONNECTING THE PAST AND THE PRESENT
中国汉字
China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through intomodern times,despite the many ups and downs in its history.There are many reasons why thishas been possible,but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.
At the beginning,written Chinese was a picture-based language.It dates back several thousandyears to the use of longgu—animal bonesand shells on which symbols were carvedby ancient Chinese people.Some of theancient symbols can still be seen in today’shanzi.
Reading
By the Shang Dynasty(around 1600–1046 BCE),these symbols had become a well-developed writing system.Over the years,the system developed into different forms,as it was a time when people were divided geographically, leading tomany varieties of dialects and characters.This, however, changed under Emperor Qinshihuang of the Qin Dynasty(221–207BCE).
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.That writing system was of great importance inuniting the Chinese people and culture. Even today,no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak,they can all still communicate in writing.
Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected with its past.People in modern times can read the classic works which were written by Chinesein ancient times.The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form,known as Chinese calligraphy,which has become an important part of Chinese culture.
Today,the Chinese writing system is still an important part of Chinese culture.As China playsa greater role in global affairs,an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China’s culture and history through this amazing language.
Reading
time What happened:
Several thousand years ago Written Chinese originated as a picture-based language, using longgu (animal bones and shells) on which ancient Chinese people carved symbols. Some of these ancient symbols are still visible in today’s hanzi.
Shang Dynasty (around 1600–1046 BCE) The symbols of written Chinese developed into a well-developed writing system.
Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) (under Emperor Qinshihuang) Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one country; the Chinese writing system stopped having regional variations and began to develop in one direction. This unified writing system played a key role in uniting the Chinese people and culture.
Reading
Answer 1: How did written Chinese unify Chinese people divided by geography and dialects
Before the Qin Dynasty, geographical division led to many varieties of dialects and characters, which hindered unity. After Emperor Qinshihuang unified the seven major states, he standardized the Chinese writing system, making it develop in one consistent direction. Even though Chinese people lived in different regions and spoke different dialects, they could all communicate through this unified written language—this consistency in writing bridged the gaps caused by geography and dialects, thus unifying the people and culture.
Answer 2: How does written Chinese connect Chinese people today with those of the past
Written Chinese acts as a "link" between the present and the past: people in modern times can read the classic works written by ancient Chinese people. Unlike spoken language, which may change greatly over time, the core of the Chinese writing system (hanzi) has been passed down with relative stability. This allows modern Chinese to directly access ancient thoughts, culture, and knowledge through written texts, maintaining a connection with their ancestors.
Reading
Answer 3: What are other factors that helped Chinese language and culture survive
Besides the Chinese writing system, several other factors contribute to the survival of Chinese language and culture:
Strong cultural identity: Core values like respect for family, harmony, and filial piety have been passed down through generations, forming a shared cultural belief that binds people together.
Continuous educational inheritance: For thousands of years, traditional education (e.g., teaching classics like The Analects) and modern education that integrates traditional culture have ensured the transmission of language, history, and cultural norms.
Official protection and promotion: From ancient dynasties (e.g., compiling historical books, promoting Confucianism) to modern China (e.g., protecting cultural heritage, popularizing Mandarin), official efforts have supported the continuity of language and culture.
Cultural adaptability: Chinese culture has the ability to absorb useful elements from other cultures (e.g., integrating Buddhist ideas in ancient times, learning modern science and technology today) while retaining its core, making it resilient and long-lasting.
Reading
civilisation
carving
system
dates back
means
classic
part 04
Listening and Talking
Talking
Here’s a list of common words with differences between British English (BrE) and American English (AmE):
British English (BrE) American English (AmE) British English (BrE) American English (AmE)
Lift Elevator 电梯 Crisps Chips (fries) Chips French fries 薯片
薯条
Pavement Sidewalk 道路 Trousers Pants 裤子
Flat Apartment 公寓 Petrol Gasoline / Gas 汽油
Mobile phone Cell phone 移动电话 Rubber Eraser 橡皮擦
Torch Flashlight 手电筒 Post Mail 邮箱
Car boot Car trunk 汽车后备箱 Autumn Fall 秋天
Car bonnet Car hood 发动机舱盖子 Holiday Vacation 假期
Biscuit Cookie / Cracker 饼干 Trainer Sneaker 运动鞋
Vest Undershirt 背心 Postbox Mailbox 邮箱
Talking
part 05
Reading for Writing
Reading for Writing
Read these posts from an online forum for Chinese students who are learning English
Learning English
Wang Le: Hey,everybody,what are your biggest problems with learning English
Liu Wen: Hi!I’ve been studying English since primary school.I used to get high marks
in English,but now I’m having a lot of trouble with my listening.When I listen
to native English speakers talking in a video,I can catch only a few words.I
can never quite get the main idea.Any advice
Jia Xin: Listening to English radio programmes helps me get used to how fast native
speakers talk.I also repeat what I hear to help myself to experience the
feeling of the language.Sometimes I even record my voice so I can listen
to myself and compare my pronunciation with the radio host’s!My biggest
headache is how to be polite in English.It’s so much easier to just say“Open
the window!”,but in English that can sound really terrible.I have to think
about who I’m talking to and then decide whether to say,“Open the window,
please!”or“Could you open the window,please ”or even longer“Would you
mind opening the window,please ”
Li Rui: Yeah,that’s really hard!I think it all depends on who you’re talking to.If I’m
talking to a close friend,I can use short requests,like“Open the window”—our
relationship is close and we’re equals,so I only need a few words to bridge
the gap between us.But if I’m talking to someone who isn’t very close to me,I
must make my request longer—and I must make it a question,not a demand,
e.g.,“Could you open the window,please ”If I’m talking to someone senior
to me,then I should say,“Would you mind opening the window,please ”For
me,vocabulary is my biggest problem—there are just SO MANY new words!
I can’t keep all the new vocabulary straight in my head,and I certainly can’t
remember how to use them all properly.HELP!
Imitation
having a lot of trouble
with my listening
how to be polite in English
vocabulary is the
biggest problem
need a few words to bridge the gap between us
make my request longer
Imitation
Imitation
Here are 6 practical and actionable pieces of advice to solve the problem of not understanding your teacher’s English in class:
1. Prepare in advance: Before class, review the textbook chapter, key vocabulary, or topic outline the teacher will cover. Familiarity with basic content helps you connect what the teacher says to what you already know.
2. Ask for clarification immediately (politely): If you miss a sentence or term, raise your hand and say, “Could you repeat that, please ” or “I didn’t catch the part about [topic]—could you explain it again ” Most teachers are happy to slow down or rephrase.
3. Take simple, focused notes: Don’t try to write every word. Jot down keywords (e.g., “important date: Oct 5”) or short phrases (e.g., “homework: read p20-25”). This keeps you focused on listening while ensuring you don’t miss key info.
4. Pair up with a classmate after class: Ask a classmate with clear notes to go over parts you didn’t understand. They might explain the teacher’s words in simpler terms or remind you of details you missed.
5. Talk to the teacher one-on-one: After class or during office hours, say, “I sometimes struggle to follow your English—could you speak a little slower, or use more examples ” Teachers often adjust their pace or style when they know a student needs help.
6. Record short clips (with permission): If the teacher agrees, record 5-10 minute parts of class (e.g., a key explanation). You can listen again later to catch parts you missed, or use apps to transcribe and translate unclear sentences.
Imitation
part 06
Assessing Your Progress
classic
despite
native
attitude
related to
struggle
civilisation
point of view
way in which
building where
rent
day when
have admired
class that
someone who

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