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英语中句子成分&
简单句的五大句型
英语句子长短简繁不一，看起来难以捉摸。
但从实质上可以把它们归纳成：
所以只要掌握好五种基本句型结构，
就掌握了分析各种英语句子结构的基础。
想掌握好句型结构，先得掌握句子的成分。
五种基本句型及其省略、倒装和扩充、组合。
句子成分
主语（Subject）
谓语（Verb）
宾语（Object）：直接宾语（direct object）、间接宾语（indirect object）
表语（Predictive）
定语（Attribute）
状语（Adverbial）
补足语（Complement）：主补、宾补
主语
I am a teacher.
句子成分
I
主语，缩写为S。表示动作的发出者，一般放在句首。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词等充当。
主语（Subject）:动作的发出者
The girl is pretty.
Reading is useful.
To see is to believe.
They are good friends.
一) 挑出下列句中的主语
谓语
She works in a hospital.
句子成分
works
谓语，说明主语做什么事，是什么或怎么样 ，由动词或动词词组充当。
谓语（Predicate）：描述主语的动作或状态。
He is a doctor.
is
They are teachers.
She studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
He can speak English.
一) 挑出下列句中的谓语
宾语（Object）：表示动作的承受者。
宾语是动作,行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当。
She plays the piano.
He often helps me.
I like watching TV.
She bought me a gift.
(双宾语：me间接宾语，a gift直接宾语)
一) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① He hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ We clean classroom everyday.
④ They want to go swimming.
I am a student.(n)
He is sleepy.（adj）
They are at home now.(介短)
Seeing is believing.（动名词）
表语（ Predictive ）: 表示主语的性质、状态
说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当。表语位于系动词后面．
(二) 挑出下列句中的表语
-- I felt tired.
-- The leaves have turned yellow.
-- The breakfast tastes delicious.
-- The ideas sounds great.
The black bike is mine.
I have five books.
They made paper flowers.
I have something to do.
定语（Attribute）：修饰（限定）名词、代词等
形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语。
I like it very much.
In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.
I was born on May 1st 2000 in Shanxi.
He is writing with a pen.
状语（Adverbial）：修饰动词、形容词或副词
状语一般表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，让步，方式，程度，条件，结果等。一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当．
宾语补足语：补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样
宾语补足语用来补充宾语构成完整意义。它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当．
The students made the head teacher angry.
They named the boy Tom.
We should keep the classroom clean.
She teaches me how to study English well.
简单句的含义:句子中只包含一个主谓结构，为简单句。
例: They are playing baseball in the garden.
Her brother and sister are both teachers.
We are singing and dancing.
简单句五种基本句型
1.S+V (主语+谓语)
2.S+V+O (主语+谓语+宾语)
3.S+V+InO+DO (主语+谓语+间宾+直宾)
4.S+V+O+C (主语+谓语+宾语+补语)
5.S+V+P (主语+系+表语)
主语+谓语(不及物动词)
The sun rose.
He arrived in Taiyuan.
不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
注意：不及物动词后面不能直接加宾语。口诀：若加宾先加介。
类型1：S+Vi.
主语+谓语(及物动词) +宾语
We like playing basketball.
Tony hates Daming.
类型2：S+Vt.+O
宾语(Object)：表示动作、行为的对象，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。能做宾语的词类很多，如：名词、代词、数词、 不定式、动名词）
1. — How many apples do you want
—I want two.
2. I would like to have a cup of coffee.
3. I'm looking forward to
hearing from you.
类型3：S+Vt.+IO+DO
双宾语动词
常见 有：
bring buy cook draw
give leave lend make
pass send show sell
teach tell throw write
谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
谓语动词+直接宾语（物）+to/for+间接宾语（人）
My father gives me a hug.
My father gives a hug to me.
My mother cooks us a meal.
My mother cooks a meal for us.
(间人直物)
双宾语易位时需借助介词to的动词
bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人
hand sb. sth. = hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人
lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人
mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人
offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人
pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人
pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物（钱）
read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听
return sb.sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物还给某人
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人
sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物卖给某人
serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人
show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物给某人看
take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人
teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物
tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某情况
throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔给某人
write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 给某人写信
双宾语易位时需借助介词for的动词
book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物
buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物
choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物
cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物
draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物
fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物
find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物
fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人修理某物
get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物
make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物
order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物
pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物
prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物
save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物
sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物（歌）
steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物
类型4：S+Vt.+O+OC
补语：对宾语进一步作补充说明，意思才够完整和明确，又称宾语补足语。通常由形容词、名词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等充当。
We make our classroom
clean.
We called the bird
"Peter".
Our teacher told us
to do Exercise One.
I saw Jack
playing under the tree.
My father made me
stay at home.
常跟宾语+宾语补足语的动词有：
make, think, believe, consider, find, keep
We call Li Wenliang the national hero .
My father thought it important.
They found the baby at home by himself.
The girl kept the room clean.
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
cause sb. to do sth. 引起某人做某事
drive sb. to do sth . 驱使某人做某事
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
expect sb. to do sth. 期待某人做某事
get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事
hate sb. to do sth. 讨厌某人做某事
help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事
invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事
leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事
mean sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事
need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事
order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事
require sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事
teach sb. to do sth . 教某人做某事
tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事
train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事
trouble sb. to do sth. 麻烦某人做某事
want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
warn sb. to do sth. 警告某人做某事
wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
不带to的不定式作宾补
使役动词：make，let， have
感官动词：feel，listen to，hear，
look at，see，watch，notice（留意）
为了便于记忆，我们可以这样记
“一感”（feel）;
“二听”（listen to， hear）;
“三让”（let，make，have）;
“四看”（look at，see，watch，notice）。
接现在分词作宾补的常用动词
keep sb. doing sth. 使某人持续地做某事
prevent sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
stop sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
类型5：S+Link V.+P
系
动词
表语: 系动词后的成分被成为 表语，表语用来说明主语的身 份、特征、性质或状态。通常 由形容词、名词、代词、数 词、副词、介词短语、不定
式、动名词充当。
I am happy.
She is a teacher.
The apple tastes sweet.
系动词
be 动词
感官系动词：look, feel, sound
表变化过程的系动词：become, get, turn
表保持状态的系动词：keep, stay, remain
系动词可分四类：
1. be本身没有什么意义，只起连系主语和表语的作用；
His parents are doctors.
2. 感官动词类 look, feel, smell, taste, sound等;
The apple tastes sweet.
3. 表示变化：get, grow, become, turn, go等;
The sky is becoming blue.
4. 表示状态延续：stay, keep, remain, stand等。
We should stay calm.
类型6：There be+主
There is a cup of coffee and three bottles on the table.
There are three bottles and
a cup of coffee on the table.
就近原则
英语十大词性
名词 n.：世间万物
代词 pron.：指代名词、数词、形容词
动词 v.：表示动作或状态
数词 num.：表示数目或顺序 = n/adj
形容词 adj.：修饰名词，表示人或物的特征
副词 adv.：修饰动、形、副、句子等
介词 prep.：用在名词或代词前，连接词与词、词与句之间的关系
冠词 art.：放名词前表泛指或特指
连词 conj.：连接单词、短语或句子的词
感叹词 int.：代替名词、数词、形容词等
判断句子类型及分析成分
1.Plants need water.
2.The flower is so nice.
3.They work hard.
4.He sends me some books.
5.We shouldn't keep the room in a mess.
S + V + O ( 主 + 谓 + 宾 )
S + V + P ( 主 + 系 + 表 )
S + V ( 主 + 谓 )
S + V + IO + DO (主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾)
S + V + O + OC (主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补)
判断句子类型及分析成分
6.Her father looks young.
7.She teaches us English.
8.The children are jumping and laughing happily.
9.Our teacher asked us to discuss the questions in pairs.
10. He often tells me some interesting stories.
主 + 系 + 表
主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾
主 + 谓
主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾
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