资源简介

(共73张PPT)
LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD
UNIT 5
billion / b lj n/ n.十亿
1. 表示具体数字时，用单数
3 billion 三亿
2. 表示泛指，用复数，加s ：
billions of 数十亿
3. 口诀：有数字，无s；无数字，加s
billionaire 亿万富翁
million 百万
millionaire 百万富翁
native / ne t v/ adj.出生地的；本地的；土著的
n.本地人
nat（出生）+ -ive（具有...性质的）
→ “与生俱来的”
补充词义：天生的，与生俱来的
Daisy has a native wit to learn quickly.
黛西与生俱来的材质让她学东西很快。
attitude / t tju:d/ n.态度；看法
辨析：altitude 海拔高度
· alti（词根，表示“高”，来自 altus） + -tude（状态）
· 含义：高的状态 → 海拔，高度
at-（朝向）+ -titud-（状态） → “朝向某事或某人所处的状态” → 即“态度”、“看法”或“姿势”。
*refer to 指的是;描述;提到;查阅;参考;谈到

refer (referred , referred，referring)
·reference n.指称关系;参考;查阅;提到;涉及
[教材原句] Pronouns (it,they,she,etc.) refer to something or somebody mentioned earlier.
代词(it、they、she等)指的是前面提到的某物或某人。
归纳拓展
·refer...to...把……提交给……;让(人)参考……
refer to...as...把……称作……
·in/with reference to...关于……;根据……而论
for reference以备查阅;以供参考
make reference to提到;谈及;涉及
温馨提示
① refer为不规则动词，它的过去式和过去分词形式为referred，类似的词还有prefer (preferred)，occur (occurred)等。
② “查词典”表达方式有：refer to a dictionary，consult the dictionary和 look...up in the dictionary。
[语境运用] 写出下列句子中refer to的含义/完成句子
Why not refer to a dictionary to check the spelling of the word 　　　　
The scientist referred to global warming at least three times in his speech.　　　　　　　
The word “business” also refers to an organization that offers goods and services.　　　　　　　
查阅
提到
指的是
(应用文写作之求助信)I am writing to ask for your advice
　 (关于) what kinds of traditional Chinese culture appeal to foreigners most.
(应用文写作之建议信)If you meet with the characters you don’t know,I strongly suggest that 　　　　　　 (
(你查阅参考书) or ask others for help.
in/with reference to
you look them up
in reference books
system / s st m / n. 体系；制度；系统
systematic
adj.有系统的；有计划的
systematically
adv. 有系统地；有条理地
despite /d spa t/ prep. 即使；尽管
= in spite of
despite/ in spite of doing sth
尽管做某事
尽管他申请了数百个工作，但仍然在失业中。
Despite/ In spite of applying for hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work.
ups and downs 浮沉；兴衰；荣辱
Life is full of ups and downs, but we must keep going.
生活充满了起起落落，但我们必须步履不停。
拓展：pros and cons 利弊；优缺点
factor / f kt (r)/ n. 因素；要素
fact（做）+ -or（表示行为者）
→ “做事的人或物”
→ 引申为“因素”、“要素”（因为它们是“做成”某事所必需的部分）
*base/be s/ vt. 以…为据点；以……为基础
n. 底部；总部，基地
based adj. 以(某事)为基础的
basic adj. 基本的；基础的
basically adv. 基本上；总的说来
basis n.基础
Our friendship is 　　　　 on the 　　　　 trust and has a strong 　　　　,which forms the 　　　　 of our mutual support and is 　　　 　 unbreakable.(base)
based
basic
base
basis
basically
1. be based on/upon 以……为基础;依据……
2. base...on/upon... 把…建立在…基础之上
3. at the base of... 在……底部;在……基础上
4. on the basis of 在……基础上，根据
5. on a regular/daily basis 定期/每天
The movie was based on a real-life incident.And it turned out to be a success.
→The movie turned out to be a success.(过去分词短语作定语)
→　 ,the movie turned out to be a success.(过去分词短语作状语)
→The movie,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　,turned out to be a success.(定语从句)
based on a real-life incident
Based on a real-life incident
which was based on a real-life incident
(应用文写作之告知信)I am writing to inform you of
(一些基本的餐桌礼仪).
　 　　　 (基于中国的传统风俗),you should let the elderly eat first.
some basic table manners
Based on the traditional customs in China
*date back (to ...) 追溯到
date back (to)=date from 追溯到……(后接时间点)
go back (to)追溯到……(后接时间段)
out of date 过时的;陈旧的
up to date最近的;新式的;现代的
set a date for...确定……的日期
make a date with sb与某人约会/预约
温馨提示
①date back (to)和date from这两个短语常指以现在为起点向前推,通常使用一般现在时,没有进行时态,也没有被动形式。
②date back (to)和date from作后置定语时,常用现在分词形式。
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/一句多译
The Dragon Boat Festival,which 　　　　(date) back to the Warring States Periods,is one of the most important festivals in China.
The White Horse Temple,　　　 　 (date) back to the Eastern Han Dynasty,has a history of more than 1,900 years.
dates
dating
(应用文写作之推荐信)我向你强烈推荐的旅游景点是始于公元前7世纪的长城。
→The tourist attraction I strongly recommend to you is the Great Wall 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.(定语从句)
→The tourist attraction I strongly recommend to you is the Great Wall 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.(现在分词短语作状语)
which dates back to the 7th century B.C.
dating back to the 7th century B.C.
bone / b n / n.骨头
shell / el / n.壳；壳状物
symbol / s mbl/ n. 符号；象征
· 前缀：sym- ( syn- 的变体)意为 “一起”。
· 词根：bol，源自希腊动词 ballein，意为 “投，掷”。
→ symbolon（字面意思为“扔到一起”）
在古代，人们会取一个陶器、硬币或戒指等信物，将其摔成两半。双方各执一片，作为日后相认或缔结约定的凭证。当双方再次见面时，将两片信物“扔到一起”（symbolon），如果它们能严丝合缝地拼合，就证明了彼此的身份和关系。
因此，symbol 的核心意象是：一个物体（一半）代表或指向一个更大的、缺失的整体或抽象概念。 它本质上是一个 “约定俗成的代表”。
carve/ kɑ:v/ vt. & vi 雕刻
dynasty / d n sti/ n.王朝；朝代
· 词根：dyn，意为 “力量，权力”。
· 后缀：-asty，这个后缀源自希腊语 -asteia，用于构成名词，表示某种状态、身份或集体。
组合逻辑：
dyn（力量，权力）+ -asty（表示集体或状态）
→ “一个拥有（统治）权力的集体”
→ 即“王朝”、“朝代”
*variety /v ra ti/ n. (植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化
a variety of = varieties of 各种各样的...
vary from...to... 在...到...之间变动
vary with... 随……而变化
vary in... 在……方面不同
various adj. 各种各样的
vary v.改变，变化
温馨提示
“a variety of/ varieties of”修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,
当“a variety of/varieties of +名词”作主语时,谓语动词原则上与它所修饰的名词的数保持一致;
“the variety of+复数名词”意为“……的品种”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/完成句子
Libraries will often hold reading-group sessions targeted to
　 　 (vary) age groups.
Though Tom and Tim are twins,they vary 　　　　 character.
Changes in price normally vary 　　　　 changes of supply and need.
Varieties of books 　　　　 (be) sold at the book fair.
various
in
with
are
(应用文写作之道歉信)　　　　　　　　　　　 　 (由于种种原因),I can’t go to the bookstore on Sunday with you.
(应用文写作之邀请信)In the course of the Art and Cultural Show,there will be various performances,　　 　　 (
（从唱歌、跳舞到背诗不等).
For varieties of reasons
varying from
singing,dancing to reciting poems
major/ me d (r)/ adj.主要的； n.主修课程；
vi.主修；专门研究
majority n.多数;大多数
minor adj.次要的
minority n.少数
major/ me d (r)/ adj.主要的； n.主修课程；
vi.主修；专门研究
1. The 　　　　　　　(major) of people are effective speakers because they train to be.
2. I have a gift for language, so I major　　　　 English in college.
majority　
in
major in 主修……；以……为专业
no matter (what/how/where/when) …
不论……；不管……
no matter+ 疑问词=疑问词-ever
Any person, no matter who/whoever they are, must go through an identity check. 任何人，无论是谁，都要接受身份检查。
I’ll leave anyway, no matter what/whatever you say.
不管你说什么，我都要离开。
dialect /'da lekt/ n.地方话；方言
· 前缀：dia-, 意为 “穿过；在...之间”。
· 词根：lect, 源自拉丁语 legere 的过去分词 lectus，意为 “读；说；收集”。
dia-（在...之间）+ lect（说）
→ “在（某个群体）之间所说的话”
means /mi:nz/ n.方式；方法；途径
单复数同形
辨析：mean v. (meant, meant)
①表示...的意思，意思是(说)
②意味着mean doing sth
③意欲; 打算mean to do sth
by this means 通过这种方法
by means of 用……办法;借助……手段
by no means 绝不;一点也不(位于句首时,句子用部分倒装)
by all means 当然行;没问题;一定,务必;尽一切办法
means意为“方式;方法”时,单复数同形。
若all/some/several/many means作主语,谓语动词用复数形式;
若every/each/one/a means作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/完成句子
　　　　 this means students can get some social experience useful to their future development.
Watching films is regarded as 　　　　 good means of relaxation.
They have tried many means,which 　　　　 (be) of little use.
More than one means 　　　　　　　　 (try) to prevent the air pollution so far.
By
a
are
has been tried
(应用文写作之建议信)And you’d better practise using chopsticks in advance,which is also 　　　　　　 　　　　　　　(
(一种展示你良好的餐桌礼仪的方式).
(读后续写之主旨升华) From the experience I realize that
(努力工作绝不等同于损害健康).
a means of showing your good table manners
by no means
is working hard equal to damaging one’s health
classic / kl s k/ adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的
n.经典作品
· 词根：class，原指古罗马国王根据财产对公民进行的 “分级” 或 “分类”。最初特指最高等级的公民。
· 后缀：-ic, 形容词后缀，表示 “与...有关的” 或 “具有...性质的”。
class（等级，特指最高等级）+ -ic（...的）
→ “属于最高等级的”
→ “一流的，最优秀的
*regard /r gɑ:d/ n.尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待
·regarding prep.关于;至于
·regardless adv.不管怎样;无论如何;不顾
① Lincoln is regarded as one of the most inspiring people in the world.
② The teenager has no regard for other people's feelings.
③ Mike had high regard for his old law professor.
④ Please give my best regards to your parents.
把……视为
关注
尊重
问候
·regard...as... 把…看作…;认为…是…
be regarded as... 被看作……;被视为……
·with/in regard to 关于;至于
as regards 关于;至于
show/give one’s regards to sb 代某人向某人问好
·regardless of 不管;不顾
regard作“问候,致意”讲时,总是用复数形式。
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/完成句子
The giant panda is regarded 　　　　 the symbol of Chengdu.
The government has stated its strong position 　　　 　(regard) the prevention of river pollution.
Give my 　　　　 (regard) to your brother when you see him.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (我认为这次经历是一堂宝贵的课) that will shape my future decisions.
(读后续写之人物描写) The athlete continued to train hard
　　　　　　　　　 (不顾背疼).
as
regarding
regards
I regard this experience as a valuable lesson
regardless of
the pain in his back
character /'k r kt (r)/ n.文字；符号；角色；特点
Chinese characters 汉字
cartoon characters 卡通角色
of good character 品格高尚
calligraphy /k l ɡr fi/ n.书法；书法艺术
calli-（美）+ graph（写） + -y（艺术）
→ “书写的艺术”
→ “优美的书写艺术”，即书法
global / ɡlo b l/ adj.全球的；全世界的
热词链接:
global warming 全球变暖
Global warming affects everyone.
globe n.地球仪；球体
globalize v.全球化
globalization n.全球化
globally adv.全球地
affair / fe r/ n.公共事务；事件；关系
personal affairs
current affairs
business affairs
public affairs
political affairs
私事
时事
商业事务
公共事务
政务
appreciate [ pri e t] vt. 欣赏；重视；感激；领会　
vi. 增值
I appreciate being given the opportunity to work in your company two years ago.
His talents aren't appreciated by his boss, which made him annoyed.
Their investments have appreciated over the years.
感激
欣赏
增值
specific adj. 特定的；明确的；具体的
spec（看）+ -ific（做...的） + -ic（...的）
→ “做成某种样子的” 或 “看起来明确的”
a-spect
· a-（前缀 ad- 的变体，意为“向，朝”） + spect（看）
· 含义：朝...看 → （看事物的）方面，外观
sus-pect /s spekt/
· sus-（前缀 sub- 的变体，意为“在下面”） + spect（看）
· 含义：在下面看 → （因不信任而）私下察看 → 怀疑
*struggle [ str ɡl] n. & vi. 斗争；奋斗；搏斗
·struggle for 为……而奋斗/斗争
struggle with/against 与……做斗争
struggle to do sth 努力做某事
struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来
·it’s a struggle for sb to do sth
对某人来说做某事真是件难事
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/完成句子
In the dark forest,Jane was frightened but she struggled 　　　　
(keep) calm.
Seeing the dangerous situation,at once they went into action and struggled　 the wolf.
(读后续写之动作描写) Despite the serious injury, Lucy
　 (挣扎着站起来) and limped to the entrance.
to keep
against/with
struggled to her feet
(读后续写之主旨升华) We’d better 　　　　　　　　 　(
(为将来拼搏) rather than regret the past.
(应用文写作之人物介绍) He 　 　　　　　　　　　　　(
(一直在努力实现梦想) of becoming a renowned scientist and his hard work is finally paying off.
struggle for the
has been struggling to achieve
future
the dream
tongue /t / n.舌头；语言
tone n.语调
mother tongue 母语
point of view 观点；看法
在我看来
from my point of view
=in my view/opinion
=as far as I am concerned
semester /s mest (r)/ n.学期
se-（六）+ mester（月份） → “六个月的周期”
→一个持续约六个月（即半个学年）的学习周期。
Tri+mester（三分之一学年，约三个月）
triple kill 三杀
gas /ɡ s/ n. 汽油；气体；燃气
petrol /'petr l/ n. (NAmE gas ) 汽油
subway /'s bwe / n.(BrE underground) 地铁
take the subway
by subway
坐地铁
apartment / 'pɑ:tm nt/ n.(especially NAmE) 公寓套房
flat n.公寓
pants / p nts / n. [pl.] (BrE )内裤；短裤；
(especially NAmE )裤子
trousers n.裤子；长裤
beg /beg/ vt. 恳求;祈求;哀求
(beg—begged—begged)
beggar n. 乞丐
*equal [ i kw l] n．同等的人；相等物
adj. 相同的；同样的
v. 等于
equality n. 平等
equally adv. 平等地
unequal adj. 不相等的
unhappy 不开心的
unusual 不寻常的
unhealthy 不健康的
unimportant 不重要的
·be equal to(=be fit for=be qualified for) 等于;相当于
be equal to (doing) sth 能胜任(做)某事
·A equals B in sth A在某方面比得上B
·without equal(=have no equal) 无与伦比;无人可比
Any man will be equal to the task,as long as he is careful.You should give it a try.　　　　　　　
Be positive and cheerful,for your mental health is equal to your physical health.　　　　　　　
Little joy can equal that of a surprising ending when you read stories　　　　　　　
Beethoven was a world-famous musician,who had no equal in music.　　　　　　　
adj.胜任的
adj.同等的
vt.等于,抵得上
n.同等的人
(应用文写作之申请信)我擅长英语并且具备沟通技巧,我确信自己适合这份工作。
→Being good at English as well as communication skills,I’m sure that I 　　　　　 the job.(fit)
→Being excellent in English and communication skills,I’m convinced that I 　　　　　　 the job.(equal)
→With proficiency in English and communication skills,I’m confident that I 　　　　　　 　　 the job.(qualified)
am fit for
am equal to
am qualified for
gap year 空档年
generation gap 代沟
gap between the rich and the poor 贫富差距
gap
n．间隔；开口；差距
[ɡ p]
*demand [d mɑ nd]
n．要求；需求　
vt. 强烈要求；需要　vi.查问
be in (great) demand (迫切)需求
meet/satisfy one's demands 满足某人的需求
demand to do sth. 要求做某事
demand that...(should) do... 坚决要求某人做(虚拟语气）
demanding adj. 高要求的；要求严格的
表示“命令；要求；劝告”的词归纳(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句中需用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用should＋动词原形，should可省略)：
一坚持：insist
二命令：order; command
三建议：advise; suggest; recommend
四要求：request; require; demand; ask
“一二三四”记“虚拟”
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/语段填空
Bernard’s popcorn is quite popular,which is 　　　　 great demand in this community.
The increasing demands 　　　　 higher quality products are pushing companies to improve their manufacturing processes.
My demand is that the information referred to in my report
　　 　　 (email) to Mr Brown without delay.
in
for
(should) be emailed
受地震袭击的地区急需工人。他们将尽全力满足灾区人们的需求。这是一项要求非常高的工作。经理要求工人们努力工作,以便提前完成任务。
Workers are 　　　　　 　 in the area which was struck by the earthquake.They will make every effort ，
of the disaster area,which is 　　　　 　　　　　 　 .The manager 　　　　　　　　 ，　　　　　　
to finish the task ahead of time.
in great demand
the demands of the people
a very demanding job
demanded the workers
to work hard
to meet
vocabulary /v k bj l ri/ n.词汇
voc（声音，叫喊）+ -abul + -ary（表示集合）
→ “（语言中）所有‘声音’（单词）的集合”
1. Voc-al / vo kl/
· voc（声音） + -al（形容词后缀，...的）
· 含义：声音的；嗓音的；直言不讳的
2. Adv-oc-ate / dv ke t/
· ad-（前缀，表示“向，对”） + voc（叫喊） + -ate（动词后缀）
·→ 为...发声 → 提倡
description
/d skr p n/
n.描写(文字)；形容
describe vt.描述
*relate [r le t] vt. 联系；讲述
·relation n.关系;联系
·related adj.有关的
·relationship n.关系;联系
[教材原句] Does each sentence relate to the main idea
每句话都与主旨有关吗
·relate sth to sb 向某人讲述某事
relate to 与……相关;涉及;谈到
·be related to 与……有关
·in relation to 关于
relate [r le t] vt. 联系；讲述
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/一句多译
The position calls for 　　　　 (relate) experience in the field and
good skills at using computers.
What he says bears no　　　　(relate) to what he does.
我们将讨论这个问题,因为它与我们具体的情况有关。
(relate)
(related)
related
relation
We shall discuss the problem as it relates to our specific case.
We shall discuss the problem as it is related to our specific case.
Thank you

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