中考英语基础词法:动词+介词或副词短语(分类速记+真题精练)

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中考英语基础词法:动词+介词或副词短语(分类速记+真题精练)

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中考英语基础词法:动词+介词/副词短语(分类速记+真题精练)
核心定位:
聚焦中考高频动词短语,围绕“动词+介词/副词”组合展开,详解用法、搭配场景、易错点,搭配基础习题、强化训练及深度解析。
一、核心动词短语精讲(中考必背+用法拓展)
1. arrive at / in (到达)
核心用法:均表“到达某地”,区别在于后接地点的大小,为中考高频方位短语,常出现在单选、完形填空题型中。
arrive at:后接小地点(车站、学校、公园、商店等具体场所),强调精准位置。
arrive in:后接大地点(城市、国家、省份等大范围区域)。
例句示范:
We arrived at the station five minutes late. 我们迟到五分钟到达了车站。(station为小地点,搭配介词at,符合中考方位短语用法)
She'll arrive in New York at noon. 她将于正午抵达纽约。(New York为城市类大地点,搭配介词in;句中同时出现时间和地点状语,符合中考句子结构常考形式)
中考易错点:arrive为不及物动词,后接宾语必须搭配介词at/in,不能直接接地点名词;同义短语reach(及物动词,直接接地点,如reach the station)、get to(后接地点,口语与书面语通用,如get to school),三者同义替换为中考单选高频考点。
2. get on / off (上车、下车)
核心用法:表“乘坐交通工具时的上下动作”,为中考基础短语,常见于情景交际、完形填空的出行场景。
get on:登上(公交车、火车、飞机、轮船等有一定高度的交通工具)。
get off:从上述交通工具上下来。
例句示范:
He gets on the bus every day. 他每天都乘坐公交车。(描述日常出行习惯,用一般现在时,get on搭配公交车,符合中考基础短语应用场景)
Please get off the bus at the next stop. 请在下一站下车。(祈使句句式,get off搭配公交车,是中考情景交际中出行类常考表达)
中考拓展:注意区分get in/out of与get on/off的用法,get in/out of用于上下小汽车、出租车等小型交通工具,如get in the taxi(上出租车)、get out of the car(下小汽车),此辨析常出现在中考完形填空的出行场景中。
3. put on (穿上)
核心用法:表“穿上衣物”的动作,为中考基础短语,侧重动作本身,常与天气场景结合考查。
例句示范:
It is cold outside. Please put on your coat. 外面很冷,请穿上你的外衣。(描述天冷穿衣物的动作,put on侧重动作本身,符合中考情景题中天气类语境要求)
中考易错点:需区分put on、wear与dress的用法差异——put on表“穿”的动作,wear表“穿着”的状态(如She wears a coat today.),dress后接人(如dress the child、dress oneself),三者辨析为中考单选高频考点。
4. put up (举起、搭建、张贴)
核心用法:多义词组,需结合语境判断含义,为中考高频多义短语,常出现在完形、阅读理解中。
例句示范:
Put your hands up, please. 请举手。(表“举起”,为课堂场景高频表达,是中考情景交际基础短语)
We need to put up a tent before dark. 我们需要在天黑前搭起帐篷。(表“搭建”,用于户外场景,put up后接tent、house等名词,符合中考短语多义用法考查)
The teacher put up the notice on the wall. 老师把通知贴在了墙上。(表“张贴”,用于校园场景,put up后接notice、poster等名词,是中考完形常考含义)
中考提示:put up为多义词组,具体含义需结合宾语判断——宾语为hands时表“举起”,为tent时表“搭建”,为notice时表“张贴”,这是中考完形填空判断词义的核心依据。
5. hand in (上交)
核心用法:表“将物品(作业、试卷、文件等)交给某人”,为中考校园场景高频短语,常与homework、paper等搭配。
例句示范:
The students must hand in their homework every day. 学生们必须每天上交家庭作业。(校园学习场景,hand in与homework固定搭配,是中考单选、句型转换常考短语)
中考拓展:hand in的同义短语为turn in(口语化,中考较少考查),反义词组为hand out(分发,如The teacher hands out textbooks to students.),可积累用于书面表达句式替换。
6. listen to (听)
核心用法:表“专注倾听”的动作,为中考基础短语,listen是不及物动词,必须搭配介词to才能接宾语,常与radio、teacher、music等搭配。
例句示范:
I listen to the radio on the way to work. 我在上班的路上听收音机。(日常场景表达,listen to与radio、music等名词固定搭配,中考听力题型中常出现类似句式)
中考易错点:listen to侧重“听”的动作,必须搭配介词to才能接宾语;hear侧重“听”的结果(如I heard a loud noise.),为及物动词,二者辨析是中考单选基础考点。
7. look at (看)
核心用法:表“看向具体对象”的动作,为中考基础短语,侧重有明确目标的“看”,后接名词/代词作宾语。
例句示范:
Look at the time. It's much later than I thought. 看看时间吧,比我想象的要晚多了。(look at后接具体目标time,强调有明确对象的“看”,符合中考情景题语境)
中考拓展:look为不及物动词,单独使用表“看”的动作(如Look! There is a bird.);see为及物动词,表“看到”的结果,二者搭配场景差异是中考基础辨析点。
8. look up (查阅;抬头看)
核心用法:多义词组,中考高频考查“查阅”含义,常与dictionary、word、information等搭配。
例句示范:
Look the word up in your dictionary. 在字典里查这个字。(表“查阅”,look up与dictionary、word固定搭配,名词宾语可置于中间或后面,符合中考短语用法要求)
She looked up and saw her teacher. 她抬头看到了她的老师。(表“抬头看”,描述连贯动作,是中考阅读理解细节描写中可能出现的用法)
中考易错点:look up属于“动词+副词”短语,宾语为名词时可置于中间或后面(look up the word / look the word up);宾语为代词时必须置于中间(如look it up,不可说look up it),此规则是中考句型转换易错点,需重点记忆。
9. take off (脱掉;起飞)
核心用法:多义词组,中考高频考查“脱掉”和“起飞”两层含义,分别对应日常场景和出行场景,常出现在单选、完形填空。
例句示范:
- He took off his coat as soon as he got home. 他一到家就脱掉了外套。(表“脱掉”,与put on互为反义动作,中考辨析常考)
- The plane will take off in ten minutes. 飞机将在十分钟后起飞。(表“起飞”,出行场景高频表达,搭配plane、flight等名词)
中考提示:take off作“脱掉”讲时,为“动词+副词”短语,代词宾语需置于中间(如take it off);作“起飞”讲时,为不及物动词短语,不能直接接宾语。
10. turn on / off (打开;关闭)
核心用法:表“开启/关闭电器、设备”,为中考基础短语,搭配对象特指电灯、电视、水龙头等,情景交际中高频出现。
例句示范:
- Please turn on the light. It's too dark here. 请打开灯,这里太暗了。(turn on表“打开”,搭配电器类名词,祈使句句式常考)
- Don't forget to turn off the TV before you leave. 离开前别忘了关掉电视。(turn off表“关闭”,与turn on互为反义,中考单选常考辨析)
中考拓展:区分turn on/off(针对电器、设备)与open/close(针对门窗、书本等实物),如open the door(开门)、close the book(合书),此辨析为基础易错点。
11. take care of (照顾;照料)
核心用法:表“对人或事物的照料”,为中考校园、家庭场景高频短语,可与look after互换,常出现在单选、书面表达。
例句示范:
- She has to take care of her little sister after school. 放学后她必须照顾她的小妹妹。(照顾人,书面表达亲情类话题常用)
- We should take care of the environment around us. 我们应该爱护身边的环境。(照料事物,表“爱护”含义,中考话题作文常考)
中考易错点:take care of为“动词+名词+介词”结构,不能省略of;同义短语look after可单独使用(如look after her sister),两者转换为句型转换考点。
12. give up (放弃)
核心用法:表“主动放弃某事、某物或习惯”,为中考情感态度类高频短语,后接名词、代词或动名词,完形、书面表达均常考。
例句示范:
- He never gives up his dream of becoming a teacher. 他从未放弃成为一名教师的梦想。(后接名词,书面表达励志类话题常用)
- You should give up smoking. It's bad for your health. 你应该戒烟,这对你的健康有害。(后接动名词,中考健康类话题常考)
中考提示:give up为“动词+副词”短语,代词宾语需置于中间(如give it up,不可说give up it),动名词作宾语时需放在up后面,为句型转换易错点。
13. pick up (捡起;拾起;接人)
核心用法:多义词组,中考高频考查“捡起”和“接人”,分别对应动作场景和出行场景,需结合语境判断含义。
例句示范:
- She picked up the pen from the ground. 她从地上捡起了那支钢笔。(表“捡起”,动作场景基础表达)
- My father will pick me up at the school gate after class. 放学后我爸爸会在校门口接我。(表“接人”,出行场景高频,搭配地点状语)
中考拓展:pick up还可表“偶然学会”(如pick up English),但中考较少考查,重点掌握前两层核心含义即可。
e from / be from (来自)
核心用法:表“某人来自某地”,为中考情景交际基础短语,两者可互换,常出现在单选、补全对话题型。
例句示范:
- He comes from China. = He is from China. 他来自中国。(两者同义转换,为句型转换高频考点)
- Where do you come from 你来自哪里?(情景交际询问籍贯,中考补全对话常考句式)
中考易错点:come from为实义动词短语,否定句、疑问句需借助助动词do/does;be from为系表结构,直接借助be动词变否定、疑问,如He doesn't come from China. / He isn't from China.。
15. hold on (等一下;坚持)
核心用法:多义词组,中考重点考查“等一下”(电话交际、日常催促场景)和“坚持”(情感鼓励场景),完形、情景交际常考。
例句示范:
- Hold on, please. I'll call him right now. 请等一下,我马上叫他。(电话交际场景,中考补全对话必背)
- Hold on! You can finish the task before dark. 坚持住!你能在天黑前完成任务。(鼓励场景,书面表达励志类常用)
中考提示:hold on作“等一下”讲时,为电话交际固定用语,需单独记忆;作“坚持”讲时,可与keep on(坚持做某事)区分,keep on后接动名词(如keep on working)。
16. break down (出故障;崩溃)
核心用法:多义词组,中考高频考查“(机器、车辆)出故障”,出行场景完形填空常考,偶尔考查“(情绪)崩溃”。
例句示范:
- Our car broke down on the way to the airport. 我们的车在去机场的路上出故障了。(车辆故障场景,中考完形细节题常考)
- She broke down when she heard the bad news. 听到这个坏消息,她情绪崩溃了。(情绪场景,阅读理解细节描写可能出现)
中考易错点:break down为不及物动词短语,主语通常是车辆、机器等,不能直接接宾语,如The bike broke down.(自行车坏了),无需加宾语。
二、基础练习题(中考题型复刻+解析优化)
(一)单项选择题
We usually have lunch ______ school at noon.( )
A. at B. on C. in D. to
解析:考查固定搭配“at school”,意为“在学校”,强调在学校这个具体场所,是中考基础方位搭配,选(A)。
Please make sure you arrive ______ the meeting ______ time.( )
A. at; on B. in; on C. at; in D. in; in
解析:考查arrive的搭配及time相关短语。“arrive at”后接小地点(the meeting为小范围活动场所);“on time”意为“准时”,强调按规定时间完成;“in time”意为“及时”,侧重赶在截止前。此处指准时到会,符合语境,故选(A)。
My grandfather often goes to the park ______ because he thinks walking is good for health.( )
A. by car B. on foot C. by bike D. by bus
解析:根据后文“walking is good for health”可知,爷爷是步行去公园,“on foot”意为“步行”,为中考基础出行搭配,选(B)。
In China, people drive ______ the right side of the road.( )
A. in B. on C. at D. to
解析:考查固定搭配“on the right/left”,意为“在右边/左边”,后接of短语表范围,是中考方位类必背搭配,此处指靠右侧驾驶,选(B)。
You must ______ your homework before Friday, or the teacher will be angry.( )
A. hand in B. put on C. look up D. get off
解析:考查动词短语辨析。“hand in”意为“上交”,符合“交作业”的校园场景;“put on”表“穿上”,“look up”表“查阅”,“get off”表“下车”,均与语境不符,选(A)。
It’s cold outside. Please ______ your coat before going out.( )
A. put up B. put on C. look at D. listen to
解析:考查动词短语辨析。“put on”意为“穿上”,强调穿衣物的动作,符合“天冷穿外套”的语境;“put up”表“举起、张贴”,“look at”表“看”,“listen to”表“听”,均不符,选(B)。
If you don’t know the word, you can ______ it ______ in the dictionary.( )
A. look; up B. look; at C. listen; to D. get; on
解析:考查动词短语辨析。“look up”意为“查阅(字典、资料等)”,符合“查单词”的学习场景;“look at”表“看具体事物”,“listen to”表“听”,“get on”表“上车”,均不符,选(A)。
When the bus stops, you can ______ safely.( )
A. get on B. get off C. put up D. hand in
解析:考查动词短语辨析。“get off”意为“下车”,根据“bus stops”(公交车到站)的语境,可知是下车;“get on”表“上车”,与语境不符,选(B)。
Students should ______ the teacher carefully in class.( )
A. look at B. listen to C. hand in D. put on
解析:考查动词短语辨析。“listen to the teacher”意为“听老师讲课”,符合课堂场景,强调“倾听”的动作;“look at”仅指“看”,不强调“听”的内容,无法体现课堂核心动作,选(B)。
My mother always tells me to go ______ bed early and get up early.( )
A. in B. on C. at D. to
解析:考查固定搭配。“go to bed”为标准固定短语,意为“去睡觉”,侧重“上床睡觉”的动作;“in bed”表“在床上休息/睡觉”的状态(如He is in bed.),本题题干为“go + 介词 + bed”的结构,结合中考常考固定搭配,正确答案为(D)。
(二)用括号内短语的适当形式填空
We should ______ (arrive in) Beijing before 6 p.m. tomorrow.
解析:“arrive in”后接大地点(城市、国家等),Beijing为城市,属于大地点,且情态动词should后接动词原形,填(arrive in)。
Please ______ (look at) the blackboard and read after me.
解析:“look at”强调“看向具体目标”,后接宾语the blackboard(黑板),符合课堂指令场景;祈使句开头用动词原形,填(look at)。
He ______ (get on) the train just now and it will leave in 5 minutes.
解析:“get on”意为“上(火车、公交车等)”,“just now”(刚才)为过去时标志词,谓语动词需用过去式,get的过去式为got,填(got on)。
If you run fast, you can catch the bus ______ (in time).
解析:“in time”意为“及时”,侧重赶在事物发生前完成,此处指及时赶上公交车,符合语境;区别于“on time”(准时),填(in time)。
Don’t forget to ______ (put up) your hand when you have questions in class.
解析:“put up one’s hand”为固定搭配,意为“举手”,符合课堂提问场景;forget to do sth.(忘记做某事)后接动词原形,填(put up)。
三、中考复习小贴士
1. 动词+介词/副词短语是中考词法核心考点,需重点记忆“固定搭配+语境含义”,尤其注意多义词组(如put up、look up),结合宾语和场景判断含义,避免死记硬背。
2. 易错点突破:“动词+副词”短语(如look up、put on)接代词时,代词必须放在中间(如look it up);“动词+介词”短语(如listen to、look at)需完整搭配,不能省略介词(如listen to me,不能说listen me)。
3. 同义短语积累:如arrive in/at = get to = reach,hand in = turn in,这些替换能提升书面表达句式丰富度,助力中考高分,建议结合例句强化记忆。
4. 刷题技巧:做短语类题目时,先根据语境锁定核心含义,再排除不符合的短语;同时关注时态、主谓一致、代词位置等细节,避免因语法错误丢分,错题需及时归纳短语用法。
四、中考强化训练题(梯度适配:基础+中档+易错)
(一)单项选择题(侧重短语辨析与语境运用)
She ______ the plane at Beijing International Airport and will arrive ______ Shanghai tomorrow.( )
A. gets off; in B. gets on; at C. gets off; at D. gets on; in
解析:考查动词短语及arrive搭配。get off表“下(飞机、公交车)”,get on表“上(交通工具)”;arrive in后接大地点(Shanghai为城市),arrive at后接小地点。结合语境“在北京机场下飞机,明天抵达上海”,故选(A)。
—What should I do if I don’t know the new word
—You can ______ it up in your dictionary first.( )
A. look B. put C. hand D. get
解析:考查固定短语look up。根据“don’t know the new word”可知是查单词,look up表“查阅”,其他动词与up搭配均无此含义,故选(A)。
The teacher asked us to ______ our test papers before the bell rings.( )
A. hand in B. put on C. look at D. get off
解析:考查动词短语辨析。hand in表“上交”,符合“交试卷”的考场场景;put on(穿)、look at(看)、get off(下车)均与语境不符,故选(A)。
He ______ his hat and went out. It was windy outside.( )
A. put up B. put on C. took off D. looked up
解析:考查动词短语辨析。put on表“戴上、穿上”,结合“外面刮风”的语境,可知是戴上帽子出门;took off(脱掉)、looked up(查阅)、put up(举起)均不符,故选(B)。
We must arrive at the airport ______ time, or we’ll miss the flight.( )
A. in B. on C. at D. for
解析:考查time相关短语。on time表“准时”,强调按规定时间到达机场,避免误机;in time表“及时”,此处无“赶时间”的语境,故选(B)。
(二)完形填空
Yesterday morning, I got up late. I hurried to ______ (86) the bus. When I ______ (87) the bus, I found there was no seat left. I had to stand all the way. On the way, I ______ (88) my friend Tom. He asked me to sit next to him. When we arrived ______ (89) school, it was already 8 o’clock. We quickly ran to the classroom. The teacher was already in the room. We said sorry to her and then ______ (90) our seats. After class, I had to ______ (91) my homework to the teacher, because I didn’t finish it the night before.
A. get on B. get off C. put on D. look up
A. got in B. got on C. got off D. got out
A. looked at B. listened to C. looked up D. looked for
A. in B. at C. on D. to
A. took B. put C. got D. made
A. hand in B. put up C. look up D. get on
(三)句型转换
We arrived in Shanghai yesterday.(对划线部分提问)
______ ______ you arrive yesterday
He puts on his jacket before going out.(改为过去时)
He ______ ______ his jacket before going out.
You can look up the word in the dictionary.(改为同义句)
You can ______ the dictionary ______ the word.
She listens to music every evening.(对划线部分提问)
What ______ she ______ every evening
五、强化训练题参考答案及详细解析
(一)单项选择题答案及解析
答案:A
解析:考查动词短语及arrive搭配。get off表“下(飞机、公交车)”,get on表“上(交通工具)”;arrive in后接大地点(Shanghai为城市),arrive at后接小地点。结合语境“在北京机场下飞机,明天抵达上海”,故选(A)。
答案:A
解析:考查固定短语look up。根据“don’t know the new word”可知是查单词,look up表“查阅”,其他动词与up搭配均无此含义,故选(A)。
答案:A
解析:考查动词短语辨析。hand in表“上交”,符合“交试卷”的考场场景;put on(穿)、look at(看)、get off(下车)均与语境不符,故选(A)。
答案:B
解析:考查动词短语辨析。put on表“戴上、穿上”,结合“外面刮风”的语境,可知是戴上帽子出门;took off(脱掉)、looked up(查阅)、put up(举起)均不符,故选(B)。
答案:B
解析:考查time相关短语。on time表“准时”,强调按规定时间到达机场,避免误机;in time表“及时”,此处无“赶时间”的语境,故选(B)。
(二)完形填空答案及解析
答案:A
解析:考查动词短语。get on the bus表“上公交车”,结合前文“起晚了,匆忙赶车”的语境,故选(A)。
答案:B
解析:考查动词短语。get on表“上车”,此处指“上车后发现没有座位”,符合语境;get off(下车)、get in(上小汽车)、get out(下车,后接of+交通工具)均不符,故选(B)。
答案:D
解析:考查动词短语。looked for表“寻找”,结合后文“让我坐他旁边”,可知是找到朋友;looked at(看)、listened to(听)、looked up(查阅)均不符,故选(D)。
答案:B
解析:考查arrive搭配。arrive at后接小地点(school),arrive in后接大地点(城市、国家等),故选(B)。
答案:A
解析:考查固定搭配。take one’s seat表“就座”,是中考固定短语,指“回到自己的座位上”;put(放)、get(得到)、make(制作)均无法与one’s seat构成符合语境的搭配,故选(A)。
答案:A
解析:考查动词短语。hand in表“上交”,结合前文“没完成作业”,可知是课后补交作业;put up(举起)、look up(查阅)、get on(上车)均不符,故选(A)。
(三)句型转换答案及解析
答案:Where did
解析:划线部分Shanghai是地点,对地点提问用where;原句为一般过去时,助动词用did,arrived还原为arrive,故答案为Where did。
答案:put on
解析:put的过去式与原形一致,均为put,故将一般现在时的puts on改为一般过去时的put on。
答案:use; for
解析:look up the word in the dictionary的同义表达为use the dictionary for the word,也可表达为search the dictionary for the word,均符合中考同义句转换要求,此处选用更贴合初中课标范围内的表达,故答案为use; for。
答案:does; do
解析:划线部分listens to music是动作,对动作提问用what;主语she是第三人称单数,一般现在时中助动词用does,listens还原为do,故答案为does; do。

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