资源简介

(共31张PPT)
Natural Disasters
Discovering useful strctures
Describe pictures of disasters
To learn the structure of the attributive clause.
To know how to judge the attributive clause.
To master the usage of the attributive clause.
Learning Objectives
1、什么是定语
2、英语中可以作定语的有哪些
3、定语在中文和英文中的位置
4、什么是定语从句
5、定语从句的结构
6、定语从句的重要成分
What should you know about the attributive clause
什么是定语？
定语类型 位置 核心功能 简单例句
1. 形容词 名词前 描述特征、性质 a beautiful garden
2. 名词/所有格 名词前 说明类别、材料、所属 a stone bridge, Tom's bike
3. 代词 名词前 指示、限定 this book, my pen
4. 数词 名词前 说明数量、顺序 two apples, the first day
5. 介词短语 名词后 提供地点、时间、方式等详细信息 the book on the desk
6. 分词/分词短语 名前后 表示主动/被动、进行/完成状态 a sleeping baby, the man standing there
7. 不定式 名词后 表示未来、目的、待完成 a lot of work to do
9. 副词 名词后 简要说明地点、时间 the day before
10. 形容词短语 名词后 用短语描述性质 a problem difficult to solve
11. 修饰复合词 复合词后 修饰不定代词/副词 something important
定语：起修饰、限定、说明 名词和代词的品质与特征的一类成分
定语从句
起修饰限定作用的句子。
在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句，叫做定语从句。
结构：主句（先行词）+关系词+从句
先行词：被修饰限定的那个人/物
关系词：引导定语从句词即为关系词。
把定语从句想象成一个“形容词”，那么它修饰的那个“名词”就是先行词。其中最关键的是要理解逻辑，而不仅仅是位置。
先行词怎么选？
技巧1：紧邻原则（大多数情况）
在大多数情况下，先行词直接位于关系词之前。
例句 1: The man who is speaking is our manager.
技巧2：意义判断原则（解决干扰项）
有时，关系词前面有多个名词，这时需要根据句子的逻辑意义来判断哪个才是真正被修饰的对象。
例句 2: Do you see the house on the hill which has a blue roof
引导定语从句的关系词
关系代词：who，whom，whose，which，that，as
关系副词： when, where, why
关系代词
He is an old man. He sends gifts to children.
He is an old man who sends gifts to children.
先行词
关系词
定语从句
关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。
如何选择关系代词？
(who, whom, whose, which, that)
口诀：先看先行词，辨清人或物，
后看从句里，有无主宾语。
一、先行词指“人”时，关系代词用who/whom/that
缺主语：用 who/that (不能省)
不缺主语,作宾语：用 (who/whom/that) (可以省)
当关系代词紧跟在介词(to,with,for..)后面作宾语时，如果指代人，必须 使用 whom
1.The girl lives next door is nice.
2.The teacher we all like is leaving.
3.She has a close friend with she often travels..
who/that
who/whom/that
whom
（1）I know the person house was destroyed in the earthquake.
先行词
关系词，指人，在从句中做定语，所属关系
I know the person of the house was destroyed in the earthquake.
（2）This is the room window faces north.
关系词，指物，在从句中做定语，所属关系
先行词
This is the room of the window faces north.
二、whose指人和物，表示所属关系，在定语从句中作定语，可与“of which/whom the...互换”意为“...的”
whose
whom
whose
which
三、先行词指“物”时，关系代词用which/that
先行词在定语从句中作主语和宾语，都用which/that
当先行词在定语从句中作宾语，which/that可以省略
当关系代词紧跟在介词后作宾语时，如果指物，必须用 which
1.This is a book. The book tells stories about space.
This is a book tells stories about space.
2.I like the present you gave me.
3.This is the house. I grew up in the house.
This is the house in I grew up.
which/that
which/that/x
which
在限制性定语从句中，as 通常不单独使用，而是与 such 或 the same 搭配，形成固定结构："such...as" 和 "the same...as"。此时，as 的作用类似于 that, which, who，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
四、as 指人或物，用于限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句中
He is not such a man would leave his friends in trouble.
I have never heard of such a thing you mentioned.
This is the same watch I lost last week.
is known to all, he is a good person.
as
as
as
As
（1）The number of people come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
（2）The coat lies on the ground is hers.
先行词
先行词
关系词在从句中作主语
关系词在从句中作主语
主句：The number of people reaches one million.
主句：The coat is hers.
Exercise
who/that
which/that
（3）The key you lost is found.
that/X
先行词
关系词在从句中作宾语
主句：The key is found.
特殊用法
1. 当先行词为 all，everything，nothing，anything，much等不定代词。
只能用that，不能用which的情况
2. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做了。
The first place that they visited in London was Big Ben.
He is the tallest man that I have ever seen.
3. 先行词被all,every,no, the only, the very, the last等修饰时。
I've read all the books that are not mine.
我已经读了所有那些不属于我的书。
4.当先行词既指人又指物时。
We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.
只能用that，不能用which的情况
6. 当主句的主语是疑问词which时。
Which is the car that you bought last week 你上周买的哪辆车？
7. 当先行词是主句的表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
其它情况
先行词为人称代词I, you, he, she, they,them, 或指人的不定代词one, ones, anyone, those时，不用that
1. Anyone __________ failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.
2. Those_______ are not suitable for the job should leave the office at once.
3.I like those _______ are sweet.
the way 作先行词+ that/ in which/省略
I don’t like the way _______________ you talk to me.
who
who
which
in which/that
关系副词(where/when/why)
核心概念：什么是关系副词？
关系副词用于引导定语从句，在从句中充当状语，修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。它们相当于“介词 + which”的结构。
1. When - 关系副词（表时间）在定语从句中作时间状语。
先行词： 表示时间的名词，如 time, day, year, moment等。
相当于： on/in/at/during + which
That was the day. On that day, something special happened.
That was the day something special happened.
That was the day something special happened.
That was the day I will never forget.
when
on which
that/which
2. Where - 关系副词（表地点）在定语从句中作地点状语。
先行词：表示地点的名词，如 place, room, city, country, house, school 等。
相当于： in/at/on + which
This is the house. I grew up in that house.
This is the house I grew up.
This is the house I grew up.
This is the museum I visited last week.
in which
where
that/which
3. Why - 关系副词（表原因）在定语从句中作原因状语。常可省略
先行词： 只有 reason。
相当于： for which
Please tell me the reason. You are late for that reason.
Please tell me the reason you are late.
Please tell me the reason you are late.
for which
why
对比维度 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
核心功能 限定、识别先行词，是句子不可或缺的部分。 补充说明先行词，是“锦上添花”的信息，去掉后主句意思依然完整。
形式标志 不用逗号与主句隔开。 必须用逗号与主句隔开。
关系词 1. 指人：who, whom, that
2. 指物：which, that
3. ...的：whose 1. 指人：who, whom (不能用that)
2. 指物：which (不能用that)
3. ...的：whose
关系词省略 关系词在从句中作宾语时，可以省略。 关系词一律不能省略。
翻译差异 通常译为 “…的” 结构。 通常译成另一个并列句。
定语从句分类：
Example
例句对比 I have two sisters who work in Beijing.
（我有两个在北京工作的姐妹。）
含义： 我不止两个姐妹，这句限定了是“在北京工作的”那两个。 I have two sisters, who work in Beijing.
（我有两个姐妹，她们都在北京工作。）
含义： 我只有两个姐妹，并且补充说明了她们都在北京工作。
例句对比 The book that you lent me is great.
（你借给我的那本书很棒。）
含义： 特指“你借给我的”那本，而不是别的书。 This book, which you lent me, is great.
（这本书很棒，它是你借给我的。）
含义： “是你借给我的”是对这本书的补充说明。
Find and underline the restrictive relative clauses in the setences below. What function do the restrictive clauses have
1. The Tangshan earthquake was a terrible experience that my great-grandma cannot forget.
2.The couple who live next to us volunteered to help after the volcanic erupted.
3. The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.
4.Mr Li is an architect whose designs for the new town have won praise.
5. A doctor with whom James used to work died in the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador.
Practice
There are deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.
…, a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.
Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.
The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.
…,the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and…
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
Find the sentences with relative clauses in the text.
There are deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.
…, a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.
Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.
The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.
…,the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and…
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
Exercise 1 :
1. Here are some of the people________homes were destroyed by the typhoon.
2. The terrible shaking of the building woke up all the people _____were asleep.
3.The next day, people put up shelters in the open air using anything _____ they could find.
4. Several days later, most of the buildings _____ had been damaged by the hurricane were repaired.
5.The injured boy _____ mother was lost in the disaster was taken to the hospital.
6. The woman wrote a thank-you letter to the soldier by_____ she was rescued.
7. Is this the young boy _________ saved several other students trapped under buildings
whose
who
that /
which /that
whose
whom
who/that
Take turns to ask questions about the pictures. Make sentences with restrictive relative clauses using that, which, who, whom, or whose.
The tents were put up for the people whose homes were destroyed.
The dog that has good sense of smell is important in the rescue work.
The men who are putting up shelters are soldiers
The firefighter is instructing his dog to search for anyone who is trapped in ruins.
The rescue workers are digging out people who are buried in ruins.
The message which is sent by a mother to her baby moved everyone.
The mother who protected her baby during earthquake didn’t survive.
定语从句
关系
代词
关系
副词
who/whom
缺主语/宾语
缺定语
（’s）
whose
指代人
指代物
指代人或物
that
which
To be continued…
指代人或物的
只用that的情况：谁是人物，不定全部都第一
Summary
For people ________ love the sun, summer is a time of fun. But for people ______ families were destroyed by the super typhoon__________ hit East China in July 2016, that summer was a time of great sadness. The floods and landslides caused by the typhoon killed 161 people, left 61
missing, and forced the evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people. The victims ________ the typhoon brought death or great loss were in several provinces along the Yangtze River. In the months _________ have passed since then, much has been done to make things better and help the thousands of people ______ homes were destroyed, although the sadness will never leave those _______ summer now marks the death of a loved one.
Complete the passage with that, which, who, whose, or prep+ whom. p91-3
who/that
whose
which/that
to whom
which/that
whose
whose

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