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(共32张PPT)
Unit 4 Natural Disasters
Discovering Useful Structures
Restrictive Relative Clause
There were huge cracks.
The cracks cut across roads and houses.
There were huge cracks which/that cut across roads and houses.
Observe and Find
Lead-in
Children were painful.
The children’s parents died in the earthquake.
Children whose parents died in the earthquake were painful.
People were killed or badly injured.
The number of people was more than 400,000.
The number of people who/that were killed or badly injured was more than 400,000.
What is relative clause
定语从句，或者说形容词性从句就是从句在句子中充当定语的作用，用来修饰前面名词或代词的句子。
A relative clause , or a adjective clause is a type of clause in a sentence that modifies a noun or pronoun in the independent sentence.
The relative clause song
1.定语从句的构成
先行词
+
关系词
+
从句
名词或代词
关系代词和关系副词
The man who lives next door is a dentist.
This is the store where I brought my bike.
作用：
1.引导定语从句
2.代替先行词
3.在定语从句中充当一个成分
2.定语从句的分类
e.g. The children，who were injured in a car accident，are being treated in the hospital now.
在车祸中受伤的孩子们现在正在医院接受治疗。
1. 限制性定语从句: 主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。
e.g. I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.
我真的很想找一个可以完全信任的朋友。
2. 非限制性定语从句：主句与从句之间用逗号分开，从句起补充说明作用，如果省去从句，主句的意思仍然完整
3.关系词
关系代词 所指代的先行词 在从句中所做成分
who 人 主语，宾语
whom 人 宾语
which 物 主语，宾语
that 人/物 主语，宾语
whose (人/物)的 定语
注意：做宾语可以省略
关系代词的用法
1.who指人，在从句中可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
e.g.The number of people who were killed in the disaster was over 100. (作主语)在这场灾难中丧生的人数超过100人。
e.g. He is the athlete (who) I met yesterday.
(作宾语)他就是我昨天遇到的那个运动员。
2. whom指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略，有时也可用who代替
e.g. The girl (who/whom) the soldier rescued yesterday is John’s sister.战士昨天救的那个女孩是约翰的妹妹。
e.g. The man (who/whom) you spoke to just now is my captain.
你刚才和他说话的那个人是我的队长。
3. which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略
e.g. Everywhere I saw，there were buildings which had been destroyed by the earthquake.
(作主语)我所看到的每一处都有被地震摧毁的建筑物。
e.g. The gold medal (which) she won has been given to her old school.
(作宾语)她赢得的金牌被送给了她的母校。
4. that既指人又指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略
e.g. Yesterday I read an article that was about natural disasters.
(指物，作主语)昨天我读了一篇关于自然灾害的文章。
e.g.The woman (that) I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.
(指人，作宾语)我在报纸上读到的那个女人刚刚赢得了金牌。
5. whose既指人又指物，在从句中修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
e.g.This is the person whose story/the story of whom/of whom the story surprises everybody.
(指人)这个人的故事使每个人都惊讶。
e.g.The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken can hold 40 students.
(指物)门坏了的那间教室能容纳40名学生。
注意：
whose＋名词＝“the＋名词＋of which/whom”或“of which/whom＋the＋名词”。
Exercise 1
单句语法填空/完成句子
1.We chose to live in a house window faced south.
2.I will rent a car I can drive to my host family.
3.Do you know the man is delivering a speech
4.The man I referred to just now is from America.
5.我让叔叔给你带去你之前要过的那幅中国画。
I’ve asked my uncle to bring you the Chinese painting ________________
.
6.他是我的朋友，总是帮助那些有困难的人。
He is my friend .
whose
that/which
who/that
that/whom/who
(that/which)
you’ve asked for before
who/that always helps those in trouble
注意事项
一、宜用that不用which的情况
eg. We should do all that is useful to the people.
1.当先行词是all, little, few, some, much, something, anything, everything, nothing等_________时或者被不定代词修饰时。
3.当先行词是_______或_____________，或被其修饰时;
不定代词
序数词
形容词最高级
eg. The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
2.当先行词被_______，_______，_______,_______等修饰时;
the only
the very
the same
eg. She is the only girl that won the first prize.
4.当先行词是既有_______又有_______时;
人
物
eg. They will never forget the things and persons that they have seen during their long journey.
the last
二、宜用which不用that的情况
e.g. Football, _______ is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
1.在非限制性定语从句中；
e.g. This is the train by _____ we went home.
which
which
2.关系词前有介词时；
4.先行词后面有插入语时；
e g. What is that which the dog is running after？
3.先行词本身是that；
e.g. Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you, will help you improve your English.
这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它能帮你提高英语。
三、宜用who不用that的情况
1.当先行词是I，you，he，they等人称代词或指人的不定代词，如one，ones，anyone时。
Anyone who does that must be mad. 谁那样做都一定是疯了。
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。
2.当先行词为指人的those时。
Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
那些有礼貌的人会备受尊重。
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks
1.I will do everything I can to help you solve the problem.
2.The boy and the dog are described in the picture are rather lovely.
3.Those like this after-class activity can sign up for it.
4.He is the only one of the persons in our family who (be) a college student.
5.This is the best film I have seen over the last two years.
that
that
who
is
that
6.Women _____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _____ don’t.
7. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ________ roof is under repair.
8. She brought with her three friends, none of _______ I had ever met before.
9. Children who are not active or _______diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
10. I refuse to accept the blame for something ____ was someone else’s fault.
11. There are 40 students in the class, most of are boys.
who
who
whose
whom
whose
that
whom
关系副词的用法
关系副词 先行词 在从句中的成分 相当于
when 名词，表时间 时间状语 at, in, on, during等介词+which
where 名词，表地点 地点状语 in, at等介词+which
why reason，表原因 原因状语 for+which
3.关系词
关系副词=介词+关系代词
when =at/in/during/on...+which
She will never forget the day. She was married on that day.
She will never forget the day when(=on which) she was married.
It was the year. The World War I broke out in the year.
It was the year when(=in which) the World War I broke out .
①当先行词为表示时间的名词(如：day, time, week, month, year等)，且关系词在从句中作时间状语，定语从句用when引导。
I want to know the place. I was born there.
I want to know the place where (=in which) I was born in the place.
where=in /at/... +which
②当先行词为表示具体地点的名词，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，定语从句用where引导。
where 还可用在表示抽象意义的地点名词后，如position(位置,境地), stage(阶段), situation(环境), case(情况), occasion(场合)，activity, point(地步), atmosphere(氛围)，spot(地点)， field（领域）等。
The accident has reached to the point where both their parents are to be called in. 事情发展到如此地步，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。
This is the reason why(=for which) I’m late.
Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why(=for which) they’re not doing well.
不成功的人总能找到自己表现不好的理由。
why=for+which
③当先行词为表示原因的名词reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语，定语从句用why引导。
注意:
when, where, why 与 that, which 的区分
This is the reason ___________ he went.
The reason _________ he gave us was quite reasonable.
先行词在从句中作状语时用when，where或why
先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，要用which或that
This is the place _________we visited last year.
This is the place _______ he works.
That was the time _________ he arrived.
Do you still remember the time _________ we spent together
which/that
where
when
that/which
why/for which
that/which
Exercise 3
1.This is the factory _____________ he works.
2.I still remember the day_____________ I met her.
3.I don’t know the reason _____________ he was late.
where( in which)
when( on which)
why( for which)
“介词 + 关系代词”引导定语从句
3.关系词
①当先行词是人时，用介词 + whom 引导定语从句：
Do you know the girl with ________ our teacher is talking
②当先行词是物时，用介词 + which引导定语从句：
This is the room in ___________ my grandmother used to live.
whom
which
(1)关系代词的确定
①根据先行词的搭配关系：
1) I still remember the day _______ _______ I met TFboys.
2) I will never forget the farm _______ ______ I worked with you.
3) The money _______ _______ you were to buy food is gone.
on which
on which
with which
(on the day 在那天)
(on the farm 在农场)
(with the money 用钱)
(2)介词的确定
②根据谓语动词或形容词的搭配习惯
Do you like the book _______ _______ she spent $10
2) Do you like the book _______ _______ she paid $10
3) The West Lake, _______ _______ Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
on which
for which
for which
③根据句子的意思来确定
Air, _________ which man can’t live, is really important.
空气非常重要，没有了它人类便不能生存。
2) This is the man _______ whom my brother has worked for ten
years. 这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那个人。
without
with
④表示“所有”或“整体的一部分”时通常用介词 “of”
He has two sons, _____________ graduated from Peking University.
他有两个儿子，他们都毕业于北京大学。
2) Tom wrote many children’s books, nearly _____________ were
about campus culture.
汤姆写了很多儿童书籍，其中将近一半是关于校园文化的。
both of whom
half of which
Exercise 4
用介词 ＋ 关系代词填空。
1. Who is the person _______ _______ you just shook hands
2. China is a powerful country, _______ _______ we are proud.
3. This is the tree _______ _______ we used to play games.
4. This is my glasses, _______ _______ I can’t see clearly.
5. Do you remember the day _______ _______ you joined our club
with whom
of which
under which
without which
on which
4.定语从句的谓语动词的形式
(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
e.g. The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers.
放在地上的那个手提箱是她的。
(2)①“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；
e.g. This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的一本。
②在肯定句中，“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班男生中唯一学过法语的。
5.解题步骤
识别定语从句
找先行词，划分主从句
把先行词插入到从句中
判断插入部分：是缺主语宾语、定语，还是缺状语
依据先行词，正确选用
THANK YOU !

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