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主从复合句-----定语从句
The Attributive Clause
定语作用：修饰；限定
找出下列句中的定语。
1. He is an clever boy.
2. We love our city.
3. What’s your telephone number
4. She is a tall girl.
5. This is a basket full of apples.
6. This is a basket that is full of apples.
一、基本概念
在主从复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句，定语从句的作用相当于形容词。
eg. I'll never forget the days that we spent together.
Harry Porter is a boy who has magic power.
先行词
关系词
定语从句
关系代词
关系副词
which, who, whom, whose, that，as
where, when，why
高考考点所在
二、基本结构
基本结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句
先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词、句子叫作先行词,一般在定语从句之前.
He failed in the test, which was unexpected.（句子作先行词）
分类 关系词 指代对象 在从句中的作用
关系代词 who 人 主宾表
whom 人 宾
whose 人或物 定
that 人或物 主宾表
which 物 主宾表
as 人或物 主宾表
关系副词 when 时间 状
where 地点 状
why 原因 状
关系词的用法
1.The boy who/that are playing football are from Class One.
2.This is the pen (which / that) he bought yesterday.
3.I'll cherish the moment when I met Lisa.
4.Is there a shop around where we can get fruit
5.We don't know the reason why they didn't attend the meeting.
找出句子的先行词、关系词、并说明关系词在定语从句中的作用
作主语
作宾语
作时间状语
作地点状语
作原因状语
限制性定语从句 修饰先行词 不用逗号 可用that，why 只修饰先行词
非限制性定语从句 补充先行词 用逗号 不可用that，why 可修饰整个句子或部分
三、定语从句的分类
e.g.
He is the man whose car was stolen.
I have invited Jim,who lives in the next flat.
He was generous with his time,for which I was grateful.
1.who/whom的用法
who 指人 主宾表 作宾语时可省略 不可在代词后作宾语
whom 指人 宾 作宾语时可省略 可在代词后作宾语
e.g.
1.The person（who/whom/that）you talked to is Mr Li.
2.I’ve become friends with Jane who is easy-going.
3.The gril with whom I went to Beijing is good at English.
2.whose的用法
whose在定语从句中作定语，后接名词，意为”谁的”，即可指人又可指物。在从句中whose+n.可替换成the+n.+of which/whom或of which /whom +the +n.
This is the scientists whose contributions are great.
=the contributions of whom
=of whom the contributions
I like the room whose window faces the garden.
= the window of which
=of which the window
例题
1.Confucius is the educator_________influence has been the greatest in China.
2.
They were well-trained by their master ___________ had great experience with caring for theses animals.
whose
who/that
3.that与which的区别
在限制性定从中，只有that 不用which 的情况
1.先行词是all，something, evevything, anything, nothing, little, much ,few等不定代词
e.g. All that can be done has been done.
2.先行词被all, any, every, no, litfle. much, some等词修饰
e.g.All the people that come from the country work much harder.
3.先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级
e.g.The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
4.先行词被 the only , the very（正是,恰是)，the last修饰时
e.g.This is the very book that you are looking for.
5.先行词中既有人又有物时
e.g. He talked about the people and the place that he had visited in that country.
6.在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句
e.g. Which is the book that belongs to her
只用which 不用that的情况
1.在非限制性定从中
eg. She said she graduated from a famous university. which was a lie.
2.介词后
e.g.This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
例题
1. I am going to talk about the countries and people __________I have visited.
2.This is the best film _________has been shown so far in the city.
3. Our teacher, _________is from Canada has the ability to make her class interesting.
that
that
who
4.as 的用法及 which 的区别
1、as引导限制性定语从句，常用于"the same.. as , such ..…. as , as/so.….. as“结构中，as在定语从句中既可指人,又可指物,在从句中作主、宾、表.
1.The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
2.The book, which I bought yesterday, is very instructive.
3.As anybody can see a computer can do almast everything people can.
as 指代整个主句 位于主句前、中、后 正如，好像
which 指代整个主句或一个词 位于主句后 这件事
例题
1.________ is known to all, Mount Qomolangma is the hightest mountain is the world.
2.Such girls __________he knows are good at English.
3.He criticized /Mary in public,_________she didn't like at all.
As
as
which
5."介词+关系代词"的用法
"介词+关系代词"引导定语从句时,关系代词常用which(指物)whom(指人),即“介词+which /whom"等.
This is the hero (that | who/ whom) We are proud of.
This is the pen (that/ which) I wrote the letter with.
1.介词的选择
(1)根据从句中动词的搭配
e.g. I bought many books, on which I spent all my money.
(2)根据先行词的搭配
e.g.Do you find the pen with which I wrote just now
(3)根据从句的意义.
eg. He lost his glasses, without which he couldn't see the blackboard clearly.
2.“复合介词短语+关系代词 which /whom"结构
此结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序.
eg. He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.
3."代词+介词+关系代词"结构
此结构常见的有some /several /a few/a little /most / many + of + which / whom形式.
e.g. Here are the students, most of them don't like the plan.
例题
I. He wrote a letter_____which he explained what had happened in the accident.
2. Many of young people, most of ______were well- educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
in
whom
6.关系副词的用法
关系副词 先行词 作用 例句
when 时间名词 时间状语 I'll never forget the day when I returned to school.
where 地点名词 地点状语 This is the place where we first met.
why reason 原因状语 Do you know the reason why(=for which ) he was so Sorry
易错提醒：
1.先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词、关系词不一定就用when, where, why,要看从句中缺什么成分.缺主语、宾语、用关系代词;缺状语、用关系副词
eg. I'll never forget the day ( that |which)we spent together last week
2.先行词可以是一些表示抽象意义的词,如point, situation, condition, case, position, stage, scene, occasion(场合,时机)等
e.g. We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.
注意
1.介+关系代词=where / when/why
2.where=表示地点的介词(如in, at，on, under)+which
3.when=表示时间的介词(如in,at,during)+ which
4.why=表示原因的介词(for)+which
1.This is the reason for which /why he refused to offer help.
2.He went to the farm on whichI where they worked 30 years ago.
3.There are occasions on which/when one must yield.
例题
1. He believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet _________life has developed gradually.
2.Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, ________ the audience can buy ice cream.
3. She doesn't know the reason_______ she always makes he same mistake.
where
when
why
7.定语从句的其他要点
1.引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数与先行词保持一致
(1)"one of +复数名词+关系代词",从句谓语用复数
e.g. She is one of the teachers who know French in our school.
(2) " the (only) one of+复数名词+关系代词",从句谓语用单数
e.g. She is the lonly) one of the teachers who knows French in our school.
(3) as/ which 引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句时,若as/ which 作主语,从句谓语用单数
e.g. Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
2.way作先行词,表示"方式,方法"时.关系词的情况
(1)从句中缺状语时
e.g. What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which /that /不填 he said it.
(2)从句中缺宾语时
e.g. The way that/ which/不填 he explained to us was quite simple.
(3) time后的定语从句
time表示"次数",应用that引导，that可省略。
e.g. It's not the first time (that) you've found yourself in this situation.
a time表示“一段时间",从句中缺状语,应用when或“介词+which"引导。
e.g. There was a time when /during which each teacher spent an hour, one day a week, testing pupils in every subject.
1.There was a time ________ he didn't like to go to school on foot.
2. She is the only one of the girls who _________ (study) hard.
3. The way ________in which he explained the sentence to us was difficult to understand.
when
studies
in
I have no idea about the man __________ wrote the article.
I have many friends to __________ I’m going to send postcards.
Children __________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
He will tell you everything __________ he heard about.
This is the factory ________________we visited last year.
__________ we know，smoking is harmful to one’s health.
There are moments ___________ one feels unhappy for no reason.
Beijing is the place _____________________ he was born.
Is this the reason _____________________ he refused our invitation
who
whom
whose
(which/that)
that
As
when
where (＝in which)
why (＝for which)
巩固练习
1.This is the boy__________________________ (给我一本书的) the other day.
2.The man____________________________(正在这间房子里工作的)is a teacher.
3.The old building_________________________(我们住的)has been here for 30 years.
4.The book _________________________(封皮是绿的）was our textbook.
5.I have lost the pen____________________________（我父亲给我买的）
who/that gave me a book
who/that is working in the room
(that/which) we live in
whose cover is green
(which/that) my father bought me
根据汉语补全句子
Try to translate these proverbs into English
1.He is not a true man.
2.God helps those __________________ .
3. He _______________ laughs best
1. 不到长城非好汉。
2. 自助者，天助之。
3. 谁笑在最后谁最美！
( 不能到长城的人不是男子汉。）
（神帮助那些帮助自己的人。）
（笑到最后的人笑的最好。）
who doesn't reach the Great Wall
who help themselves
who laughs last
1. He who laughs last laughs best.（笑到最后的人笑得最美。）
2. God helps those who help themselves.（天助自助者。）
3. All that glitters is not gold.（闪光的不全是金子。）
4. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.
（住在玻璃屋里的人不该扔石头。）
5. Time which is lost never returns.（逝去的时间永不复返。）
6. He who hesitates is lost.（犹豫不决者必失良机。）
7. Those that make the best use of their time will succeed.
（善于利用时间的人会成功。）
8. A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.（患难见真情。）
常见含有定于从句的谚语

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