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第四讲　词义猜测题——上下取证知其意
一、题型特点与设问方式
题型特点
　　词义猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇上下文等理解生词的能力。英语中有一句很经典的话：No context， no text.它表达的意思是：脱离了上下文，就不能正确理解单词的意义。这充分说明上下文语境对于理解词义的重要性。词义猜测题主要考查以下两个方面：
1.要求根据阅读材料，结合学生应有的常识和经验判断生词、词组或熟词在特定语境中的含义以及一些句子的意思；
2.代词指代题也是词义猜测题的常考类型。
设问方式
①What does the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... mean？
②What does the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...refer to？
③Which of the following words can replace the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...？
④What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph ... suggest？
⑤The underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...is closest in meaning to “　　　　”.
⑥What is the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... closest in meaning to？
二、用活4大猜测词义法
　　为做好词义猜测题，学生应当熟练掌握《普通高中英语课程标准》规定的词汇，在日常学习、训练中还要注重积累生僻词汇和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对各种前缀、后缀的变化形式了然于胸；同时，还应学会根据上下文语境合理推测词义。
　　在理解词义方面，学生往往遇到两大障碍：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词所阻挡，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读速度以及对文章的理解。
　　其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是学生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词法、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识和上下文等线索猜测词义。
　　同时，在阅读过程中，学生还要准确理解作者的深层含义和言外之意。要做到这一点，学生就要弄清楚上下文之间的逻辑关系。上下文之间的逻辑关系包括因果关系、并列关系、转折关系、递进关系、让步关系等。而要准确理解作者的行文逻辑，很重要的一点就是关注文章中那些表达逻辑关系的词汇，如：and、 but、 therefore、 however、 though、 although、 because、 in spite of等。另外，做词义猜测题时，应注意画线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的意义。另外，还要注意生词后的标点符号，如逗号、破折号、引号、括号等都可用于提示词意。
　　下面介绍4种行之有效的猜词技法，希望对学生提高阅读理解中词义猜测题的解题能力有所帮助。
技法（一）　利用上下文线索猜测词义
类型1　定义
　　作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词汇有i.e.、 is、 are、 is/are called、 mean、 refer to、 known as等。
【典例】　（2021·全国甲卷阅读C篇节选）
　　Southbank， at an eastern bend in the Thames， is the center of British skateboarding， where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.I loved it.I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own language.And my favorite： Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don’t worry about it.Once， when trying a certain trick on the beam （横杆）， I fell onto the stones， damaging a nerve in my hand， and Toby came over， helping me up： Safe， man.Safe.A few minutes later， when I landed the trick， my friends beat their boards loud， shouting：“Safe！ Safe！ Safe！” And that’s what mattered — landing tricks， being a good skater.
29.What do the underlined words “Safe！ Safe！ Safe！” probably mean？
A.Be careful！　B.Well done！　C.No way！　D.Don’t worry！
解题思路　根据选段中的And my favorite： Safe. Safe meant cool.可知，作者将Safe定义为cool，即“出色的”；同时结合下文可知，在作者成功完成了一次滑板动作后，同伴们都大喊Safe！ Safe！ Safe！来表示祝贺或鼓励作者，夸作者“做得好”。
参考答案　　B　
类型2　举例
　　有时，画线词后会跟一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助学生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词汇有such as、 for example、 for instance、 like、 including、 especially等。
【典例】　（北京卷阅读D篇节选）
　　Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example， algorithms （算法） carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets， self-driving cars are appearing on city streets， and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
42.What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean？
A.Enormous in quantity.　　　　B.Changeable daily.
C.Stable in quality. D.Present everywhere.
解题思路　根据画线词后的For example可知，下文是对画线词所在句的举例：算法帮助人们在金融市场进行大量的交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市的街道，智能手机实现了不同语言间的转换等。这些例子都是人工智能被广泛应用到生活中不同领域的体现。由此可以推测出，画线词表示人工智能变得越来越普遍。
参考答案　　D　
类型3　重述
　　作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用的、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号（有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号）与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。
　　在英文中，这一过程被称为“paraphrase”，它的意思是：express the meaning （of a piece of writing， statement， etc） in different words， especially in order to make it easier to understand将（一段文字等）释义或意译（尤指为易于理解）。
　　常见的信号词汇有or、 namely、 that is、 in other words、 that is to say、 to be more exact、 to put it another way等。
【典例】　（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C篇节选）
　　Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days， you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean？
A.Clear-up.　 　B.Add-on.　 　C.Check-in.　 　D.Take-over.
解题思路　画线词后的句子重述了digital declutter的过程，用以进一步解释该词。根据画线词后的step away from可知，画线词表示“清除，清理”。
参考答案　　A　
类型4　同义词或近义词
　　有时，在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的词汇，它往往暗示了该词或短语的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇有and、 or、 like、 as well、 similarly、 too、 also、 either等。
【典例】　（2023·1月浙江卷阅读C篇节选）
　　Brilliant though it is， Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out， yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond， professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University， put it：“There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”
29.What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to？
A.Arguments.　　　　　　　　B.Doubts.
C.Errors. D.Differences.
解题思路　根据画线词的上一句This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.可知，这可能导致一些人类不会犯的错误。因此wrinkles指代errors。画线词wrinkles所在的句子表示“这样的错误毫无疑问会被纠正”。
参考答案　　C　
类型5　反义词
　　有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可以根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词汇有（whether ...） or、 unlike、 but、 yet、 however、 while、 although、 nevertheless、 instead、 rather than、 in contrast、 on the contrary、 on the other hand等。
【典例】　（新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D篇节选）
　　According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research， both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions （份）， it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
13.What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to？
A.Big eaters.　　　　 　　　　 B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons.
解题思路　根据画线词所在句的上半句And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭；下半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people意义相反。
参考答案　　D　
技法（二）　根据上下文逻辑猜测词义
　　有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的单词或短语的意义。
类型1　转折关系
　　在猜测词义时，两个分句之间的逻辑关系往往给我们一些重要暗示，比如转折关系。
【典例】　（2024·全国甲卷阅读B篇节选）
　　Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit， but cats take this behavior up a notch.Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators （食肉动物）.Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you.These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it’s been in their nature since the beginning of time.So just go along with it！
26.Which best explains the phrase “take ...up a notch” in paragraph 3？
A.Perform appropriately.　　　B.Move faster.
C.Act strangely. D.Do better.
解题思路　根据转折连词but可知，画线短语所在句中上下句形成转折关系。画线短语所在句上半句强调狗以其令人印象深刻的取物习惯闻名；选段倒数第三句表明猫会用捡到的物品向主人表达爱意。结合语境和上下句之间的转折关系可推测，画线处表明猫的取物能力更强。
参考答案　　D　
类型2　对比关系
　　有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，学生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。
【典例】　（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D篇节选）
　　In the wrong hands， such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code （代码） that powers AI but， thankfully， Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic， making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which， by the close， will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
32.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean？
A.If read by someone poorly educated.　　 B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C.If written by someone less competent. D.If translated by someone unacademic.
解题思路　画线部分后强调Campbell的专业经验和能力，由此可推测，画线短语指如果换一个能力不如Campbell的人来写这本书。
参考答案　　C　
类型3　类比关系
　　作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性（共同特征），它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇有similarly、 like、 also、 just as、 as well等。
【典例】　（2023·全国乙卷阅读D篇节选）
　　In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides， there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted， especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino， the Australian Aboriginals， the African people of Benin and the Incas， all of whom appear in this book， can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made： a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact （联系） between literate and non-literate societies such as these， all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted， only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation， we have to read not just the texts， but the objects.
34.What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to？
A.Problem.　　B.History.　　C.Voice.　　D.Society.
解题思路　根据选段中的a history told through things gives them back a voice （实物能还原历史事实）和all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted， only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation， we have to read not just the texts，but the objects （我们所有的第一手描述无法避免地会被歪曲，它只是对话的一半。如果我们想找到另一半，就不能只解读文字，还要解读实物）可知，作者将历史类比成一场对话，对话的一半是文字，另一半是实物。因此conversation指代的是历史。
参考答案　　B　
技法（三）　根据构词法猜测词义
　　很多情况下，我们在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧。
【典例】　（新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B篇节选）
　　I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.
　　...
　　My imaginary Grandma’s Box worked like magic that spring， and later.Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it.Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I seldom actually kept them.Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day， and I would return the belonging.
25.What do the underlined words “the offender” in paragraph 8 refer to？
A.The student’s parent.
B.The maker of the Grandma’s Box.
C.The author’s grandchild.
D.The owner of the forbidden fruit.
解题思路　根据构词法知识可知，“-er”为后缀，当其与动词组合时，表示“做某事的人或物”；offend为动词，意为“违反；冒犯”。所以offender有“犯规者；违反者”之意。结合上文中出现的forbidden fruit以及下文提到的return the belonging可推断，画线词所在句表示，通常the offender会在放学的时候过来，作者就会把东西归还给他/她。因此the offender指携带违禁物品的人。
参考答案　　D　
技法（四）　根据上下文语境猜测词义
　　对于词汇或短语的理解，离不开特定的语境。因此毫无疑问上下文语境是进行词义猜测最重要的线索。
【典例】　（2023·全国甲卷阅读B篇节选）
　　Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY （do-it-yourself）. Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture， she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
　　She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six， Terri， now 26， accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays.A day’s work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money. She says：“I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with. But when Derek built our family house about eight years ago， I was heavily involved （参与）， painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking work， but I know he was proud of my skills.”
24.Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1？
A.An artist.　　B.A winner.　　C.A specialist.　　D.A pioneer.
解题思路　根据选段第一段中的Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture， she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.可知，泰瑞·博尔顿擅长搭架子和拼装家具，她自己能做的工作从不付钱给别人做。据此可知，她是自我动手方面的专家。
参考答案　　C　
A
（2024·福州质检）A survey of 787 members of the Society of Authors （SoA） has found that a third of translators and a quarter of illustrators have lost work to generative （生成式的） Artificial Intelligence （AI） systems.Translators are also more likely to use AI to support their work， with 37% of respondents saying they have done so， followed by 25% of non-fiction writers.
　　The research explores the experiences of those in creative careers with AI systems， and their views and concerns about the future impact on creative careers.The survey’s respondents include writers of fiction and non-fiction， scriptwriters and poets as well as journalists， illustrators and translators.
　　Illustrators are the least likely to have used AI in their work， with only one in 10 reporting having made use of its systems， compared to a fifth of fiction writers and a quarter of non-fiction writers.Meanwhile， around three in 10 illustrators and writers say that they have used generative AI to brainstorm ideas.
　　The survey also highlights the level of concern about the future impact of AI on creative work， with almost two-thirds of writers of fiction and over half of non-fiction writers saying that they believe generative AI will negatively impact their future income.This concern is even more prevalent among translators and illustrators， with almost three-quarters from both groups worried about their future income because of AI.
　　There is a general consensus about the need for regulation of generative AI when it comes to copyright holders being consulted， credited and compensated （补偿）.Commenting on the findings， the SoA has said that there is an “urgent need” for government regulation in terms of the development of AI systems， and highlighted the need to uphold copyright laws.
　　“No one expects generative AI to be uninvented， and we all know its potential to be a powerful and useful tool，” said Nicola Solomon， the chair of the Creators’ Rights Alliance and the outgoing SoA chief executive.“But it is not too late to ensure that it is developed and used ethically， and generative AI must remain a tool to support and enhance human-made creative work， not a cheap alternative to replace it.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。一项针对英国作家协会787名成员的调查发现，三分之一的翻译和四分之一的插画师因人工智能系统而失去了工作。
1.Who are most unwilling to use AI according to the research？（　　）
A.Journalists.　
B.Illustrators.
C.Fiction writers.
D.Non-fiction writers.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，在受访者当中，插画师最不可能在他们的工作中使用人工智能，只有十分之一的插画师表示使用过人工智能系统，而五分之一的小说作家和四分之一的非虚构作家使用过人工智能系统。
2.What does the underlined word “prevalent” in Paragraph 4 mean？（　　）
A.Valuable. B.Important.
C.Necessary. D.Common.
解析：D　词义猜测题。画线词所在句上句指出：近三分之二的小说作家和超过一半的非虚构作家表示，生成式人工智能将对他们未来的收入产生负面影响。画线词所在句下半句指出：翻译和插画师这两个群体中有近四分之三的人担心他们未来的收入会因为人工智能而受到影响。由此可知，这种担忧在翻译和插画师当中更为“普遍”。
3.What is the respondents’ common voice？（　　）
A.To get paid by AI developers.
B.To limit the development of AI.
C.To regulate the development of AI.
D.To stop AI developers using their works.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段可知，当涉及征求版权所有者的意见、署名和补偿时，受访者一致认为有必要对生成式人工智能进行监管。
4.What does Nicola Solomon think of generative AI？（　　）
A.It will be a serious threat to us.
B.It will be a necessary assistant.
C.It will replace humans’ literary works.
D.It will be more creative than humans.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Nicola Solomon认为，确保人工智能的开发和使用符合道德规范还为时不晚，生成式人工智能必须仍然是支持和增强人类创造性工作的工具，而不是取代人类创作的廉价替代品。
熟词 生义 credit
B
　　（2024·南通联考）I used to be fearful of the topic of aging.Is there anything we can do about the inevitable？ But recently I’ve been digging into a new wave of longevity research that is making it an exciting time to be an aging human — which is all of us.
　　It turns out， we all age at varying rates.Super-agers may have great genes， but research shows our habits and routines — everything from what we eat and how we move our bodies to who we spend our time with — matter a lot， when it comes to our lifespan （寿命）.
　　Now， the next frontier is to target the basic biology of aging and come up with new interventions （干预） to slow it down.Many scientists are optimistic that we will make breakthroughs.Not only to help us live longer， but — more importantly — to extend the healthspan， which means the number of years we live with good health.
　　This is the goal of professors at the Human Longevity Lab at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.They’re recruiting study participants so that they can test what kinds of interventions may slow the rate of aging.To that end， I decided to roll up my sleeve for science.
　　When I arrived on a late winter morning， I went through a series of tests.Of all the tests they performed， the most attractive is the GrimAge test.This test predicts biological age.It’s judging whether your DNA age is younger — or older — than your actual age， known as chronological age （实际年龄）.Simply speaking， the test can estimate how quickly — or slowly — you’re aging.
　　No one wants to find out they’re aging faster than their peers， right？ But here’s the exciting part.Our biological age may be malleable.The hope is that we can slow down our rate of aging — by making changes to lifestyle.Down the line， there may be anti-aging pills or other interventions.
　　“That’s the big ray of optimism that comes through all of this， the possibility that we can slow down aging and extend the healthspan of people，” says Dr Douglas Vaughan， director of the Longevity Institute.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。衰老是人生中不可避免的事，但是，最近的科学研究发现，我们的生理年龄不是一成不变的，而是可变的。
5.What made the author change his/her attitude towards aging？（　　）
A.Some surveys.　　　 B.Some statistics.
C.Some theories. D.Some researches.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第一、二段可知，作者原本害怕衰老这个话题，但最近的一些研究发现让作者变得兴奋起来。
6.What’s the purpose of the professors at the Human Longevity Lab？（　　）
A.To lengthen our lifespan.
B.To find the secret of aging.
C.To improve people’s health.
D.To predict our biological age.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第三、四段可知，西北大学范伯格医学院人类长寿实验室教授们的目标是帮助人们在健康的前提下活得更久。
7.What does the GrimAge test focus on？ （　　）
A.The pace of aging. B.The effects of aging.
C.The reasons for aging. D.The problems with aging.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据第五段可知，the GrimAge test是预测我们的生理年龄，也可以说是预估我们衰老速度的快慢。
8.What does the underlined word “malleable” in the last but one paragraph probably mean？（　　）
A.Steady. B.Flexible.
C.Temporary. D.Changeable.
解析：D　词义猜测题。根据下文The hope is that we can slow down ...or other interventions.可知，我们希望可以通过改变生活方式来延缓衰老的速度，另外，未来可能会有抗衰老药物或其他干预（衰老）措施。这些都说明（研究中所预测的）我们的生理年龄不是固定不变的，而是可以人为改变的。
熟词 生义 end
12 / 12第四讲　词义猜测题——上下取证知其意
一、题型特点与设问方式
题型特点 设问方式
　　词义猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇上下文等理解生词的能力。英语中有一句很经典的话：No context， no text.它表达的意思是：脱离了上下文，就不能正确理解单词的意义。这充分说明上下文语境对于理解词义的重要性。词义猜测题主要考查以下两个方面： 1.要求根据阅读材料，结合学生应有的常识和经验判断生词、词组或熟词在特定语境中的含义以及一些句子的意思； 2.代词指代题也是词义猜测题的常考类型。 ①What does the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... mean？ ②What does the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...refer to？ ③Which of the following words can replace the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...？ ④What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph ... suggest？ ⑤The underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...is closest in meaning to “　　　　”. ⑥What is the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... closest in meaning to？
二、用活4大猜测词义法
　　为做好词义猜测题，学生应当熟练掌握《普通高中英语课程标准》规定的词汇，在日常学习、训练中还要注重积累生僻词汇和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对各种前缀、后缀的变化形式了然于胸；同时，还应学会根据上下文语境合理推测词义。
　　在理解词义方面，学生往往遇到两大障碍：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词所阻挡，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读速度以及对文章的理解。
　　其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是学生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词法、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识和上下文等线索猜测词义。
　　同时，在阅读过程中，学生还要准确理解作者的深层含义和言外之意。要做到这一点，学生就要弄清楚上下文之间的逻辑关系。上下文之间的逻辑关系包括因果关系、并列关系、转折关系、递进关系、让步关系等。而要准确理解作者的行文逻辑，很重要的一点就是关注文章中那些表达逻辑关系的词汇，如：and、 but、 therefore、 however、 though、 although、 because、 in spite of等。另外，做词义猜测题时，应注意画线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的意义。另外，还要注意生词后的标点符号，如逗号、破折号、引号、括号等都可用于提示词意。
　　下面介绍4种行之有效的猜词技法，希望对学生提高阅读理解中词义猜测题的解题能力有所帮助。
技法（一）　利用上下文线索猜测词义
类型1　定义
　　作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词汇有i.e.、 is、 are、 is/are called、 mean、 refer to、 known as等。
【典例】　（2021·全国甲卷阅读C篇节选） 　　Southbank， at an eastern bend in the Thames， is the center of British skateboarding， where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.I loved it.I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own language.And my favorite： Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don’t worry about it.Once， when trying a certain trick on the beam （横杆）， I fell onto the stones， damaging a nerve in my hand， and Toby came over， helping me up： Safe， man.Safe.A few minutes later， when I landed the trick， my friends beat their boards loud， shouting：“Safe！ Safe！ Safe！” And that’s what mattered — landing tricks， being a good skater. 29.What do the underlined words “Safe！ Safe！ Safe！” probably mean？ A.Be careful！　B.Well done！　C.No way！　D.Don’t worry！ 解题思路　根据选段中的And my favorite： Safe. Safe meant cool.可知，作者将Safe定义为cool，即“出色的”；同时结合下文可知，在作者成功完成了一次滑板动作后，同伴们都大喊Safe！ Safe！ Safe！来表示祝贺或鼓励作者，夸作者“做得好”。 参考答案　　B　
类型2　举例
　　有时，画线词后会跟一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助学生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词汇有such as、 for example、 for instance、 like、 including、 especially等。
【典例】　（北京卷阅读D篇节选） 　　Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example， algorithms （算法） carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets， self-driving cars are appearing on city streets， and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. 42.What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean？ A.Enormous in quantity.　　　　B.Changeable daily. C.Stable in quality. D.Present everywhere. 解题思路　根据画线词后的For example可知，下文是对画线词所在句的举例：算法帮助人们在金融市场进行大量的交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市的街道，智能手机实现了不同语言间的转换等。这些例子都是人工智能被广泛应用到生活中不同领域的体现。由此可以推测出，画线词表示人工智能变得越来越普遍。 参考答案　　D　
类型3　重述
　　作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用的、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号（有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号）与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。
　　在英文中，这一过程被称为“paraphrase”，它的意思是：express the meaning （of a piece of writing， statement， etc） in different words， especially in order to make it easier to understand将（一段文字等）释义或意译（尤指为易于理解）。
　　常见的信号词汇有or、 namely、 that is、 in other words、 that is to say、 to be more exact、 to put it another way等。
【典例】　（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C篇节选） 　　Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days， you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean？ A.Clear-up.　　B.Add-on.　　C.Check-in.　　D.Take-over. 解题思路　画线词后的句子重述了digital declutter的过程，用以进一步解释该词。根据画线词后的step away from可知，画线词表示“清除，清理”。 参考答案　　A　
类型4　同义词或近义词
有时，在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的词汇，它往往暗示了该词或短语的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇有and、 or、 like、 as well、 similarly、 too、 also、 either等。
【典例】　（2023·1月浙江卷阅读C篇节选） 　　Brilliant though it is， Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out， yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond， professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University， put it：“There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.” 29.What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to？ A.Arguments.　　　　　　　　 B.Doubts. C.Errors. D.Differences. 解题思路　根据画线词的上一句This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.可知，这可能导致一些人类不会犯的错误。因此wrinkles指代errors。画线词wrinkles所在的句子表示“这样的错误毫无疑问会被纠正”。 参考答案　　C　
类型5　反义词
　　有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可以根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词汇有（whether ...） or、 unlike、 but、 yet、 however、 while、 although、 nevertheless、 instead、 rather than、 in contrast、 on the contrary、 on the other hand等。
【典例】　（新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D篇节选） 　　According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research， both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions （份）， it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. 13.What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to？ A.Big eaters.　　　　　 　B.Overweight persons. C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons. 解题思路　根据画线词所在句的上半句And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭；下半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people意义相反。 参考答案　　D　
技法（二）　根据上下文逻辑猜测词义
　　有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的单词或短语的意义。
类型1　转折关系
　　在猜测词义时，两个分句之间的逻辑关系往往给我们一些重要暗示，比如转折关系。
【典例】　（2024·全国甲卷阅读B篇节选） 　　Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit， but cats take this behavior up a notch.Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators （食肉动物）.Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you.These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it’s been in their nature since the beginning of time.So just go along with it！ 26.Which best explains the phrase “take ...up a notch” in paragraph 3？ A.Perform appropriately.　　　B.Move faster. C.Act strangely. D.Do better. 解题思路　根据转折连词but可知，画线短语所在句中上下句形成转折关系。画线短语所在句上半句强调狗以其令人印象深刻的取物习惯闻名；选段倒数第三句表明猫会用捡到的物品向主人表达爱意。结合语境和上下句之间的转折关系可推测，画线处表明猫的取物能力更强。 参考答案　　D　
类型2　对比关系
　　有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，学生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。
【典例】　（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D篇节选） 　　In the wrong hands， such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code （代码） that powers AI but， thankfully， Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic， making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which， by the close， will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 32.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean？ A.If read by someone poorly educated. B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C.If written by someone less competent. D.If translated by someone unacademic. 解题思路　画线部分后强调Campbell的专业经验和能力，由此可推测，画线短语指如果换一个能力不如Campbell的人来写这本书。 参考答案　　C　
类型3　类比关系
　　作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性（共同特征），它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇有similarly、 like、 also、 just as、 as well等。
【典例】　（2023·全国乙卷阅读D篇节选） 　　In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides， there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted， especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino， the Australian Aboriginals， the African people of Benin and the Incas， all of whom appear in this book， can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made： a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact （联系） between literate and non-literate societies such as these， all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted， only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation， we have to read not just the texts， but the objects. 34.What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to？ A.Problem.　 B.History.　 C.Voice.　 D.Society. 解题思路　根据选段中的a history told through things gives them back a voice （实物能还原历史事实）和all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted， only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation， we have to read not just the texts，but the objects （我们所有的第一手描述无法避免地会被歪曲，它只是对话的一半。如果我们想找到另一半，就不能只解读文字，还要解读实物）可知，作者将历史类比成一场对话，对话的一半是文字，另一半是实物。因此conversation指代的是历史。 参考答案　　B　
技法（三）　根据构词法猜测词义
　　很多情况下，我们在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧。
【典例】　（新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B篇节选） 　　I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.　　 　　... 　　My imaginary Grandma’s Box worked like magic that spring， and later.Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it.Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I seldom actually kept them.Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day， and I would return the belonging. 25.What do the underlined words “the offender” in paragraph 8 refer to？ A.The student’s parent. B.The maker of the Grandma’s Box. C.The author’s grandchild. D.The owner of the forbidden fruit. 解题思路　根据构词法知识可知，“-er”为后缀，当其与动词组合时，表示“做某事的人或物”；offend为动词，意为“违反；冒犯”。所以offender有“犯规者；违反者”之意。结合上文中出现的forbidden fruit以及下文提到的return the belonging可推断，画线词所在句表示，通常the offender会在放学的时候过来，作者就会把东西归还给他/她。因此the offender指携带违禁物品的人。 参考答案　　D　
技法（四）　根据上下文语境猜测词义
　　对于词汇或短语的理解，离不开特定的语境。因此毫无疑问上下文语境是进行词义猜测最重要的线索。
【典例】　（2023·全国甲卷阅读B篇节选） 　　Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY （do-it-yourself）. Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture， she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. 　　She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six， Terri， now 26， accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays.A day’s work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money. She says：“I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with. But when Derek built our family house about eight years ago， I was heavily involved （参与）， painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking work， but I know he was proud of my skills.” 24.Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1？ A.An artist.　B.A winner.　C.A specialist.　D.A pioneer. 解题思路　根据选段第一段中的Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture， she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.可知，泰瑞·博尔顿擅长搭架子和拼装家具，她自己能做的工作从不付钱给别人做。据此可知，她是自我动手方面的专家。 参考答案　　C　
A
（2024·福州质检）A survey of 787 members of the Society of Authors （SoA） has found that a third of translators and a quarter of illustrators have lost work to generative （生成式的） Artificial Intelligence （AI） systems.Translators are also more likely to use AI to support their work， with 37% of respondents saying they have done so， followed by 25% of non-fiction writers.
　　The research explores the experiences of those in creative careers with AI systems， and their views and concerns about the future impact on creative careers.The survey’s respondents include writers of fiction and non-fiction， scriptwriters and poets as well as journalists， illustrators and translators.
　　Illustrators are the least likely to have used AI in their work， with only one in 10 reporting having made use of its systems， compared to a fifth of fiction writers and a quarter of non-fiction writers.Meanwhile， around three in 10 illustrators and writers say that they have used generative AI to brainstorm ideas.
　　The survey also highlights the level of concern about the future impact of AI on creative work， with almost two-thirds of writers of fiction and over half of non-fiction writers saying that they believe generative AI will negatively impact their future income.This concern is even more prevalent among translators and illustrators， with almost three-quarters from both groups worried about their future income because of AI.
　　There is a general consensus about the need for regulation of generative AI when it comes to copyright holders being consulted， credited and compensated （补偿）.Commenting on the findings， the SoA has said that there is an “urgent need” for government regulation in terms of the development of AI systems， and highlighted the need to uphold copyright laws.
　　“No one expects generative AI to be uninvented， and we all know its potential to be a powerful and useful tool，” said Nicola Solomon， the chair of the Creators’ Rights Alliance and the outgoing SoA chief executive.“But it is not too late to ensure that it is developed and used ethically， and generative AI must remain a tool to support and enhance human-made creative work， not a cheap alternative to replace it.”
　　
1.Who are most unwilling to use AI according to the research？（　　）
A.Journalists.　　
B.Illustrators.
C.Fiction writers.
D.Non-fiction writers.
2.What does the underlined word “prevalent” in Paragraph 4 mean？（　　）
A.Valuable. B.Important.
C.Necessary. D.Common.
3.What is the respondents’ common voice？（　　）
A.To get paid by AI developers.
B.To limit the development of AI.
C.To regulate the development of AI.
D.To stop AI developers using their works.
4.What does Nicola Solomon think of generative AI？（　　）
A.It will be a serious threat to us.
B.It will be a necessary assistant.
C.It will replace humans’ literary works.
D.It will be more creative than humans.
B
　　（2024·南通联考）I used to be fearful of the topic of aging.Is there anything we can do about the inevitable？ But recently I’ve been digging into a new wave of longevity research that is making it an exciting time to be an aging human — which is all of us.
　　It turns out， we all age at varying rates.Super-agers may have great genes， but research shows our habits and routines — everything from what we eat and how we move our bodies to who we spend our time with — matter a lot， when it comes to our lifespan （寿命）.
　　Now， the next frontier is to target the basic biology of aging and come up with new interventions （干预） to slow it down.Many scientists are optimistic that we will make breakthroughs.Not only to help us live longer， but — more importantly — to extend the healthspan， which means the number of years we live with good health.
　　This is the goal of professors at the Human Longevity Lab at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.They’re recruiting study participants so that they can test what kinds of interventions may slow the rate of aging.To that end， I decided to roll up my sleeve for science.
　　When I arrived on a late winter morning， I went through a series of tests.Of all the tests they performed， the most attractive is the GrimAge test.This test predicts biological age.It’s judging whether your DNA age is younger — or older — than your actual age， known as chronological age （实际年龄）.Simply speaking， the test can estimate how quickly — or slowly — you’re aging.
　　No one wants to find out they’re aging faster than their peers， right？ But here’s the exciting part.Our biological age may be malleable.The hope is that we can slow down our rate of aging — by making changes to lifestyle.Down the line， there may be anti-aging pills or other interventions.
　　“That’s the big ray of optimism that comes through all of this， the possibility that we can slow down aging and extend the healthspan of people，” says Dr Douglas Vaughan， director of the Longevity Institute.
5.What made the author change his/her attitude towards aging？（　　）
A.Some surveys.　　B.Some statistics.
C.Some theories. D.Some researches.
6.What’s the purpose of the professors at the Human Longevity Lab？（　　）
A.To lengthen our lifespan.
B.To find the secret of aging.
C.To improve people’s health.
D.To predict our biological age.
7.What does the GrimAge test focus on？ （　　）
A.The pace of aging.
B.The effects of aging.
C.The reasons for aging.
D.The problems with aging.
8.What does the underlined word “malleable” in the last but one paragraph probably mean？（　　）
A.Steady. B.Flexible.
C.Temporary. D.Changeable.
A篇 B篇
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