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(共32张PPT)
Unit 3 Back to the past
Grammar and usage
What do you know about the great historian Sima Qian
Lead-in
Sima Qian (145–86 BC), a renowned Chinese historian of the Han Dynasty, is celebrated as the "father of Chinese historiography." His masterpiece, Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), is a comprehensive history covering over two pleted despite personal suffering, it established the model for later Chinese historical works and remains a precious literary and historical treasure.
Below is an essay on the great historian Sima Qian. Find the sentences with predicative clauses and fill in the box below.
Below is an essay on the great historian Sima Qian. Find the sentences with predicative clauses and fill in the box below.
Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian.
Exploring the rules
His father’s dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording what had happened in history.
His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.
学习和旅行正是对他后来在历史学领域发展事业大有裨益的因素。
他父亲的梦想是，有朝一日能够创作出一部伟大的杰作，记录下历史上所发生的一切。
他最关心的问题是他能否更有效地、更高效地完成自己的工作。
连接词
We can use a noun clause as the predicative of a sentence.
We can use that to introduce a predicative clause when the clause is a (1) _____________. We can use whether to introduce a predicative clause when the clause is a (2) ________________. We can use what, why, when, where, etc. to introduce a predicative clause when the clause is a (3) ______________.
statement
Working out the rules
yes-no question
wh-question
表语（predictive）
Sima Qian was a great Chinese historian.
Reading many books is good.
The stories were about Confucius, Liu bang and so on.
My only ambition is to be a great historian.
My only ambition is that I can be a great historian.
That’s why I’m studying so hard!
名词作表语
形容词作表语
介词短语作表语
非谓语作表语
从句作表语时，叫表语从句
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、代词、数词、动词过去分词、动词的-ing形式、副词、介词短语、形容词、不定式和从句等来充当,它常位于系动词之后。
名词性从句
定语从句
状语从句
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
三大从句
主语
系动词
表语从句
1）定义：
表语从句是指__________________________, 紧跟在________之后，对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内容具体化。用_______语序。
2）结构：_________________________________。
在复合句中作主句表语的句子
系动词
主语+系动词+引导词+简单句
陈述
表语从句定义与结构
Her dream is that she could become a historian one day.
名词性从句
定语从句
状语从句
表语从句学什么
系动词
（谓语动词）
引导词
特殊形式
Linking Verbs
系动词
be动词
感官类
变化类
am, is, are, was, were
look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem,appear
变得：become, get, turn, grow; go
保持：keep, hold, stay, stand, remain;
系动词
”证明”
prove
turn颜色变化
grow 逐渐变化
go由好变坏
1. The purpose is that students can be aware of cultural relics.
2. The question is whether he can accomplish the task on time.
(1)从属连词: that & whether
用法归纳：
a. that引导表语从句时，只起______作用，作/不作句子成分，有/没有意义。
b. whether引导表语从句时，只起______作用，作/不作句子成分，通常翻译为“______”。注意，引导表语从句时通常不用if。
连接
√
√
连接
√
是否
(1)从属连词: as if / as though
“似乎、好像”
as if/ as though引导的表语从句
如果是事实，就用陈述语气；
如果与事实不符，就用虚拟语气(从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式；从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用had +过去分词；从句表示将来的可能性不大，用would/might/could+动词原形)。
1. He looks as if he were a rich man.
2. He talked as if he had been there before.
3. It looks as if it might rain.
as if/as though 似乎，好像
Look at the dark clouds. It looks as if there is a storm coming.
He talks as if he were an expert.
（与事实相符）
（与事实相反）
(1)从属连词: because
1. He failed the driving test. That’s because he was too careless.
2. He was too careless. That’s why he failed the driving test.
3. The reason why he failed the driving test is that he was too careless.
用法归纳：
That’s because+原因…
That’s why+结果…
The reason why+结果...is/was that+原因...
注意：这里不能用because !
who / whom / whose / which / what等
二、连接代词：
连接代词在表语从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。依据“缺什么补什么”原则确定正确的连词。
所谓“缺什么补什么”是指从句与连词之间的关系。
如果句子中缺主语，指人用 ，指物用 。
如缺宾语，指人用 ，指物用 。
如缺定语用 或 。
who
what
whom
whose
what
which
(2) 连接代词: who, whom, whose, which, what, wh-ever
1. The problem is who could do the work.
2. The question is who/whom I should ask for advice.
3. My trouble is whose advice I should follow.
4. My top concern is which job is suitable for me.
5. Reading is what keeps us wise.
6. The village is no longer what it used to be.
用法归纳：
连接代词引导表语从句时，既起______作用，又作句子成分(通常作_____________________)等。
连接
主语,宾语,表语,定语
what可以表示“什么，什么样子，或所…的（人或事）”
三.连接副词: when /where / why / how等
连接副词在表语从句中充当状语，可表时间、地点、原因、方式等，因此不能省略。
依据“缺什么补什么”原则确定正确的连词。
所谓“缺什么补什么”是指从句与连词之间的关系。
如缺时间状语用 ；地点状语用 。
原因状语用 ；方式状语用 。
when
where
why
how
(3) 连接副词：when, where, why, how...
M: The small village is where Mary lives. She became disabled
after a car accident. That was when she was in high school.
W: Poor girl! The question is how she has managed to live a
normal life.
M: She is an optimistic girl gifted in painting. Her works are
popular online. That’s why she can earn her living.
用法归纳：
连接副词引导表语从句时，既起______作用，又作句子成分（通常作______）。
连接
状语
(4) 特殊规则：
表“建议，要求，命令”的名词+that+（should）do结构
用法归纳：
表示___________________(advise, suggestion, request, proposal, idea, demand,order) 等后面的表语，那么表语从句应该用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”,should可省略。
建议，要求，命令
My advice is that you (should) consult some experts about this problem.
名词性从句的解题法
①判断是否属于名词性从句 (从句是否充当主、宾、表、同位)
②判断从句是否缺成份：
不缺成分、不缺词义：that
不缺成分、缺“是否”词义：if, whether
缺主语：指人who/whoever, 指物what/whatever, 指物、强调在范围内选择which, whichever
缺宾语：指人whom/whomever, 指物what/ whatever,指物、强调在范围内选择which, whichever
缺状语：指时间when，指地点where，指原因why，指方式how
缺定语：指人whose，指物what/whatever，指物、强调在范围内选择which, whichever
（注意：该表并不完整，只体现通用的）
“缺什么补什么”原则
which
that
that
why
whether
how
Practice (1)
引导词
连词
关系代词
关系副词
在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用
在从句中作主宾表定语
在从句中作状语
that, whether, as if/as though, because
what, which, who(m), whose，
whatever,whichever, whoever
when, where, why, how
Summary
表示建议、命令、要求等名词后的表语从句要用虚拟语气：（should）+do
Practice
填入适当的连接词(短语)补全表语从句。
(1) Mr Darcy is quite rich but too proud, and that's ______________ Elizabeth doesn't like him.
(2) Don't be sad. The most important thing is ______________ we must learn from our mistakes and move on.
(3) The reason for his absence is ______________ he hasn't been informed.
(4) The debate between them was ______________ it was worthwhile to afford the extra expense of hiring an expensive apartment.
(5) He did not watch the film. That is ______________ he had to help his little sister with her homework.
why
that
that
whether
because
Practice
(6) You are saying everyone should take equal responsibility, and that is ______________ I disagree.
(7) A situation where a person is unable to remember past events is ______________ is generally called amnesia(健忘症).
(8) I go over light－footed, pick up the kitten and put her outside the door, and the sparrow remains ______________ it is.
(9) Delhi is an overwhelming experience. It is ______________ all of humanity has been squeezed into one city.
(10) It seems ______________ she will never get over her mother's death.
where
what
where
as if/though
that
Practice
(11) —Do you think it is wise for mothers to try to do everything for their children
—No, that's ______________ they act wrong.
(12) Actually, the young can be ______________ they want to be, whether it is a pilot, an astronaut, or a manager.
(13) I wanted to be sure everything was perfect. That is ______________ I double－checked the address on the electronic order.
(14) The question is ______________ could lead them to get rid of poverty.
(15) The best moment for the football star was ______________ he scored the goal.
where
what/whatever
why
who
when
Practice
(16) They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is ______________ they need an English trainer.[2023新课标Ⅱ卷]
(17) And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was ______________ their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump(泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.[2022新高考Ⅱ卷]
(18) This first contact was ______________ my story began.[2022北京卷]
why
that
where
Practice
1)My doubt is _____________________________. (我们能否按时完成任务)
2)The question is __________________________. (谁为这个事故负责)
3)The problem is __________________________. (我们怎样才能为这个项目筹集到足够的资金)
4)That was _______________________________. (我们上次野营的地方)
5)That’s not _________________(我想要的).
6)The truth is ___________________________________. (他们已为旅行做了充分准备)
whether we can finish the task on time
who is responsible for the accident
how we can raise enough money for the project
where we camped last time
what I wanted
that they are fully prepared for the trip
Applying the rules
that
that
how
why
Language focus
1. Influenced by...受。。。影响（过去分词作状语）
2. take an interest in...对。。。感兴趣
3. literary masters文学大师
4. travel extensively广泛游览
5. a wide range of...广泛的
6. succeed his father继承他的父亲
7. facilitate his access to...为他获得。。。提供便利
8. sort out分类
9. require painstaking efforts需要艰辛的努力
10. chief concern主要担心的
11. effectively and efficiently有效且高效
Language focus
12. carry on 继续
13. put...in prison将。。。送进监狱
14. physically and mentally身心上
15. consist of由。。。组成
16. vivid descriptions生动的描述
17. exceptional figures杰出人物
18. in the form of...以。。形式
19. dry facts干巴巴的事实
20. in constant use不断使用

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