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(共64张PPT)
不定式作定语和结果状语加拓展
Lead-in
指出下列句子中画线部分为什么成分。
The girl making up is very lovely.
非谓语
谓语
We enjoyed the show given by these girls.
非谓语
谓语
Before the performance, she practiced many times
to make sure that she could dance perfectly.
谓语
非谓语
谓语
动词
非谓语
动词
在句子中充当谓语的动词；
在句子中不充当谓语的动词；
非谓语
不定式（to do)
动名词 （v-ing)
分词(现在分词v-ing和过去分词v-ed)
非谓语动词有哪些？
非谓语使用条件：
一个句子当中，已经存在一个谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时
She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.
She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.
The teacher told us to read books.
Teaching is my job.
We want to finish the homework quickly.
指出下列句子中的谓语动词和非谓语动词(判断其成分)
The girl making up is very lovely.
谓语
非谓语
To see is to believe.
非谓语
谓语
非谓语
谓语
谓语
谓语
非谓语
非谓语
During a typhoon, you should do your best to keep your head
非谓语
非谓语
谓语
非谓语在句子中可以做哪些成分？
主，宾，定, 状, 表，补等
1. To finish the work on time is difficult.
2. He refused to help me.
3. Our parents expect us to go to a good university.
4. He is always the first to come.
5. He got up early to catch the first bus.
6. I am happy to see you.
7. He hurried to the station only to find the bus had gone.
8. My dream is to go to a good university.
不定式在句子中可以做哪些成分？
不定式： 主，谓, 宾，定, 状, 表，补
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式，由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是not to do。动词不定式可以单独使用或用作动词不定式短语的一个部分。不定式在句中可做主语、宾语、状语、表语、宾语补足语和定语等，但不能单独作谓语。
不定式的概念：
动词不定式在句子中可以充当：
1）作主语
To read English every day is necessary.
（不定式to read English every day 做主语）
一般动词不定式做主语时，为了句子平衡，通常用it做形式主语，而把真正主语不定式放在谓语之后。例如：
It is necessary to read English every day.
It is a good idea to go for a picnic today.
1. After the great blizzard of 1888 in the northeastern United States, it took some ___ the snow away from their homes.
A. days to shovel people several
B. several days people to shovel
C. people several days to shovel
D. people to shovel several days
2. Delay told me that it was not difficult ___.
A. for him to be on time
B. for him being on time
C. being on time for him
D. on time for him
C
A
2) 作表语。
1. The most urgent problem they are facing now is ___ to get prepared for the contest.
A. make their effort B. to their every effort
C. to make their effort D. make their effort
2. Several prominent scientists who participated in the space program ___ before the welcome reception this evening.
A. are appearing B. are to appear
C. appears D. will be appearing
C
B
3) 作宾语, 其逻辑主语同时也是全句的主语.
eg. They demanded to be shown the documents.
She found it difficult to answer the question.
He feels it his duty to help others.
He is sure to come.
This problem is difficult to solve.
4.动词不定式作定语
1.动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的名词或代词后面
Is this the best way to help him
这是帮他的最佳方法吗？
Your wish to be a teacher is quite understandable.
你想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。
Clint was the second person to survive in the earthquake.
subject–verb
A person needs just three things to be truly happy in the world—someone to love, something to do and something to hope for.
Wise men speak because they have something to say; fools because they have to say something.
verb–object
The need to love and to be loved is universal.
In order to grow, people need to have a willingness to take risks and to accept the possibility that they may fail at first.
apposition
What is the logical relationship
verb–object
2.不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词之间常有一定的逻辑关系。
① 名词或代词为动词不定式的逻辑主语(主谓关系)。如：
Wendy was the first student to arrive at school.
②名词或代词为不定式的逻辑宾语(动宾关系)。如：
I have a meeting to attend.
Tip:如果不定式是不及物动词，需要加介词才能与名词之间构成动宾关系。
如：
This is a good topic to talk about.
③ 名词与不定式是同位语关系(动词不定式与所修饰的名词指代的内容一致)。如：
I have a wish to go to college.
Who has the ability to do the work
We should have the courage to face any difficulty.
They have found out a way to help the villages get rid of poverty.
常接不定式作定语的抽象名词有：ability, ambition, chance, wish, attempt, decision, moment, need, plan, promise, reason, time, way, courage, opportunity 等。
3. 动词不定式作定语，有被动形式。如：
The house to be built there will be a library.
He was the first person to be awarded such a prize.
She made a list of the people to be invited.
4. 当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级及the next, the only, the last等限定时，常用不定式作后置定语。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
She is the only person to be admitted to the committee.
① Have you anything to send
② Have you anything to be sent
当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。
你有什么东西要寄吗
你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗
(不定式 to send的动作执行者是 you)
(不定式 to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的 me 或 someone else)
1.通常放在其修饰的名词或代词_____;
2.与被修饰的名词或代词之间有一定的逻辑关系：________、__________或___________。
3.动词不定式作定语，有被动形式。
4.当中心词是_______或_______________________及the next, the only, the last等限定时，常用不定式作后置定语。
后面
主谓关系
动宾关系
同位关系
动词不定式作定语
序数词
被序数词、形容词最高级
Practice
1. The pressure ____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.
A. competing B. to be competed
C. to compete D. to have competed
2. I have got a loaf of bread; now I’m looking for a knife ___.
A. to cut it with B. with it to cut
C. to cut with it D. it to cut with
C
A
3. -“Where should I send my application ”
-“The Personal Office is the place ___”
A. to send it B. to send it to
C. send it to D. for sending it
4. This book is an attempt ___ English and recognize how it is used.
A. helping you to use B. helping you use
C. to help you use D. help you to use
B
C
1. Do you know who is the first Chinese ________ (walk) on the moon
2. Do you have anything ________(say) If not, we will put an end to the meeting.
3. He has no friend _______________(depend).
4. Are you going to the meeting ____________(hold) next week
5. The new building ________________ ( complete) next year will be a city museum.
6. There may be an opportunity for you _______ (see) the famous star.
to walk
to say
to depend on
to be held
to be completed
to see
Practice
5).作宾补
Eg. What decided him to give up his job
I’ll leave you to attend the matter.
有一些动词后的宾补常是to be, 这样的动词有believe, consider, declare, find, imagine, know, prove, suppose, feel, think, understand 等.
Eg. I know this to be a fact.
They all felt the plan to be unwise.
We believe her to be innocent.
I consider him to be crazy.
Verb + object + infinitive
这些动词一般是:
Advise, allow, ask, believe, command, compel（强迫）, consider, declare, discover, encourage, forbid, force, get, have, urge, require etc
eg: advise sb to do
allow sb to do ...
有一些感官动词如feel, see, hear, watch, notice等和一些使役动词如make, let, have 等用做宾补的不定式通常不带to.
eg. I saw him come.
I heard him sing.
We felt the house shake.
Let him do it.
They made the boy go to bed early.
动词find与help之后,不定式可带 to也可不带
eg. He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break
fence at this season.
Help me ( to ) get him to bed.
Practice
1.The wounded soldier had the message________
straight to army commander.
A) sent B) to send
C) to be sent D) being sent
A
2. The children were surprised when the teacher had them ____ their books unexpectedly.
A. closed B. to close C. closing D. close
3. Mr. Delay forbade ____ .
A. his son to go swimming
B. his son from going swimming
C. his son of going swimming
D. his son goes swimming
D
A
4. Byron is said ___ on vinegar and potatoes.
A. to be living B. to have lived
C. live D. to living
5. A man in a red coat was noticed ___ the bank before the robbery.
A. entering B. enter
C. entered D. to enter
B
D
6) 作状语,表目的,结果,原因等
A)表目的
eg. I stayed there to see what would happen.
He will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor.
In order to make a study of the kangaroo, he came to Australia.
To conceal my emotion, I buried my face in my hands.
B) 表结果. 不定式作结果状语,其动作发生在谓语动词动作之后, 表示出乎预料或不好的结果.
eg.1. He lifted a heavy stone only to drop it on his own feet.
2. What have I done to make you so angry
3. In 1935 he left home never to return.
动词不定式作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语，常见于以下结构：
1. 在 too…to… (太……而不能)结构中，表示反面结果，如：
It’s never too late to learn.
The case was too heavy to be carried by a child.
2. 在 …enough to… (如此……以至于……)结构中。如：
I was fortunate enough to get the ticket.
The hall is large enough to hold 3,000 people.
3. 在 never to… (不再......)结构中，可以接后续的结果。如：
He left home, never to return.
She left, never to be seen again.
4. 在 only to… （却......）结构中,不定式常表示没有预料到的结果。如：
I hurried to the station, only to find the train gone.
I rushed to the destination, only to find him not there.
He returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.
5. 在 so… as to… 结构中。如：
Jane sang so well as to come out first in the singing competition.
She was so angry as to be unable to speak.
We are not such fools as to believe him.
She won’t be such a careless person as to forget to lock the door.
6. 在 such + 名词 +as to… 结构中。如：
不定式作结果状语常用于以下句型结构：
① ________________(太......而不能)
② ________________(如此......以至于)
③ ________________(常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果)
④ ________________(如此......以致于)
⑤ ________________(可以接后续的结果)
so/such… as to do
enough to do
only to do
too … to do
动词不定式作结果状语
never to ...
C) 表原因
1. I trembled to think of it.
2. She wept to see him in such a terrible state
Practice
1.After twenty years abroad, William came back only ____ how his hometown was damaged in an earthquake.
A. to find out B. to have found out
C. finding out D. to be finding out
2. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly ___.
A. noticed B. being noticed
C. to be noticed D. to notice
A
C
3. ____ the demands of aerospace, medicine and agriculture, engineers are creating exotic new metallic substances.
A. Meet B. T o meet
C. Being met are D. They are meeting
4. ___ time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only three fingers and a thumb.
A. Saved B. To save
C. Saves D. The saving
B
B
5. He hurried to the booking office only _____that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to tell B. to be told
C. telling D. told
6. I hurried to the station only ______ that the train had left.
A. to find B. finding
C. found D. to have found
B
A
Practice
1. The goods are too heavy ________(carry).
2. I hurried to his house, only ________(find) that he was not at home.
3. I ran to the school, only _____________ (inform) that I wasn’t admitted by Peking University.
4. This man was strong enough _______(lift)the heavy stone.
5. Dinosaurs have died out on the earth, never __________(see) again.
6. He is such a fool ____________ able to answer the question.
to carry
to find
to be informed
to lift
to be seen
as not to be
注意: 不定式后的动词如果与前面的动词一样,常常可以省略. 如:
1. Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to ( touch anything).
2.—Will you go home tomorrow evening
-- No, I’m going to a lecture, or at least I am planning_____.
A. it B. so C. that D. to
D
“but “ 前面有can 或do ( 包括could, does, did), 后面就不用to.
1. They can do nothing but wait for help to come.
2. We cannot choose but hear.
3. We had no choice but to wait for help.
“wh-word ﹢不定式”
what to do.
when to come.
where to park the car.
I don’t know who to consult.
which to refer to for the details.
whether to ask the question or not.
how to repair the car.
7) “wh-word ﹢不定式”结构可以用作主语﹑表语﹑宾语﹑定语﹑同位语等。
1. The mother didn’t know who ____ for the broken glass.
A. will blame B. to blame C. blame D. blames
2. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge ___ our thinking.
A. which to be based upon
C. which to base upon
C. upon which to base
D. upon which to be based
B
C
3. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material ____ its home.
A. builds B. it can build
C. that it builds D. with which to build
4. It isn’t cold enough for there ___ a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.
A. would be B. being C. was D. to be
5. For there ___ successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by present.
A. is B. to be C. will be D. being
D
D
B
动词不定式的基本结构 (时态+语态)
主动形式 被动形式
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
to do
to have done
to be doing
to have been doing
to be done
to have been done
无
无
1.不定式一般式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者发生在它的后面；
I heard her sing. (唱和听见同时发生)
I expect to come back next Sunday.(“回来”发生在“预计”之后)
2.不定式完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；
Zhang Sanfeng, a 13th-century Taoist,was said to have invented tai chi.
3.不定式进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；
She seems to be waiting for somebody.
When he came to see me, I happened to be taking a bath.
4.不定式完成进行式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，并延续到那个时候，可能仍在进行；
She is said to have been waiting a novel this year.
She seemed to have been working on a difficult maths problem.
5.主动语态：一般表示主动的意义，但有时也可以表示被动意义；
They began to learn Japanese last winter.
Some stars are too far to see.(= to be seen)
6. 被动语态：表示被动的意义；
The composition contest is to be held next month.
She is anxious to be invited to the ball.
1. Mr Johnson preferred ___ heavier work to do.
A. to be given B. to be giving
C. to have given D. having given
2. I happened ___ with him when he was hit by a ball and collapsed.
A. talks B. to talk
C. to be talking D. having talked
3. Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed ___ blown off the mountain.
A. to have been B. to be
C. that it was D. that it had been
A
C
A
4. The local health organization is reported ____ twenty-five years ago when Dr Audon became its first president.
A. to be set up B. to have been set up
C. being set up D. having been set up
5. The members of the delegation were glad ___ longer than originally planned.
A. to be staying B. staying
C. to have stayed D. if they stayed
B
C
6. I advised them to withdraw ___.
A. so as to get not involved
B. so as not to get involved
C. so that not to get involved
D. as not to get involved
7. “What did the mother say to her son ”
“She wanted him ___ too late.”
A. not stay out B. not to stay out
C. to stay out not D. to not stay out
B
B
8. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ____ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. to be robbed B. to have been robbed
C. robbed D. having been robbed
9. Many of the world’s great novels are reported ____ into film last year.
A. making B. to make
C. having made
D. to have been made
B
D
10. The Vikings are believed ___ America.
A. to have discovered
B. to discover
C. in discovering
D. to have been discovered
11. The second book was ____ by August 1952, but two years later, the end was still nowhere in sight.
A. completed B. to complete
C. to complete D. to have been completed
A
D
12. Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but___ the flowing of the smog around me.
A. enjoy B. enjoying
C. enjoyed D. to enjoy
13. I find these problems are easy ____.
A. to be worked out B. to work them out
C. to work out D. to be worked them out
14. To tell you the truth, I’d rather read than watch TV; the programs seem _____ all the time.
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse D. getting worse
D
C
B
1. I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train ______ (catch).
2. Volunteering gives you a chance ___________(change) lives.
3. The airport _______________(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
4. Li Na , the first __________(achieve) a ranking of world No.2 in Asia, retired from tennis in September.
5. What is the best way you can imagine __________ (reduce) the overuse of water in our school
6. Bob lifted a rock only ________(drop) it on his own feet.
7. She pretended _____________(read) when the teacher came in.
8. I hurried home, only ________(find) all the furniture had been washed away.
to catch
to change
to be completed
to achieve
to reduce
to be reading
to find
Consolidation
to drop
Anna is interviewing her teacher, Mr Li, about his experiences during a hurricane. Find the sentences with to-infinitives and fill in the table below. The first ones have been done for you.
1
2
To-infinitives as attributives(定语)
3
To-infinitives as adverbials of result (结果状语)
1
2
after
unexpected
P21 B1
作定语
作宾语
作宾语补足语
作结果状语
作目的状语
to find books about hurricanes
to find he was not in his office
to attend
to make PPT slides for my project
P21 B2
was actually the first to leave
to keep us warm
wanted to return home as soon as possible
to find it completely destroyed
advised us to take an active part in the rebuilding
P21 B3
在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）
非谓语动词：在句子中不能单独做谓语
不定式 (infinitive)
动名词 (gerund)
现在分词(present participle)
v-ed 过去分词(past participle)
非谓语动词
V-ing
谢谢

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