资源简介

(共52张PPT)
语法复习
句子类型
简单句
并列句
复合句
主句
定语从句
状语从句
名词性从句
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
从句
从句板块
Part1：定语从句复习
An earthquake, which caused great damage, broke out in Tangshan.
句子： 主句 + 从句
先行词
(被修饰的名词)
连接词
连接主从句
代替先行词
充当从句成分
attributive clause (定语从句)
关系词的三个作用
定语从句关系词
原则：当定语从句缺成分（不是状语），用关系代词
当定语从句缺成分（状语），用关系副词
做法：先行词放入从句中，缺什么补什么
关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose
关系副词：when, where, why
如何选择准确的关系代词
Step1
Step3
Step2
1.找准 ___________
2.判断先行词是指人还是指物
3. 把先行词带进从句中，判断
从句缺什么成分
先行词
如何选择准确的关系代词
There were some smelly gas ___________ came out of the wells.
some smelly gas came out of the wells.
关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose
which/that
先行词
指物
缺主语
关系代词 先行词 （人/物） 从句中充当什么成分？
who
which
that
whose
whom
人
主语/宾语
物
主语/宾语
物/人
主语或宾语
物/人
定语
人
宾语
做宾语
可省略
Task1：探究who/which/that/whose/whom的用法
1.当先行词为all，little，few，some，none，something，everything，nothing，anything，much等不定代词，或被不定代词修饰时。
Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li said
李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做了。
2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.
这是我吃过的最美味的食品。
关系词只能用that而不用which的情况
3. 先行词被all，every，the only，the very，the last，the same等修饰时。
I’ve read all the books that are not mine. 我已经读了所有那些不是我的书。
The only thing that she could do was to go to the police for help.
她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。
I have found the very pen that I lost yesterday. 我已找到昨天丢的钢笔。
4. 当先行词既指人，又指物时。
We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
关系词只能用that而不用which的情况
5. 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作表语时。
Our school is no longer the school that is used to be .
我们的学校已经不再是从前的样子了。
6. 句中其他位置已经出现Which，为避免重复不用which，而用that。
Which is the car that has overtaken us？
超过我们的是哪辆车？
关系词只能用that而不用which的情况
关系副词 指代 充当成分
Task2：探究when/where/why的用法
when
why
where
reason
place
time
时间状语
原因状语
地点状语
1.关系副词--When
引导定语从句时，先行词为表示时间的名词，关系词在从句中作时间状语，可用“介词+ which” 来替换。
I’ll never forget the day when (on which) I joined the team .
when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词time, hour, day, year, moment, occasion 时刻，age年代，period阶段, interval 间隙等词，并在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于介词(in/on/during)+which
2.关系副词--Where
引导定语从句时，先行词为表示地点的名词，关系词在从句中作地点状语，可用“介词+ which” 来替换。
The school where (in which) my son studies is near a park.
where还可用在表示抽象意义的地点名词后，如situation, stage, point, case, position, condition等,意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”
3.关系副词--Why
引导定语从句时，先行词通常为reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，可用“for+ which” 来替换。
Do you know the reason why (for which) he is so upset
Do you know the reason.
He is so upset.
分解
why作原因状语
关系副词：
where=in/at+which
when=in/at/on/during+which
why=for +which
Summary
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式上 与主句之间______逗号隔开 与主句之间______逗号隔开
功能上 对先行词修饰、限制 对先行词补充说明
意义上 去掉后主句句意_______ 去掉后主句句意_______
翻译上
先行词
关系词
不完整
不用
用
完整
翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前
按句子顺序, 翻译成两个简单句
名词或代词
既可为名词或代词, 也可是整个主句
that/which/who/whom/whose/
when/where/why
不能用that/why(for which),
which可以指代一整件事
关系代词作宾语可省略
所有关系词都不可省略
限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别
难点补充：as引导的非限制性定从
1.as is known to all= as we all know 众所周知
2.as is said 正如所说的
3.as you can see = as can be seen 正如你所看见的
4.as is reported 正如报道的
5.as is expected 正如预料的
6.as is pointed out 正如指出的
7.as a famous saying goes 正如一句谚语所说/俗话说
8.as is mentioned above 正如以上提到的
eg: As is known to us all, Zhong Nanshan is one of the greatest
physicians in China.
Part2：主语从句复习
1. He considered himself a farmer.
2. Yuan's innovation has helped to feed more people.
3. Using salty land in China for rice production was his latest vision.
4. How this could be done was a challenging question at the time.
结论：（1）主语是句子说明的人或事物，一般放在_____。
（2）在句子中充当______的从句就是主语从句，通常放在主句的_________________之前，有时也由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
句首
主语
Underline the subject in each sentence
代词
名词
动名词
从句
谓语动词或系动词
1.That he will pass the exam is certain.
2.Whether he will pass the exam is uncertain.
that _______成分，____意义，
______省略。
whether _____成分，____意义，
译为_____，______省略。
不做
是否
无
不能
不做
有
从属连词： that whether if
注意：只用whether不用if:
句首/+or not/ 后连to do
不能
1. _________she left him made him heart-broken.
2. _________ he is still alive is a piece of good news to us.
3. _________ he will come or not is not known yet.
That
That
Whether
1.Who will take part in the meeting has not been decided.
2.Whom they will choose is a secret.
3. Whose scores are higher will come out soon.
4. Which book I shall choose hasn’t been decided.
who在主语从句中充当 ______________,
译为 ______。
whom 在主语从句中充当______
译为______。
whose在主语从句中充当 ______,
译为 ______。
which在主语从句中充当 ____________,
译为 __________。
注：均不能省略
主,宾,表语
谁
宾语
谁的
定,主,宾语
哪一个
谁
定语
连接代词： who whom whose which
1. ______did it is unknown.
2. ________ club he will choose is unknown.
Which
Who
1.What surprised me is the gift from my sister.
2.What you have done might do harm to others.
3.What you look like makes no difference.
3.What his phone number is is still unknown to me.
4.What day it is today is not important .
what在主语从句中可充当 ______,_____,_____ ,
译为 ______________________;
也可放在名词前充当_____，不能省略。
主语
宾语
表语
什么(的),...的东西/事/样子
定语
连接代词：what（高频考点）
1.Whoever leaves the room
last ought to turn off the lights.
2.Whatever he did was right.
3.Whichever of you wins will
receive a prize.
whoever在主语从句中充当 __________,
译为 ______。
whatever 在主语从句中充当 _____________,
译为 ________。
whichever在主语从句中充当 _________,
译为 ________。
注：均不能省略
主,宾,表语
无论谁
主,宾,表,定语
无论什么
无论哪个
连接代词：whoever
whomever whatever whichever
主,宾,定语
1. When they will start is not known yet.
2. Where she lives is unknown.
3. Why he was late is not important now.
4. How he became a great scientist is known to us all.
when在主语从句中充当 _______,
译为 ______。
where在主语从句中充当 _______,
译为 ______。
why在主语从句中充当 _________,
译为 _______。
how在主语从句中充当 _________,
译为 ________;有时也可以表程度，译为“多么”。注：均不能省略
时间状语
何时
地点状语
何地
原因状语
为什么
方式状语
如何/怎样
连接副词：when where why how
It is surprising how little we know.
1. (2015 北京)______ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
2._______ she is from is unknown.
How
Where
如何确定主语从句连接词
一找从句谓语动词，看从句是否缺成分
二看含义
缺成分
主、宾、表、定
状语
who， whom， what， which， whose， wh-ever
when, where, why,how
不缺成分
学以致用
1. _________ can join in the sport meeting will be decided by the teacher.
2. __________ comes to the activity will receive a present.
3. __________ he will join us or not makes no difference.
that; whether,if
Who
Whether
Whoever
It 的用法： （形式主语）
It’ s possible/important/necessary/clear that…
…很可能/重要的是…/必要的是…/很清楚…
It’s said/ reported that..据说/据报道…
It’s been announced/declared that..已经通知/宣布…
It seems/appears/happens that…显然、明显、碰巧..
It’s no wonder that…并不奇怪/无疑…
It’s a pity/a fact /a common knowledge (众所周知) that....
Part3：表语从句复习
在复合句中，位于_________之后，充当________的名词性从句称作表语从句。
表语
系动词
可以接表语从句的系动词有:
be动词: am is are;
感官动词：look，feel, sound, taste, smell;
表象系动词：seem（仿佛）, appear（似乎）
持续性动词：remain, keep, stay;
变化系动词：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, run, fall;
终止系动词：prove（证明是）, turn out（结果是）
表语从句的概念
表语从句的语序
The question is how (can I / I can ) make you understand the knowledge.
表语从句和宾语从句、主语从句一样，要用陈述语序：主语+谓语。
√
The fact is that he was lying.
His suggestion is that we should tell him.
一、that 引导的表语从句
that ____ 意义，在表语从句中 ______ 成分,起______ 作用，________ 省略。
无
不充当
连接
不能
The fact is that he was lying.
The reason is that they never give up.
His suggestion is that we should tell him.
One idea is that fish is the best brain food.
The question is _________ we can rely on him. He often tells lies.
The question is _________ we can finish the task on time, for we have only three days left.
二、whether 引导的表语从句
whether
whether
思考：可以用“if”来引导吗？
连接词whether起 _____ 作用，意为“_________________”，在句中也不作任何成分（注意：if ______引导表语从句)。
连接
是否、究竟、到底
不能
三、what, which, who, whom, whose 等引导的表语从句
Tom is no longer _______ he used to be.
The question is _______ of us should come first. (我们两个中的哪一个)
The problem is ______ is really fit for the hard job.
The important thing is _______name should be put on the top of the list.
what
which
who
whose
连接代词 what, which, who, whom, whose 除在句子中起 ______ 作用外，还可在从句中作 _____、_____ 或 ______，且各有词义。
连接
主语
表语
定语
四、where, when, why, how 引导的表语从句
That’s _______ I can’t agree with you.
This is ______ Sara was late for the meeting. (She missed the early bus.)
This is _____ they overcome the difficulties.
My strongest memory is ______ I attended an American wedding as a child.
where
why
how
when
连接副词where, when, why, how除在句中起______ 作用外，在从句中还充当_______、______、______或______状语，本身具有词义。
连接
时间
地点
方式
原因
It seems __________________ he doesn’t know the answer.
It looks __________________ it is going to rain.
五、as if / as though 引导的表语从句
as if / as though
as if / as though
as if / as though 引导的表语从句常置于look, seem, sound,be,become等__________________,意思为_________.
系动词
后面
似乎
六、because引导的表语从句
That's because we never thought of it.
She hasn’t come. This is because she is ill.
Because 引导的表语从句，在从句中______成分，意为______.
常用于句型： This/That/It is/was because +原因： 那是因为…
不充当
因为
I think that’s _____ he was so angry.
why
The rain is too heavy. That is _________ I got wet.
why
区分句型： This/That/It is/was why +结果： 那就是为什么…
引导词 用法
连词 that 在从句中不充当成分，无意义
whether 在从句中不充当成分，意为“是否”
连接代词 what(ever),which(ever),who(ever),whom(ever), whose 在从句中充当主语，宾语，定语
连接副词 how,when,where,why 在从句中充当状语
其它连词 because, as if, as though 在从句中不充当成分，意为“因为，好像，似乎”
表语从句的引导词
只能用whether 不能用if 的情况
1. whether or not
2. whether to do
3. discuss和介词后的宾语从句
eg: It depends on whether we have enough time.
4. 引导主语从句置于句首时
eg: Whether he will join us is still unkonwn.
5. 引导表语从句和同位语从句
eg: The question was whether Tom has gone to Shanghai.
The problem whether it is right or wrong has not yet been discussed.
过去完成时（The Past Perfect Tense）表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作或存在的状态，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件
Past
Future
had done
Present
“过去的过去”
The Past Perfect Tense
谓语板块
过去完成时的基本结构和语态
主动语态 被动语态
肯定形式 had done had been done
否定形式 had not done had not been done
一般疑问句 had＋主语＋done had＋主语＋been done
特殊疑问句 疑问词＋had＋主语＋done 疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done
(1) 表示在过去某一时间或动作以前完成了的动作, 即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示。
before(连词/介词) + 过去的时间点 “在...之前”
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 在上星期三之前，他们已经种了六百棵树。
by +过去的时间点 “到...为止”
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. 昨晚九点我已看完这本小说了。
by the end of +过去的时间点 “到...为止”
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. 到上学期末我们已经学了二千多个英语单词。
by the time +(一般过去时) “到...为止”
(2) 表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。
（3）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't. 我们本希望你来，但你没有来。
I had thought that you would become a doctor. 我本以为你会成为医生。
hardly(scarcely/barely)..(had done)..when..(从句用did)
no sooner..(had done)..than...(从句用did)
注：
主句用”had done”,从句用“did”
主句翻译为“一...”,从句翻译为“就...”
若hardly/scarcely/barely/no sooner(否定词) 位于句首，则主句部分, 用部分倒装，即: had+主语+done…
(1) 一...就
二. 特殊句型与标志词
1. It was the first time she _________ (leave) her motherland.
2. It is the first time (that) I _____________ (speak) in public.
3. This _____ (be) the first time I had seen Dad so furious (狂怒的).
4. It is time for us ________ (pack) up and leave.
had left
have spoken
was
（2）It / This / That was the first / second ... time (+ that) …
这是 / 那是某人第一 / 第二次 / 第……次做……
此句型中，若主语中的be动词为was, 从句中的谓语则用过去完成时；若主句中的be动词为is, 从句中的谓语则用现在完成时。
to pack
It is high / about time that we ______________ (do) something to stop pollution.
did / should do
（3）It is high / about time that sb did / should do sth
是该做……的时候了 (should 不可省略)
2
1
判断非谓语动词的形式：
→ 表目的和将来，用__________________
→ 表主动和进行，用__________________
→ 表被动和完成，用__________________
一个句子中有两个或两个以上动词，填谓语 or 非谓语 ？
→填非谓语：句子中已有_______ 且无_______。
逻辑
主语
谓语动词
连词
不定式to do
现在分词doing(v-ing)
过去分词done(v-ed)
→填谓语：句子中有_____________ 或有_______。
连词and,but...
从句
非谓语动词
非谓语板块
非谓语充当的 句子成分 宾语和
表语 状语 定语 宾补
逻辑主语
判断非谓语动词的逻辑主语：
3
时态：若非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，用完成式，否则用一般式。
语态：当非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动关系，用主动式；是被动关系，用被动式。
句子的主语
所修饰
的名词/代词
句子的
宾语
有些现在分词（短语）没有逻辑主语而独立存在，往往位于句首用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、 观点等。如：
judging from/by 由……判断
considering... 考虑到……
supposing/providing/assuming... 如果/ 假设……
generally/strictly/honestly/roughly/frankly speaking
一般/ 严格/ 诚实/ 大致/ 坦率说来
(be) lost
迷路的
(be) seated
坐着的
(be) hidden
隐瞒的
(be) dressed in
穿着...的
(be) tired of
对...感到厌倦
(be) equipped with
配备着
(be) accustomed to
习惯于
(be) addicted to
沉迷于
(be) exposed to
暴露于
(be) lost/absorbed in
陷入思考的
有些过去分词，源于系表结构，不表示被动，强调主语的状态。
Thank you!

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