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定语从句语法课堂
霍格沃茨语法学院特别课程
1.什么是定语
2.什么是定语从句
3.定语从句的构成
4.定语从句的关系词
5.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
6.如何省略定语从句
7.练一练
目录
美味的胡萝卜
delicious carrots
优秀的警察
excellent police
什么是定语从句
定语从句是修饰名词或代词的从句，在句中作定语。同样起到形容词的作用，用来修饰名词或者代词的句子。
Those are oranges that I bought for kids.
定语从句，在句中作用相当于形容词，修饰其前面的名词oranges.
Tips:定语为单词是前置，定语为从句是后置的.
先行词
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。先行词一般出现在定语从句之前。
例
1.Do you know the girl who is singing on the stage
你认识在舞台上唱歌的那个姑娘吗？
2.This is the museum which was built last year.
这就是去年建成的博物馆。
3.I’ll forever remember the days when I studied abroad.我将永远记得我在国外求学的日子。
3.定语从句的构成？
“一个包含定语从句的复杂句”是由两个（或以上）简单句组合而成的。举一个例子：
The girl was in red.
The girl broke the glass.
(那个女孩穿着红色衣服。)
(那个女孩打破了玻璃杯。)
1
2
The girl who was in red broke the glass.
(穿红色衣服的女孩打破了那个玻璃杯。)
先行词
关系词
4.定语从句中的关系词
关系代词
关系副词
替代对象
that
人/物
which
物
who
whom
whose
as
when
where
why
人
人
人/物
人/物
时间
地点
原因
that的用法
that指人或物，在从句中可作主语或宾语，还可作表语。
作宾语或表语时that可省略。
She is the girl that helped us yesterday.
that作主语，指代the girl
判断句子中的that能否省略，为什么？
The picture that we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.
我们正在研究的这幅画是一个十五岁的学生画的。
可以省略，因为that在句中作宾语。
关系代词
which的用法
which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语、表语。
I know the pig, which is called Bajie.
The pen with which you are writing is Jeff’s.
在定语从句中作主语
with the pen
That which Judy ate was a carrot.
避免2个that，用which
关系代词
!
引导词which或that的选择
1
2
which和that在引导限制性定语从句时是可以互换的：
He painted a picture which/that was about a fairy tale.
如果有介词前置的情形，则必须使用which。
Can you help to find a room in which we can dance
此时引导词不能用that，如以下句子就是错误的：
Can you help to find a room in that we can dance
3
无论在什么情况下，that都不能用作非限制性定语从句的引导词，如以下句子就是错误的：
Apples, that are good for health, should be eaten every day.× (应把that改为which)
!
关系词指物时，只用that不同which的情况
1
2
3
4
当先行词是all,little,much,none,everything,anything,nothing等不定代词时：Is there anything that you don’t understand
当先行词前面有the only,the very,the last,all,any,no等修饰时：I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun.
当先行词前面有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：This is the best book that I have ever read.
当主句是以疑问词which开头的特殊疑问句时：Which is the hotel that you like best
who和whom的用法
二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，whom在定语从句中作宾语。
I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.
He is the man who lives next door.
在定语从句中作宾语
在定语从句中作主语
关系代词
whose的用法
whose用于替代所有格， “……的”，在从句中作定语。
The girl whose hair is curly is Alicia.
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
The girl’s hair is curly.表所属关系用whose
The cover of the book is green.表所属关系用whose
关系代词
who
whom
which
温馨提示
我们都可以修饰人，我在从句中作主语、宾语
我作宾语，一般可以省略
我还可以修饰物，在从句中作定语
as的用法
as既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。不能省略。
It is said that the moon is made of the same kind of matter as exists on the earth.
先行词
as作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语
I have the same bike as you have.
先行词
as作关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语
I’ve never seen so clever a man as he is.
先行词
as作关系代词，在定语从句中作表语
关系代词
when的用法
关系副词
主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，其先行词通常为time、day、year、week等。常可用on which、in which、at which、during which等代替。
April Fool’s Day is the day when people make fun of others.
在定语从句中作时间状语
I know the date when the baby was born.
=
I know the date on which the baby was born.
where的用法
关系副词
其先行词通常是表地点的名词，如place、house、village、position等。常可用in which、on which、at which等代替。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
在定语从句中作地点状语
He misses the place where he used to live.
=
He misses the place in which he used to live.
why的用法
关系副词
一般跟在先行词reason之后。可以用for which代替。
Is this the reason why she refused our offer of help
在定语从句中作原因状语
That’s the reason why he was late.
=
That’s the reason for which he was late.
限制性定语从句
实际上定语从句共分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
She despised people. (她看不起人)
She despised people who flattered her. (她看不起吹捧她的人)
比较上面两句话可以发现：定语从句对名词起限定作用，它缩小了名词的表示范围，即范围由“人”缩小至“吹捧她的人”。
我们称此类定语从句为限制性定语从句。
非限制性定语从句
在有些场景下，名词的指向已经非常明确或是表示的对象已经是唯一的了，这时我们就无法再用定语从句来缩小它的表示范围了。例如：
John made a card for his mom who loves him most.
(约翰给最爱他的那个妈妈做了一张卡片。)
John made a card for his mom, who loves him most.
(约翰给妈妈做了一张卡片，妈妈最爱他。)

×
在以上句子中，限制性定语从句who loves him most修饰mom，整个句子翻译过来就是”最爱他的那个妈妈”。因为约翰只有一个妈妈，”最爱他的那个妈妈”明显不合逻辑，所以这里使用限制性定语从句是错误的。
非限制性定语从句
如刚刚示例，因为非限制性定语从句并不直接修饰名词或代词，只是为名词或代词提供一些附加信息。当使用非限制性定语从句时，要用”逗号”将其与句子隔开。
我们再来举一个例子，判断下列句子哪句是正确的：
My hometown is Beijing which is the capital of China.
(我的家乡是中国首都的北京。)
My hometown is Beijing, which is the capital of China.
(我的家乡是北京，中国的首都。)
×

显然，因为全世界只有一个北京，所以我们应该用非限制性定语从句来为它添加一些额外信息。
总结
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
作用
缩小一个事物的表示范围
提供有关这个事物的附加信息
I have an apple which is red.
I have an apple, which is red.
which替代整个主句的情况
Tom pretended not to know me, which made me rather embarrassed.
(汤姆假装不认识我，这使我相当尴尬。)
在以上句子中，which替代整个主句Tom pretended not to know me,表示”汤姆假装不认识我这件事使我相当尴尬”。
总而言之，通常that引导限制性定语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句
如何省略定语从句
举个限制性定语从句的例子：
Do you know the man that is in the car
(你认识坐在车里的那个人吗？)
以上句子不够简洁。因为the man和that代表同一个人，而be动词只起语法作用但并无实际含义。所以，我们可以省略引导词that和is，得到：
Do you know the man in the car
可以发现，省略之后修饰the man的定语从句that is in the car变为了介词短语in the car,整个句子由一个复杂句变成了一个简单句。
所以，当关系代词在定语从句中作主语，并且从句的谓语动词是“be”动词时，且be动词后面是介词短语（in the car)、现在分词/动词ing形式、过去分词时，要省略关系代词和be动词。
1.Those are books that were borrowed from the library.
________________________________________________.
2.A person who is good at cooking is welcome anywhere.
________________________________________________.
请写出下列限制性定语从句的省略形式：
Those are books borrowed from the library.
A person good at cooking is welcome anywhere.
ENTER
练
一
练
实战练习
选择题1.The girl is reading a book is my sister.
A.who B.whom C.which.
2.The book I bought yesterday is interesting.
A.who B.whose C.that
√
√
实战练习
填空题1.The boy mother is a doctor is my friend.
2.The house window is broken is mine.
实战练习
改错题1.He is the student which won the competition.
2.The book that I bought it yesterday is interesting.
实战练习
翻译题1.我昨天遇到的那个女孩是我的朋友。
2.这是我妈妈买的书。
1.The girl whom I met yesterday is my friend.
2.This is the book that/which my mother bought yesterday.
选择题1
The girl is sitting by the window is my sister. A who B whom C whose D which
选择题2
This is the book I bought yesterday. A who B whom C which D whose
选择题3
The man you are looking for is in the office. A who B whom C which D that
会
魔法试炼：实战练习一
√
√
√
魔法试炼：实战练习二
填空题1 The boy father is a teacher is my friend.
填空题2 This is the house windows are broken.
填空题3 This is the house _windows are broken.
填空题3 He passed the exam, made his parents very happy.
填空题4 All glitters is not gold.
魔魔法试炼：实战练习四
翻译题1:正在读书的那个男孩是我的弟弟。
翻译题2:这是我昨天买的那本书。
翻译题3:你认识那个正在唱歌的女孩吗
翻译题4:他通过了考试，这使他的父母很高兴。
魔法毕业：总结与回顾
●关系代词家族who whom whose which that
● 特殊用法 先行词为不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级时用that
● 易混淆点 先行词为不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级时用that
● 易混淆点who 与whom、which 与that、whose与of which的区别
● 注意事项 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导
魔法问答：疑难解答
问题1 什么时候只能用that 不能用which
问题2什么时候只能用which 不能用that 问题3介词后只能用whom/which 吗
问题4定语从句与同位语从句的区别
魔法毕业：作业布置
作业1完成课本第50页的练习题
作业2用who,whom,whose,which,that各造一个句子
作业3复习本节课内容，准备下节课的测验
作业3复习本节课内容，准备下节课的测验
作业4预习下节课的内容：关系副词
米
感谢观看魔法课堂
再见，小魔法师们!下节课再见!

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