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高考英语二轮复习　阅读理解解题策略讲解
命题趋势
近几年,高考真题中语篇阅读越来越多地融入词汇活用、派生词、合成词、长难句等,这些都会给阅读造成一定的理解障碍,正因如此,我们更要抓住解题之道,在洞悉解题的共性的策略的情况下,再去进一步掌握不同题型、不同体裁、不同考查点的特点。以下是解阅读理解题的共性策略。
策略1　划分意群,成组视读
1.意群是指句子中按意思和结构划分出的各个成分,每一个成分即一个意群。同一意群中的词关系紧密,不能随意拆分,否则就会引起误解。
2.划分意群时,可以根据意思和句子成分进行,如主谓、动宾结构、介词短语、固定搭配等。常用口诀:
主谓宾状分清楚,固定搭配聚一起。
不同成分断开来,主从连词要分清。
3.意群阅读能帮助学生更好、更快地理解文章主要内容,大大提高阅读效率。
[真题指路](2025全国二卷)
From technological solutions to educational campaigns,food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing.(用斜线划出意群)
分析:From technological solutions to educational campaigns/,food producers and sellers/are looking for ways /to use more/of what we’re already growing.
译文:从技术解决方案到教育宣传活动,食品生产商和销售商都在寻求如何更高效地利用现有的作物。
策略2　专有名词,快速略过
在阅读过程中,如果发现很多以大写字母开头的生词或者一连串的斜体单词,我们可以快速略过,只需判定生词是哪类事物即可,比如人名、地名、作品名(常用斜体)、报刊名(常用斜体)、物种名、机构组织名等,无须弄明白其具体所指。这些单词一般不会影响我们对文章大意的理解。
[真题指路](2025全国一卷)
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these.In their new book Movement:How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives,they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
分析:专有名词Dutch 是地名;Thalia Verkade 和 Marco te Br mmelstroet是人名;Movement:How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives是书名。
译文:荷兰作家塔莉娅·韦尔卡德和马尔科·特·布罗梅尔斯特罗特对诸如此类的事实感到不安。在他们的新书《行动:如何夺回我们的街道并改变我们的生活》中,他们呼吁重新思考我们的街道以及它们在我们生活中所扮演的角色。
策略3　阅读障碍词,“瞻前顾后”定含义
1.障碍词之熟词生义
高考语篇中生词的数量是有限制的,但是高考对课标词汇的义项考查是没有限制的。很多单词本身有很多释义,而命题人在设计试题时,所给单词不会局限于考生熟悉的含义。
因此,试题中有时会出现一些熟悉的单词,但其含义是考生较为陌生的。有些单词的生义与熟义相近,考生根据单词的熟义和语境很容易就能推测出其生义,但有些单词的生义与熟义大相径庭,需要考生结合语境确定其含义。
[真题指路1](2025全国一卷)
Here’s the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport.
[自主解答]breakdown(常用义) n.
(文章义)n.　　　　　　　　
分析:“emissions”(排放)和 “different modes of transport”(不同交通方式)表明话题与 “交通领域的碳排放分类” 相关。第一个“of” 结构提示 “breakdown” 与 “emissions” 构成所属关系,即 “排放的某种分解”。句子想表达 “2018 年不同交通方式的碳排放情况”,而 “breakdown” 在此处应指 “将总排放量按交通方式(如汽车、火车、飞机等)进行细分后的结果”,类似 “分类统计” 或 “分项数据”。
故障,损坏
细目,分类
[真题指路2](2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
When reading texts of several hundred words or more,learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
[自主解答]print(常用义) vt.
(文章义)n.　　　　　　　　
分析:根据上文提到的“在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功,大量的研究证实了这一发现”,接着提到“print reading的好处”,由此可知,这里应该说的是纸质阅读,结合print的本义可推测,此处 print为名词,表示“印刷品”。
打印,印刷
印刷品
2.障碍词之活用构词
在高考试题中经常出现一些复杂的长单词,这些单词往往是由课标词汇派生、合成而来的,它们常常给考生的阅读理解带来困难。因此,了解构词法对于考生来说至关重要,它能够帮助考生准确地推断出生词的含义,从而提高阅读效率。
[真题指路] (2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本),and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change,I wanted to know:Are they usable ”
[自主解答]outnumber vt.　　　　　　　 　　　　
分析:考生对 out 和 number都比较熟悉,但是两个熟词放在一起就不知道其含义,阅读有障碍。此时可以先利用构词法猜测其含义,out-(超过)+ number(数字)→超出了数字,再结合 outnumber前后内容可知,此处是说现在这些观测资料outnumber了最初数据,数字超出了最初数据,即比最初数据要多。
(在数量上)压倒,比……多
3.隐晦难懂的习语和词块
高考的语篇通常采用地道的语言材料,其中会出现一些习语或固定词块,用来描述特定现象或阐述作者的观点与态度。由于文化习俗和思维模式的差异,考生可能难以准确把握这些习语和词块的含义。在这种情况下,仍然需要运用“瞻前顾后”的策略来推断其确切含义。
[真题指路1](2025全国一卷)
In my ninth-grade writing class last year,I met a cowboy who saved his town,a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s,and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life.
[自主解答]modern-day Juliet　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
分析:“parents rejected the love”(父母反对爱情)→对应朱丽叶家族(凯普莱特家族)与罗密欧家族(蒙太古家族)的世仇,导致两人爱情受阻。
“died of heartbreak”(心碎而死)→对应朱丽叶见到罗密欧已死,最终自尽的悲剧结局。
现代版朱丽叶(比喻因爱情悲剧受苦的人物)
[真题指路2](2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties.With paper,there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages.
[自主解答]laying on of hands　　　　　　　　　　
分析:该段落中的“laying on of hands”乍看起来好像有语法错误,但实际上它是一个习语,意为“按手礼”。此处是借用这个习语描述阅读纸质书籍时,会用手接触。
用手按压
策略4　关注内容的替换或转述
文本写作中常常将前面提到的内容使用不同的表达来替(转)换(除非必需的或有目的的原词、原句复现),这样既丰富了文笔,又准确地表达了文意和情感。通过“换句话说”重新建构意义相同的新句子,来考查对语篇阅读的理解和思维判断。
1.同义替换
[真题指路1](2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
Audio(音频) and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say,assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However,psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories,they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
30.Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A.They can hold students’ attention.
B.They are more convenient to prepare.
C.They help develop advanced skills.
D.They are more informative than text.
√
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一句“Audio and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies...”可知,大学教师之所以越来越多地使用音频和视频,是因为它们比文本更加吸引人,也就是能够保持学生的注意力。
[真题指路2](2024新课标Ⅱ卷)
Specifically,it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud,BMF is remotely monitored.Also,there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated,it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.
29.What information does the convenient app offer
A.Real-time weather changes.
B.Current condition of the plants.
C.Chemical pollutants in the soil.
D.Availability of pre-seeded pods.
[解析]细节理解题。根据“there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time”可知,这个应用程序提供的是植物生长的实时数据。
√
2.反义替换
除了使用同义词和近义词进行语义替换之外,反义词或“否定词+反义词”也是常用技巧,通常表现为正话反说。
[真题指路](2022新课标Ⅱ卷)
Guidelines
Teachers and chaperones should model good behavior for the group and remain with students at all times.
Children are not allowed unaccompanied in all areas of the Museum.
Children should play nicely with each other and exhibits.
Use your indoor voice when at the Museum.
23.What are children prohibited from doing at the Museum
A.Using the computer.
B.Talking with each other.
C.Touching the exhibits.
D.Exploring the place alone.
√
[解析]题干中主语是children,地点状语是at the Museum,动词短语be prohibited from doing sth “被禁止做某事”对应文中的“are not allowed unaccompanied(不允许在没有陪同的情况下)”,其中allow被反义替换为prohibit,unaccompanied被同义替换为alone。
3.简化及合并替换
在语言表述中,作为定语的修饰语可以采用后置限定,这种修饰方式一般包括了多个单词,而设题时往往采用更加简洁的修饰方式,采用前置限定。
[真题指路](2022全国乙卷)
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person is available to all in full-time education,up to and including those at first degree level,in organised groups with teachers.
23.How can full-time students get group discounts
A.They should go on Sunday mornings.
B.They should come from art schools.
C.They must be led by teachers.
D.They must have ID cards with them.
√
[解析]题干中的信息词full-time students对应了文中的“all in full-time education”,题干中使用前置修饰;A special low entrance charge of ￡2被简化为discounts;in organised groups with teachers是获得团体折扣的条件。
4.句子转述
受题干和选项的词数限制,语篇中的长句往往会进行缩句或简化处理。为了考查对句法知识的掌握以及语篇的理解,设题时还会采取“换一句话”的替换方式,如用被动语态表述句子。
[真题指路](2022全国甲卷)
St David’s Hall
St David’s Hall is the award winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at the very heart of Cardiff’s entertainment centre.With an impressive 2,000-seat concert hall,St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff.It presents live entertainment,including pop,rock,folk,jazz,musicals,dance,world music,films and classical music.
21.Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted
A.At the New Theatre.
B.At the Glee Club.
C.At Sherman Cymru.
D.At St David’s Hall.
√
[解析]本题题干使用了被动表述,对应文中的目标句“St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff”,把原来的宾语Welsh Proms Cardiff替换成了题干中的主语。
策略5　透过衔接词看逻辑关系
阅读时要关注段与段、句与句之间的衔接词,这些衔接词前后传递的信息通常是有分量的,常常隐藏着答案或能帮助推导出答案。常见的衔接词有:
(1)表示转折的词:but,however,nevertheless,while,though等。
(2)表示列举的词:such as,for example,for instance等。
(3)表示罗列的词:first,second,third,to begin with,to conclude等。
(4)表示结果的词:so,therefore,thus,consequently,as a result等。
(5)表示对比的词:on the contrary,by contrast,in comparison等。
(6)表示目的的词:so that,in order that等。
(7)表示递进的词:also,besides,moreover,furthermore,what’s more,in addition, apart from等。
(8)表示重述的词:that is,that is to say,in other words等。
(9)表示类比的词:similarly,like,just as,as well等。
[真题指路1](2023新课标Ⅱ卷)
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the study.
35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A.Language study.
B.Environmental conservation.
C.Public education.
D.Intercultural communication.
√
[解析]文中表示目的的衔接词“so that”标志着此处要出现作者想要达到的目的或想要传达的观点,结合“And for that...interact with it”可知,Peter Kahn认为在我们与大自然互动之前应该先保护自然。
[真题指路2](2023浙江1月卷)
What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning,and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines.A computer works with symbols.Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another.But it does not specify what those symbols mean.Indeed,to a computer,meaning is irrelevant.
30.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond
A.Create rules.　 B.Comprehend meaning.
C.Talk fluently. D.Identify difficult words.
[解析]根据“But it does not specify what those symbols mean.Indeed,to a computer,meaning is irrelevant.”可知,转折连词But后文的内容与前文内容相反,说明Project Debater无法理解意义。
√
策略6　巧解长难句,培养深层理解能力
长难句的特点可以概括为“三长两短一并列”。“三长”指的是介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)和从句;“两短”指的是形容词和副词;“一并列”指的是利用一些起并列作用的词,如and,or,as well as,along with等,将句子变长、变复杂。此外,同位语、插入语、强调句、倒装句、省略句的嵌套也会加大句意理解的难度。因此,破解长难句的妙法是:锁定句子的谓语动词,去掉各种非核心成分(插入语、定语等),只保留句子的主干。
[真题指路](2024浙江1月卷)
A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor,so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸) with new information.Therefore,just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
34.What does the author suggest readers do
A.Absorb new information readily.
B.Be selective information consumers.
C.Use diverse information sources.
D.Protect the information environment.
√
[分析]Therefore,just as we need to be
　　　　　　　　　　　　状语从句
more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we
　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　主语
also need to be more thoughtful about our information
谓语　　　宾语 　　　　　　介词短语
consumption,resisting the temptation of the mental
　　　　　　　　现在分词短语
“junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
译文:因此,就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的卡路里消耗一样,我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗,抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑,以便最有效地管理我们的时间。
只保留主干后可知,我们对于信息消耗要更加深思,对应选项的意思“做有选择的信息消费者”。

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