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新外研版英语八年级下册 Unit 2 Growing pains and gains 知识清单
一、核心词汇 (Key Words)
pain /pe n/ (痛苦；烦恼) → growing pains (成长的烦恼) gain /ɡe n/ (收获；好处)
promise / pr m s/ (n./v. 承诺；诺言) make a promise (许下承诺)
keep/break a promise (遵守/违背诺言) responsibility /r sp ns b l ti/ (责任)
disagreement / d s ɡri m nt/ (意见不和；分歧；争论) have a disagreement (产生分歧)
solve a disagreement (解决分歧) conversation / k nv se n/ (谈话；交谈；会话)
have a conversation with sb. (与某人交谈) plot /pl t/ (故事情节)
point /p nt/ (要点；重点；中心意思) the main point (主要要点)
get the point (明白要点) peer /p (r)/ (同龄人)
peer pressure (同龄人压力) pressure / pre (r)/ (压力)
study pressure (学习压力) under pressure (处于压力之下)
term /t m/ (学期) sofa / s f / (长沙发)
promise / pr m s/ (许诺；保证) promise to do sth. (承诺做某事)
interrupt / nt r pt/ (打断；中断) interrupt sb. (打断某人讲话/行动)
realise/realize / ri la z/ (明白；认识到；领悟) realise one’s mistake (意识到自己的错误)
realise one’s dream (实现梦想) attach / t t / (系；绑；贴)
attach sth. to sth. (把某物系/贴在某物上) fail /fe l/ (失败；未做到)
fail an exam (考试不及格) fail to do sth. (未能做某事)
remind /r ma nd/ (使想起；提醒) That reminds me of... (那使我想起……)
elderly / eld li/ (年老的；渐老的) pale /pe l/ (苍白的)
turn pale (脸色变得苍白) disappointed / d s p nt d/ (失望的)
be disappointed with sb. (对某人失望) lazy / le zi/ (懒洋洋的；懒惰的)
heartbreaking / hɑ tbre k / (使人心碎的) cross /kr s/ (生气的；恼怒的)
be cross with sb. (对某人生气/不满) completely /k m pli tli/ (完全地；彻底地)
clearly / kl li/ (清楚地；明白地) pm / pi em/ (下午)
tonight /t na t/ (adv. 在今晚) upon / p n/ (prep. 在……上面)
once upon a time (从前) fall upon (落在……身上)
词形转换重点
动词 名词 形容词/其他
promise promise promising (有希望的)
interrupt interruption interruptive (中断的)
realise realisation/realization realised (已实现的)
fail failure ——
attach attachment attached (依恋的)
disagree disagreement ——
disappoint disappointment disappointed (失望的)
struggle struggle struggling (挣扎的)
achieve achievement achievable (可实现的)
—— confidence confident (自信的)
—— independence independent (独立的)
regret regret regretful (后悔的)
二、重点短语及句型
out of breath (气喘吁吁)
The son runs through the door, out of breath.
The clock reads... (时钟显示……)
The clock reads 10:27 pm.
A deal is a deal! (一诺千金！/ 说话算话！)
promise to be back before... (承诺在……前回来)
I promised to be back before 9 tonight.
keep one’s promise (遵守诺言)
The promise wasn’t kept.
head back (往回走)
I was heading back at 8:30.
be cross with sb. (对某人生气)
I am sorry for being cross with you.
be proud of sb. (为某人感到自豪)
I’m very proud of you.
attach sth. to sth. (把……系/贴在……上)
A yellow band was attached to her wrist.（黄色腕带系在她的手腕上）
peer pressure (同龄人压力)
fit in (适应；融入)
I feel that I don’t fit in. (我觉得自己格格不入。)
be laughed at (被嘲笑)
I was laughed at by my classmates.
make fun of sb. (取笑某人)
Kids at his school made fun of him.
give up (放弃)
Luckily, he didn’t give up.
be thankful to sb. (感激某人)
He’s actually thankful to those kids.
Believe in yourself. (相信自己。)
Follow your heart. (跟随你的内心。)
Let me share... with you. (让我与你分享……)
That reminds me of... (那使我想起……)
That reminds me of a story about my friend.
I have learned that... (我认识到……)
三、语法知识 (Grammar Focus)
1. 一般过去时的被动语态
本单元核心语法，是对Unit 1“一般现在时/一般将来时被动语态”的延续与深化 。
① 结构公式
句式 结构 例句
肯定句 主语 + was/were + 过去分词 (+ by...) A yellow band was attached to her wrist. The house was built for the homeless.
否定句 主语 + was/were + not + 过去分词 Connie’s ability was not noticed. The old building was not pulled down.
一般疑问句 Was/Were + 主语 + 过去分词 Were you invited to the party — No, I wasn’t.
特殊疑问句 疑问词 + was/were + 主语 + 过去分词 When was the book published
② 核心用法
1. 表示过去某个时间发生的被动动作（强调动作承受者）
The photo was taken by my father last year.
2. 描述历史事件、发明、发现
The book was published in 1876.
Electric light was invented by Edison.
3. 叙述个人经历中“被……”的情况
I was deeply moved by the story.
He was hit by a motorcycle.
③ 主动语态变被动语态规则
1. 原句宾语变为主语；
2. 谓语动词变为 “was/were + 过去分词”，时态不变；
3. 原句主语变为宾语，前加 by（无需强调执行者可省略）。
示例：
主动：They decorated the house last month.
被动：The house was decorated (by them) last month.
④ 不规则过去分词（本单元高频）
keep → kept (保留)
found → founded (建立)
blow → blown (吹)
hurt → hurt (伤害)
divide → divided (分开)
fine → fined (罚款)
⑤ 易错警示
不可遗漏“be”动词
The house built last year.
The house was built last year.
主语与be动词保持一致
单数主语/不可数名词 → was
复数主语 → were
及物动词方可变为被动语态（不及物动词无被动）
感官动词、使役动词的被动结构
I was made to laugh. (make sb. do → be made to do)
与Unit 1被动语态对比
时态 结构 例句
一般现在时被动 am/is/are + done English is spoken in many countries.
一般将来时被动 will be + done A new hospital will be built.
一般过去时被动 was/were + done The photo was taken last year.
四、易错点提示
1. 一般过去时被动语态中“was/were”的遗漏
正确：The promise was not kept.
错误：The promise not kept.
2. “promise”的搭配混淆
promise to do sth. (承诺做某事) —— 动词用法
make/keep/break a promise (许下/遵守/违背诺言) —— 名词用法
区分：He promised to come. / He kept his promise.
3. “be cross with”与“be angry with”
cross是形容词，be cross with sb. = 对某人生气
不可写作 cross with sb.（缺少be动词）
4. “fit in”无被动语态
正确：I don‘t fit in.
错误：I am not fit in. / I am not fitted in.
5. “remind”的两种搭配
remind sb. of sth. (使想起某事物) —— 被动回忆
That reminds me of... (固定句型)
不用于 remind to do 表示“提醒自己做”？（需加宾语：remind me to do）
6. “fail”的及物与不及物
fail an exam (及物，考试不及格)
fail to do sth. (不及物，未能做某事)
7. 被动语态中“by”短语的位置与省略
无需强调动作执行者时，by+宾语可省略
误加by：The house was built by.

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